
Internal hallucination: Difference between revisions
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*'''Geometry-based vs. Solid''' – Hallucinations can be comprised of condensed [[psychedelic]] [[geometry]] or they can appear as made from realistic materials. | *'''Geometry-based vs. Solid''' – Hallucinations can be comprised of condensed [[psychedelic]] [[geometry]] or they can appear as made from realistic materials. | ||
==Psychoactive substances== | ==Psychoactive substances== | ||
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]|format=ul|Columns=2}} | {{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]|format=ul|Columns=2}} | ||
==Experience reports== | ==Experience reports== |
Revision as of 23:34, 30 January 2016

Internal hallucinations can be described as the perception of imagery and scenes which are experienced exclusively within a layer in front of one's open or closed eye vision and not seamlessly within the external environment around oneself.
At lower levels, internal hallucinations begin with imagery which does not take up the entirety of one's visual field and is distinctively separate from its background. These can be described as spontaneous moving or still images of scenes, concepts, places and anything one could possibly imagine. They are manifested in varying levels of detail ranging from ill-defined and cartoon-like in nature, to completely realistic and beyond realism through seemingly impossible non euclidean geometric forms. They rarely hold their form for more than a few seconds before fading or shifting into another image. The most universal of these images include:
everyday objects, living things, plants, animals, insects, architecture, structures, shapes, atoms, molecules, complex mathematical formulae/concepts, linguistic concepts, mechanisms, technology, machine creatures, words, text, numbers, fictional characters, geographic locations, memories, self-replicating machines, people, faces, eyes, body parts, organs, food, cultural references, fictional characters, logos, religious symbolism, creatures, monsters, demons, mythology, furniture and more.
As these states of imagery become increasingly elaborate (proportional to dosage), they eventually become all-encompassing, fully-fledged 3D hallucinations which surround the person in a fashion similar to dreams. This creates the feeling that one has "broken through" into another reality. The things which occur within this perceived alternate reality can be anything but generally fall under common archetypes such as contact with autonomous entities, imagined landscapes and scenarios that can seem so unlike anything previously experienced that they are likely too complex to be articulated using language.
The content of these experiences are often described to feel almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme, regardless of the user's religious or spiritual beliefs. It is not uncommon for people to report that higher levels of internal hallucination feel infinitely “more real” than anything the person has previously experienced.
Overall, the degrees of intensity can be broken down into five simple levels:
- Enhancement of mental visualization - The lowest level of internal hallucination can be defined as a distinct enhancement of the heightened state of mental visualization that one drifts into when simply daydreaming or using the imagination. It can be described as a short-term detachment from one's immediate surroundings, during which a person's contact with reality is blurred and partially substituted by an ill-defined fantasy. The generation of the details of this internal visualization are partially autonomous in nature but mostly controlled by the content of one's current thought stream.
- Partially defined imagery - This level of internal hallucination generally consists of partially defined, blurred and faded imagery within one's peripheral vision.
- Fully defined imagery - As the vividness and intensity increases, the imagery eventually becomes fully defined and realistic enough in its appearance, detail and size that it starts to display itself within the one's direct line of sight.
- Partially defined breakthroughs - As the vividness and intensity further increases, the imagery eventually becomes fully defined, realistic and all-encompassing enough in their appearance, detail and size that they begin to display themselves as random flashes of spontaneous scenarios somewhat similar to dreams. Although all-encompassing, at this level they are partially to completely blurred and transparent in appearance with the one's physical body still feeling connected to the real world. These hallucinations will usually disappear or shift into another set of imagery after a very short period of time but are capable of becoming fully grounded and long-lasting in their manifestation.
- Fully defined breakthroughs - Once the internal hallucinations become sufficiently elaborate they eventually become all-encompassing, permanent, ever-shifting alternate realities which appear completely realistic, extremely detailed and highly vivid in their appearance. They also occur along side of accompanying relevant auditory and tactile hallucinations as well as the sensation of a complete disconnection from the physical body.
Internal hallucinations typically last anywhere from 30 seconds to several minutes before the person slips back into reality or into the presence of another hallucination. There are several different methods through which these hallucinations are shifted between.
