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'''Emotionality enhancement''' can be described as an effect which greatly amplifies and enhances one's current emotional state beyond normal levels.  
'''Emotion intensification''' (also known as '''affect intensification''')<ref name="GasserKirchner2014">{{cite journal|last1=Gasser|first1=Peter|last2=Kirchner|first2=Katharina|last3=Passie|first3=Torsten|title=LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects|journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology|volume=29|issue=1|year=2014|pages=57–68|issn=0269-8811|doi=10.1177/0269881114555249}}</ref> is defined as an increase in a person's current emotional state beyond normal levels of intensity.<ref name="KaelenBarrett2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kaelen|first1=M.|last2=Barrett|first2=F. S.|last3=Roseman|first3=L.|last4=Lorenz|first4=R.|last5=Family|first5=N.|last6=Bolstridge|first6=M.|last7=Curran|first7=H. V.|last8=Feilding|first8=A.|last9=Nutt|first9=D. J.|last10=Carhart-Harris|first10=R. L.|title=LSD enhances the emotional response to music|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=232|issue=19|year=2015|pages=3607–3614|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y}}</ref><ref name="Hartogsohn2018">{{cite journal|last1=Hartogsohn|first1=Ido|title=The Meaning-Enhancing Properties of Psychedelics and Their Mediator Role in Psychedelic Therapy, Spirituality, and Creativity|journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience|volume=12|year=2018|issn=1662-453X|doi=10.3389/fnins.2018.00129}}</ref><ref name="Swanson2018">{{cite journal|last1=Swanson|first1=Link R.|title=Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=9|year=2018|issn=1663-9812|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00172}}</ref>


Unlike many other subjective effects such as [[Cognitive euphoria|euphoria]] or [[anxiety]] this effect does not consistently induce specific emotions regardless of a person's current state of mind and mental stability. Instead, it works by amplifying and enhancing the genuine emotions that a person is already feeling prior to ingesting the drug. This causes the effects to be equally capable of manifesting in both a positive and negative direction.
Unlike many other subjective effects such as [[Cognitive euphoria|euphoria]] or [[anxiety]], this effect does not actively induce specific emotions regardless of a person's current state of mind and mental stability. Instead, it works by passively amplifying and enhancing the genuine emotions that a person is already feeling prior to ingesting the drug or prior to the onset of this effect. This causes emotion intensification to be equally capable of manifesting in both a positive and negative direction.<ref name="GasserKirchner2014" /><ref name="KaelenBarrett2015" /><ref name="Swanson2018" /><ref name="MillerBershad2015">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Bershad|first2=Anya K.|last3=de Wit|first3=Harriet|title=Drug effects on responses to emotional facial expressions|journal=Behavioural Pharmacology|volume=26|issue=6|year=2015|pages=571–579|issn=0955-8810|doi=10.1097/FBP.0000000000000164}}</ref><ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017">{{cite journal|last1=Belser|first1=Alexander B.|last2=Agin-Liebes|first2=Gabrielle|last3=Swift|first3=T. Cody|last4=Terrana|first4=Sara|last5=Devenot|first5=Neşe|last6=Friedman|first6=Harris L.|last7=Guss|first7=Jeffrey|last8=Bossis|first8=Anthony|last9=Ross|first9=Stephen|title=Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis|journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology|volume=57|issue=4|year=2017|pages=354–388|issn=0022-1678|doi=10.1177/0022167817706884}}</ref> This effect highlights the importance of [[set and setting]] when using psychedelics in a therapeutic context, especially if the goal is to produce a [[catharsis]].<ref name="GasserKirchner2014" /><ref name="Hartogsohn2018" /><ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017" />


For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may become overwhelmed with intensified negative emotions, paranoia, and confusion. In contrast, an individual who is generally feeling positive and emotionally stable is more likely to find themselves overwhelmed with states of emotional euphoria, happiness, and feelings of general contentment.
For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may become overwhelmed with intensified negative emotions, paranoia, and confusion. In contrast, an individual who is generally feeling positive and emotionally stable is more likely to find themselves overwhelmed with states of emotional euphoria, happiness, and feelings of general contentment. The intensity of emotional states felt under emotion intensification can shape the tone of a trip and predispose the user to other effects, such as [[mania]] or [[unity and interconnectedness|unity]] in positive states and [[thought loops]] or [[feelings of impending doom]] in negative states.<ref name="Swanson2018" /> Intense negative or difficult emotions may still arise in therapeutic contexts, however (with adequate support) people nevertheless view the experience positively due to the perceived value of integrating the emotional states' additional insight.<ref name="GasserKirchner2014" /><ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017" />