- Zooming - Images can switch between each other via the experience of one's vision zooming into or out from the current image to such an extent that it reveals an entirely new image.
- Morphing - Images can switch between each other via transforming the details of their shape and structure to reveal an entirely new image. This can happen in a variety of different speeds and occur in the style of fluidlike motions.
- Sliding - Images can switch between each other by sliding in a direction to reveal an entirely new image behind them.
- Fading - Images can switch between each other by fading into nothingness before fading back into an entirely new image.
- Splitting - Images can switch between each other via splitting into two or more sections which drift away from each other to reveal an entirely new image behind it.
- Tiling - Images can switch between each other by separating into a grid formation in which the comprising square shaped sections rotate at different speeds to reveal an entirely new image.
- Shape transitions - Images can switch between each other by being cut into different geometric sections of infinite variety which proceed to fade into an entirely new image.
The content within this component can be further broken down into four distinct subcomponents which are described and documented below.
Image examples
Autonomous entities

An autonomous entity is defined as the experience of perceived contact with beings which appear to be sentient and autonomous in their behaviour.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] These entities can manifest within both external and internal hallucinations.[7]
Autonomous entities will frequently act as the inhabitants of a perceived independent reality.[6] Although many entities seem largely unaware of a person’s presence they are often precognizant of a person's appearance into their realm and usually choose to interact with them in various ways.
The behaviour of a typical entity can vary wildly and seems to depend heavily on one's current emotional state. For example, while many entities will act as loving beings, teachers, or healers in certain contexts they are equally capable of acting as indifferent, uncaring or even as malicious tormentors.[3][8]
Entities can take any form but subconscious archetypes are present and commonly include:[3][8]
Humans, shadow people, bodiless super intelligent humanoids, aliens, elves, animals, giant spheres, insectoids, beings of light, anthropomorphic beings, plants, conscious inanimate objects, fictional characters, cartoons, robotic machines, gods, demigods, goddesses, bio-mechanical intelligences, hooded figures, demons, indescribable monstrosities, spirits, angels, shamans, ghosts, souls, ancestors, fantastical or mythological beasts, glitch creatures and more.
This experience is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as geometry,[4] internal hallucinations and delusions. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulant psychosis, sleep deprivation, and during dreams.
Debate over the existence of autonomous entities
The question of whether these autonomous entities are real or not has often been subject of discussion.
Assuming that our consciousness is formed by a complex and specific arrangement of neural networks, they can be said to be a consequence of the emergent properties of our brain. These perceived entities could be generated by transient changes in brain connectivity induced by certain substances.
For example, an increase in functional connectivity between or inside certain areas of the brain could cause a higher likelihood of the formation of various separated complex structures, which in some cases could be complex enough to be perceived as self-conscious or even have (or give the illusion to have) a higher intelligence than the perceiver.
This would mean that these entities, even though most of the times perceived as separated from our Self, are complex structures emerged by changes in our neural pathways. In a certain way they would be as real as we define ourselves to be (as a "conscious" being), because both our consciousness and the entities are formed by specific complex structures inside the brain. The same argument could be used in many other cases with other kinds of hallucinations and could even lead to the questioning of the definition of reality itself.
Another common hypothesis is that these entities already exist inside our subconscious and/or unconscious and are perceived by the conscious part of the brain due to an abnormal change in connectivity. The presence of certain entities within the unconscious has been widely discussed even in classic psychological literature. For example some of the archetypes hypothesized by Carl Gustav Jung were described as self-conscious entities.
These two hypothesis do not appear to be in conflict with each other, since the presence of innate entities within the psyche and the momentary or permanent formation of others do not exclude each other.
Personality types
There are several distinct personality types of autonomous entity which one may potentially encounter. They are often perceived to represent a particular subsection of a person’s own consciousness and can be identified primarily through their personality, but also their appearance. These individual types are broken down into three separate categories below:
- Representations of general concepts - This personality type can be described as a seemingly sentient representation of any known concept. This will usually adopt an appropriate personality and set of mannerisms to fit the chosen concept with an impressive degree of detail. For example, the specific concept could include other people that the person has met throughout their life, specific fictional characters or symbolic representations of concepts such as abstract ideas, emotions, or key parts of one's own personality.
- Representations of the self - This personality type can be described as a copy of one's own personality. It can take any visible form but when conversed with it clearly adopts an identical vocabulary and set of mannerisms to one's own consciousness.
- Representations of the subconscious - This personality type can be described as an entity which may take any visible form, but is also subjectively perceived to be an autonomous controller behind the continuous generation of the details of the person’s current hallucinations. They may also be felt to simultaneously control or manage one's current perspective, personality, and internally stored model of reality. When interacted with, this category of entity can often possess abilities which allow them to directly alter and manipulate one's current experiences. They commonly want to teach or guide the person and will operate under the assumption that they know what is best for them. However, it cannot be known whether this hallucination is genuinely a representation of the subconscious or is merely an approximation which behaves in a convincing manner.
Communication styles
Autonomous entities can communicate with a person via a combination of spoken word, “telepathy”, conceptual thoughts, mathematics, and geometry-based visual linguistics which generally consists of morphing colored structures of different textures that are innately understandable as representations of specific concepts. They will often convey insights regarding overcoming personal issues within a person’s life and will occasionally help clarify philosophical or spiritual ideas. However, more often than not entities are very likely to speak in a cryptic or nonsensical manner which seems to have no clear meaning behind it.
It is important to note that autonomous entities can never convey novel information to the person experiencing them. For example, they cannot provide insights about the external world which a person did not already know on some level. Instead, they can only provide alternative perspectives and help build upon existing ideas. This is presumably because autonomous entities do not have access to any knowledge which is not already contained within one's conscious or subconscious memories. May contain imprints of genetic memories, access to lifetimes that seem parallel or events that mirror one's connectivity moving past the default mode.
When communicated with through spoken word, the level of coherency in which these entities can communicate with is highly variable but can be broken down into four distinct levels. These are described and listed below:
- Silence - At the lowest level, the effect can be described as a complete unresponsiveness from the entity and a lack of speech despite their presence within the hallucination.
- Partially defined incoherent speech - At this level, the effect can be described as linguistic conversational responses and noises which almost sound like words but do not contain any real content or meaning beyond a vague sense of emotional intent.
- Fully defined incoherent speech - At this level, the effect can be described as audible linguistic conversational responses and noises which contain fully defined and understandable words, but often lack grammatical structure or an overall sense of general coherency.
- Partially defined coherent speech - At this level, the effect can be described as linguistic conversational responses which contain fully defined and understandable words with a partially defined grammatical structure and general coherency. It conveys its point on a level which is frequently coherent, but may not always be fully understandable and will sometimes descend into broken English or even gibberish.
- Fully defined coherent speech - At the highest level, the effect can be described as linguistic conversational responses which contain understandable words and fully defined grammatical sentence structures. It has an overall sense of general coherency which conveys its point in a level of detail that is genuinely on par with that of a person’s own intellect.
Image examples
Settings, Sceneries, and Landscapes
Settings, sceneries, and landscapes are defined as the perceived environment in which the plot of an internal or external hallucination occurs.[9] This effect is capable of manifesting in a seemingly infinite variety of potential places and settings.
When explored, the geography of these settings is capable of organizing itself as static and coherent. However, they may also manifest as a non-linear, nonsensical, and continuously changing layout which does not obey the laws of physics. The chosen locations, appearance, and style of these settings may be entirely new and previously unseen locations; however, there is a large influence towards replicating and combining real-life locations stored within a person's memories. There are some common themes and archetypes within this component which generally include:
Jungles, rainforests, deserts, ice-scapes, cities, natural environments, caves, space habitats, vast structures, civilizations, technological utopias, ancient ruins, machinescapes, historical settings, rooms and other indoor environments, real-life locations, incomprehensible geometric landscapes and more.
It is worth noting that the content, style, and general behaviour of a setting is often largely dependent on the emotional state of the person experiencing it. For example, a person who is emotionally stable and generally happy will usually be more prone to experiencing neutral, interesting, or positive settings. In contrast, however, a person who is emotionally unstable and generally unhappy will usually be more prone to experiencing sinister, fear-inducing, and negative settings.