This effect is commonly triggered by [[psychedelic]] compounds such as [[LSD]], [[psilocin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can occassionally occur under the influence of other compounds such as [[cannabis]] and [[stimulant]] [[entactogens]].  
Emotion intensification is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref name="GasserKirchner2014" /><ref name="KaelenBarrett2015" /><ref name="Hartogsohn2018" /><ref name="Swanson2018" /><ref name="BelserAgin-Liebes2017" /> However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]], [[GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]],<ref name="KambojJoye2012">{{cite journal|last1=Kamboj|first1=Sunjeev K.|last2=Joye|first2=Alyssa|last3=Bisby|first3=James A.|last4=Das|first4=Ravi K.|last5=Platt|first5=Bradley|last6=Curran|first6=H. Valerie|title=Processing of facial affect in social drinkers: a dose–response study of alcohol using dynamic emotion expressions|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=227|issue=1|year=2012|pages=31–39|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2940-5}}</ref><ref name="PhilippotKornreich1999">{{cite journal|last1=Philippot|first1=Pierre|last2=Kornreich|first2=Charles|last3=Blairy|first3=Sylvie|last4=Baert|first4=Iseult|last5=Dulk|first5=Anne Den|last6=Bon|first6=Olivier Le|last7=Streel|first7=Emmanuel|last8=Hess|first8=Ursula|last9=Pelc|first9=Isy|last10=Verbanck|first10=Paul|title=Alcoholics'Deficits in the Decoding of Emotional Facial Expression|journal=Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research|volume=23|issue=6|year=1999|pages=1031–1038|issn=0145-6008|doi=10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04221.x}}</ref> and [[stimulant|stimulants]].<ref name="MillerBershad2015" /><ref name="WardleGarner2012">{{cite journal|last1=Wardle|first1=Margaret C.|last2=Garner|first2=Matthew J.|last3=Munafò|first3=Marcus R.|last4=de Wit|first4=Harriet|title=Amphetamine as a social drug: effects of d-amphetamine on social processing and behavior|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=223|issue=2|year=2012|pages=199–210|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2708-y}}</ref>
</onlyinclude>
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===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
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{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
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*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
===External links===
===External links===
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion Emotion (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionality Emotionality (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionality Emotionality (Wikipedia)]
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Enhancement]] [[Category:Effect]]
 
===References===
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]]  
[[Category:Intensification]]  
[[Category:Effect]]

Latest revision as of 19:57, 4 October 2022

Emotion intensification (also known as affect intensification)[1] is defined as an increase in a person's current emotional state beyond normal levels of intensity.[2][3][4]

Unlike many other subjective effects such as euphoria or anxiety, this effect does not actively induce specific emotions regardless of a person's current state of mind and mental stability. Instead, it works by passively amplifying and enhancing the genuine emotions that a person is already feeling prior to ingesting the drug or prior to the onset of this effect. This causes emotion intensification to be equally capable of manifesting in both a positive and negative direction.[1][2][4][5][6] This effect highlights the importance of set and setting when using psychedelics in a therapeutic context, especially if the goal is to produce a catharsis.[1][3][6]

For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may become overwhelmed with intensified negative emotions, paranoia, and confusion. In contrast, an individual who is generally feeling positive and emotionally stable is more likely to find themselves overwhelmed with states of emotional euphoria, happiness, and feelings of general contentment. The intensity of emotional states felt under emotion intensification can shape the tone of a trip and predispose the user to other effects, such as mania or unity in positive states and thought loops or feelings of impending doom in negative states.[4] Intense negative or difficult emotions may still arise in therapeutic contexts, however (with adequate support) people nevertheless view the experience positively due to the perceived value of integrating the emotional states' additional insight.[1][6]

Emotion intensification is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.[1][2][3][4][6] However, it can also occur under the influence of cannabinoids, GABAergic depressants,[7][8] and stimulants.[5][9]


Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

... further results

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Gasser, Peter; Kirchner, Katharina; Passie, Torsten (2014). "LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 29 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1177/0269881114555249. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kaelen, M.; Barrett, F. S.; Roseman, L.; Lorenz, R.; Family, N.; Bolstridge, M.; Curran, H. V.; Feilding, A.; Nutt, D. J.; Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2015). "LSD enhances the emotional response to music". Psychopharmacology. 232 (19): 3607–3614. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4014-y. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hartogsohn, Ido (2018). "The Meaning-Enhancing Properties of Psychedelics and Their Mediator Role in Psychedelic Therapy, Spirituality, and Creativity". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00129. ISSN 1662-453X. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Swanson, Link R. (2018). "Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 9. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00172. ISSN 1663-9812. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Miller, Melissa A.; Bershad, Anya K.; de Wit, Harriet (2015). "Drug effects on responses to emotional facial expressions". Behavioural Pharmacology. 26 (6): 571–579. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000164. ISSN 0955-8810. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Belser, Alexander B.; Agin-Liebes, Gabrielle; Swift, T. Cody; Terrana, Sara; Devenot, Neşe; Friedman, Harris L.; Guss, Jeffrey; Bossis, Anthony; Ross, Stephen (2017). "Patient Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 57 (4): 354–388. doi:10.1177/0022167817706884. ISSN 0022-1678. 
  7. ↑ Kamboj, Sunjeev K.; Joye, Alyssa; Bisby, James A.; Das, Ravi K.; Platt, Bradley; Curran, H. Valerie (2012). "Processing of facial affect in social drinkers: a dose–response study of alcohol using dynamic emotion expressions". Psychopharmacology. 227 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2940-5. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  8. ↑ Philippot, Pierre; Kornreich, Charles; Blairy, Sylvie; Baert, Iseult; Dulk, Anne Den; Bon, Olivier Le; Streel, Emmanuel; Hess, Ursula; Pelc, Isy; Verbanck, Paul (1999). "Alcoholics'Deficits in the Decoding of Emotional Facial Expression". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 23 (6): 1031–1038. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04221.x. ISSN 0145-6008. 
  9. ↑ Wardle, Margaret C.; Garner, Matthew J.; Munafò, Marcus R.; de Wit, Harriet (2012). "Amphetamine as a social drug: effects of d-amphetamine on social processing and behavior". Psychopharmacology. 223 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2708-y. ISSN 0033-3158. 
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