Settings, sceneries, and landscapes are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as autonomous entities and delusions. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. However, they can also occur under the influence of stimulant psychosis and during dreams.
Perspective alterations
A perspective hallucination is defined as an alteration of the perspective through which a given internal or external hallucination is seen through.[10][11][12][13][14]
This effect is capable of manifesting itself across the four different perspectives described below:
- 1st person - The most common form of perspective can be described as the normal experience of perceiving a hallucination from the person's everyday self and body.
- 2nd person - This perspective can be described as the experience of perceiving a hallucination from the viewpoint of an external source of consciousness, such as another person, an animal, or an inanimate object.
- 3rd person - This perspective can be described as an out-of-body experience[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] where a person's viewpoint is floating above, below, behind, or in front of their physical body.
- 4th person - The least common form of perspective can be described as the experience of perceiving a hallucination from multiple or even seemingly infinite viewpoints and angles simultaneously.
Perspective hallucinations are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as delirium, and memory suppression. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants.
Scenarios and plots
Scenarios and plots are the situations, stories, scenarios, and events which occur within both external and internal hallucinations. These behave in an almost identical fashion to the plots and scenarios that occur during ordinary dream states and often include cognitive delusions that result in one accepting the plot as a real life event. On rare occasions, however, they will be immediately recognized as a mere hallucination and not a real life event.
During this effect, the typical components which comprise standard hallucinatory states (settings, sceneries, and landscapes and autonomous entities) begin behaving and co-operating in a manner which results in the experience of events occurring within the hallucination itself. These are often perceived as linear and coherent plots that occur in a logical sequence by leading into other events through normal cause and effect. However, they are equally likely to present themselves as completely nonsensical and incoherent. For example, they may consist of nonlinear or spontaneous events which are capable of ending, starting, and changing between each other repeatedly in quick succession.
These hallucinated plots can consist of new experiences that are completely unlike the real world, old experiences such as accurate memory replays, or a combination of the two. However, in terms of their precise content, this effect is impossible to define in a comprehensive manner in much the same way that one cannot predict the exact plot of unknown literature and films. They can, however, be summarized as basic occurrences which often entail visiting a setting that contains interactive objects and autonomous entities. It is also worth noting that the possible situations one may find themselves in as a result of this effect can be either positive or negative to experience in a manner which is dependent on both its content and the individual undergoing them.
Hallucinatory plots and scenarios usually feel as if they are being experienced in real-time. For example, when 20 seconds has passed within the hallucination, the same amount of time will usually have passed in the real world. At other points, however, time distortion can occur, resulting in plots and scenarios that can feel as if they last days, weeks, months, years, aeons, or infinitely extended periods.
Scenarios and plots are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. However, they can also occur less commonly under the influence of stimulant psychosis, and sleep deprivation.
Variations
- Lucid vs. Delirious - Hallucinatory states can maintain a consistent level of awareness throughout them regarding the fact that none of these events are really happening and that the current situation is simply a result of drug-induced hallucination. In contrast to this, hallucinations can also become completely believable no matter how nonsensical they may be in exactly the same way that we do not have any problem accepting absurd and non-linear plots within our dreams.
- Interactive vs. Fixed – Hallucinatory states can either present themselves as completely separate in a manner that is similar to watching a video play out in front of one's field of vision or they can be completely interactive. For example, conversing with autonomous entities or interacting with imagined objects in a fashion similar to lucid dreaming is entirely possible.
- New experiences vs. Memory replays – In terms of their subject matter, hallucinations can either be entirely new experiences or they can follow themes of normal everyday concepts and a replaying of specific memories.
- Controllable vs. Autonomous – Imagery and hallucinations can be partially to completely controllable. This can be described as the content of their appearance always seeming to perfectly follow and fit the general topic and subject matter of one's current thought stream with varying levels of partial to absolute control. In contrast, autonomous hallucinations are completely spontaneous in their subject matter and entirely uncontrollable.
- Geometry-based vs. Solid – Hallucinations can be comprised of condensed psychedelic geometry or they can appear as made from realistic materials.
Psychoactive substances
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:
- 1B-LSD
- 1P-ETH-LAD
- 1P-LSD
- 1V-LSD
- 1cP-AL-LAD
- 1cP-LSD
- 1cP-MiPLA
- 25B-NBOH
- 25B-NBOMe
- 25C-NBOH
- 25C-NBOMe
- 25D-NBOMe
- 25E-NBOH
- 25I-NBOH
- 25I-NBOMe
- 25N-NBOMe
- 2C-B
- 2C-B-FLY
- 2C-C
- 2C-D
- 2C-E
- 2C-I
- 2C-P
- 2C-T
- 2C-T-2
- 2C-T-21
- 2C-T-7
- 3-Cl-PCP
- 3-HO-PCE
- 3-HO-PCP
- 3-MeO-PCE
- 3-MeO-PCP
- 3C-E
- 3C-P
- 4-AcO-DET
- 4-AcO-DMT
- 4-AcO-MET
- 4-AcO-MiPT
- 4-HO-DET
- 4-HO-DPT
- 4-HO-DiPT
- 4-HO-EPT
- 4-HO-MET
- 4-HO-MPT
- 4-HO-MiPT
- 4-MeO-PCP
- 5-MeO-DiPT
- 5-MeO-MiPT
- 6-APB
- 6-APDB
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:
- Experience: 1.5g Psilocybe Cubensis - Analysis of body and mind
- Experience: 15mg 2C-B (oral) - A pleasant low-dose evening with Nexus
- Experience: 200µg 1P-LSD (sublingual) + 12mg CBD - The Vortex of Empathy
- Experience: 22mg 2C-B (oral) / 100ug 1P-LSD (sublingual) - My first time tripping alone (2 days in a row)
- Experience: 25mg 2C-E (oral) - A mindblowing experience
- Experience: 40mg 5-MeO-DMT (oral) + 40mg MXE (oral) - Untitled
- Experience: 80mg EPT - Bummer
- Experience: 80mg EPT - Slight improvement
- Experience:1000 Morning Glory seeds - Rediscovering the Self
- Experience:1000mg / 1200mg / 1400mg / 1600mg - heroic doses
- Experience:100ug 1P-LSD - A Fear and loathing into Bliss
- Experience:1050 µg 1cP-LSD - The matrix
- Experience:10mg & 20mg Intravenous DPT HCl - Familiar Shapes, Experiencing Death, Immersed in The Light
- Experience:110mg Diphenidine (vaporized) + 354mg DXM - instant ego death
- Experience:120mg - Unexpected 'trip', insane CEVs
- Experience:150mg MDMA + 20mg 2C-B - I designed it this way myself
- Experience:170mg 4-AcO-DMT - Recklessness rewarded
- Experience:1g of stars and love
- Experience:2 grams Psilocybe Cubensis + 2.7 grams Syrian Rue - The Psilohuasca Albino Fox
- Experience:2 x 150 LSD tabs
- Experience:2.5g Mushrooms + 500mg DMT
- Experience:2.5g Psilocybe Cubensis B+ strain - epiphany of nondualistic reality
- Experience:2.5g Syrian rue + 6g Mimosa Hostilis - My first experience with unity
- Experience:20mg - A profound sense of oneness
- Experience:20mg - I looked up and saw an angry god-like figure made of clouds glaring down at me
- Experience:20x Extract - a tall humanoid figure wearing a white cloak
- Experience:225mg Pregabalin +Cannabis -Bliss and Serenity; a hedonistic evening
- Experience:225ug - Sheer Awe and Joy
- Experience:250 seeds - Harsh body load
- Experience:25mg (insufflated) - Simultaneously amazing and horrible
- Experience:25mg DMT - Your wall can't save you
- Experience:25mg Quetiapine - Nice buzz
- Experience:26mg - I begged the shroom aliens to kill me
- Experience:2C-P (approx. 35mg) - Asymmetrical Terror and the Geometric Sea
- Experience:2g Syrian rue + 1g Mimosa Hostilis - These voices are the building blocks of consciousness
- Experience:2mg Etizolam & N2O - "Hippy Crack" Indeed
- Experience:3 bowls of cannabis indica - I wrote down unintelligible gibberish
- Experience:3-MeO-PCP - Extreme psychosis
- Experience:3.5g Syrian rue + 30g Mimosa Hostilis brew - flying through a rainbow tunnel
- Experience:3.5g Syrian rue + 50g Mimosa Hostilis - I was trying to engage in sexual intercourse with the personification of Ayahuasca
- Experience:300mg DPH + 600mg DXM - An Interesting Combo
- Experience:300ug LSD - Profound religious experience
- Experience:300ug LSD - The Pyramid Universe
- Experience:300µg AL-LAD - Don't worry, because you're everyone!
- Experience:300μg 1P-LSD + 40mg diphenidine - My first psychotic break
- Experience:30mg 4-HO-MiPT - Positively groovy
- Experience:337mg DMT fumarate - A Day With DMT
- Experience:354mg DXM, weed, nicotine - Descending into the void
- Experience:4-AcO-DMT (20mg) - High Weight, No Effects
- Experience:4-HO-MiPT / A care free psychedelic getaway
See also
- Subjective effects index
- Psychedelics - Subjective effects
- Dissociatives - Subjective effects
- Deliriants - Subjective effects
- External hallucinations
- ↑ Hirshfeld-Flores, Alissa (2002). "DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research Into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (8): 1448–1449. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1448. ISSN 0002-953X.
- ↑ Luke, D. (1 January 2012). "Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review". International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 31 (1): 97–156. doi:10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Luke, D. (January 2011). "Discarnate entities and dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Psychopharmacology, phenomenology and ontology". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. 75 (1): 26–42. ISSN 0037-9751.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Erowid DMT Vault : Apparent Communication with Discarnate Entities, by Peter Meyer
- ↑ Cott, C., Rock, A. "Phenomenology of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine use: a thematic analysis" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. 22: 359–370.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Metzner, Ralph (1998). "Hallucinogenic Drugs and Plants in Psychotherapy and Shamanism". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 30 (4): 333–341. doi:10.1080/02791072.1998.10399709. ISSN 0279-1072.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shanon, B. (1 February 2002). "Ayahuasca visualizations a structural typology". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 9 (2): 3–30.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Strassman, R. (1 December 2000). DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor’s Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781594779732.
- ↑ Belser, Alexander B.; Agin-Liebes, Gabrielle; Swift, T. Cody; Terrana, Sara; Devenot, Neşe; Friedman, Harris L.; Guss, Jeffrey; Bossis, Anthony; Ross, Stephen (2017). "Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 57 (4): 354–388. doi:10.1177/0022167817706884. ISSN 0022-1678.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dillon, P (2003). "Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 69 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00243-0. ISSN 0376-8716.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Obreshkova, D., Kandilarov, I., Angelova, V. T., Iliev, Y., Atanasov, P., & Fotev, P. S. (2017). PHARMACO-TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS AND ANALYSIS OF PHENYLALKYLAMINE AND INDOLYLALKYLAMINE HALLUCINOGENS (REVIEW). PHARMACIA, 64(1), 41-42. http://bsphs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Angelova.pdf
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jansen, K.L.R. (1990). "Neuroscience and the Near-Death Experience: Roles for the NMSA-PCP receptor, the sigma receptor and the endopsychosins". Medical Hypotheses. 31 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(90)90048-J. ISSN 0306-9877.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rumpf K, Pedeck J, Teuteberg H. Munchhoff W. Nolte H. Dream-like experiences during brief anaesthesia with ketamine. thiopental and propanidid. p 161 in Ketamine (H Kreuscher. ed.) Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1969.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Siegel R K. Phencyclidine and ketamine intoxication: a study of recreational users. p 119 in Phencyclidine Abuse: An Appraisal (R C Peterson. R C Stillman. eds.). National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 21. NIDA. Rockville. Maryland, 1978.
- ↑ Wilkins, Leanne K.; Girard, Todd A.; Cheyne, J. Allan (2011). "Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use". Consciousness and Cognition. 20 (3): 943–950. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.005. ISSN 1053-8100.
- ↑ Przyby, A. (n.d.). A Philosophical Journey into the Heart of the Psychedelic Dream. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago. Retrieved February 24, 2018, from http://midwayreview.uchicago.edu/a/8/3/przybyl/przybyl.pdf