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Wakefulness: Difference between revisions

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Ref: "repeated doses of modafinil were unable to prevent deterioration of cognitive performance over a longer period of sleep deprivation though maintaining wakefulness" "The outcomes mood, memory and motivation remained" the same. Armodafinil mentioned
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'''Wakefulness''' is an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.<ref>Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Strecker, R. E., Thakkar, M., Bjørkum, A. A., Greene, R. W., & McCarley, R. W. (1997). Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science, 276(5316), 1265-1268. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1265</ref> It is contrasted with [[stimulation]] in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.<ref name="Repantis2010">Repantis, D., Schlattmann, P., Laisney, O., & Heuser, I. (2010). Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Pharmacological research, 62(3), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002</ref><ref name="Engber1998">Engber, T. M., Dennis, S. A., Jones, B. E., Miller, M. S., & Contreras, P. C. (1998). Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine. Neuroscience, 87(4), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3</ref> If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.<ref>Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., Smyth, N. K., & Hall, K. K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study. Psychopharmacology, 150(3), 272-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923755</ref> However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.<ref name="Repantis2010"/>
'''Wakefulness''' is defined as an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.<ref name="Porkka-Heiskanen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Porkka-Heiskanen|first1=T.|title=Adenosine: A Mediator of the Sleep-Inducing Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness|journal=Science|volume=276|issue=5316|year=1997|pages=1265–1268|issn=00368075|doi=10.1126/science.276.5316.1265}}</ref> It is contrasted with [[stimulation]] in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.<ref name="RepantisSchlattmann2010">{{cite journal|last1=Repantis|first1=Dimitris|last2=Schlattmann|first2=Peter|last3=Laisney|first3=Oona|last4=Heuser|first4=Isabella|title=Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review|journal=Pharmacological Research|volume=62|issue=3|year=2010|pages=187–206|issn=10436618|doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002}}</ref><ref name="EngberDennis1998">{{cite journal|last1=Engber|first1=T.M|last2=Dennis|first2=S.A|last3=Jones|first3=B.E|last4=Miller|first4=M.S|last5=Contreras|first5=P.C|title=Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine|journal=Neuroscience|volume=87|issue=4|year=1998|pages=905–911|issn=03064522|doi=10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3}}</ref> If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.<ref name="CaldwellCaldwell2000">{{cite journal|last1=Caldwell|first1=John A.|last2=Caldwell|first2=J. Lyn|last3=Smyth|first3=Nicholas K.|last4=Hall|first4=Kecia K.|title=A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=150|issue=3|year=2000|pages=272–282|issn=0033-3158|doi=10.1007/s002130000450}}</ref> However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.<ref name="RepantisSchlattmann2010" />


Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[stimulant|stimulants]], [[nootropic|nootropics]], and [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[eugeroic]]s or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include [[modafinil]]<ref name="Repantis2010"/><ref name="Engber1998"/><ref>Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Taylor, B., & LaRowe, S. (2004). Modafinil: preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing surveillance—a review of abuse liability issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401230490453743</ref><ref>Scammell, T. E., Estabrooke, I. V., McCarthy, M. T., Chemelli, R. M., Yanagisawa, M., Miller, M. S., & Saper, C. B. (2000). Hypothalamic arousal regions are activated during modafinil-induced wakefulness. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22), 8620-8628. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000</ref> and [[armodafinil]].<ref name="Repantis2010"/>
Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[stimulant|stimulants]], [[nootropic|nootropics]], and [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[eugeroic]]s or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include [[modafinil]]<ref name="RepantisSchlattmann2010" /><ref name="EngberDennis1998" /><ref name="MyrickMalcolm2004">{{cite journal|last1=Myrick|first1=Hugh|last2=Malcolm|first2=Robert|last3=Taylor|first3=Brent|last4=LaROWE|first4=STEVEN|title=Modafinil: Preclinical, Clinical, and Post-Marketing Surveillance—A Review of Abuse Liability Issues|journal=Annals of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=2|year=2004|pages=101–109|issn=10401237|doi=10.1080/10401230490453743}}</ref><ref name="ScammellEstabrooke2000">{{cite journal|last1=Scammell|first1=Thomas E.|last2=Estabrooke|first2=Ivy V.|last3=McCarthy|first3=Marie T.|last4=Chemelli|first4=Richard M.|last5=Yanagisawa|first5=Masashi|last6=Miller|first6=Matthew S.|last7=Saper|first7=Clifford B.|title=Hypothalamic Arousal Regions Are Activated during Modafinil-Induced Wakefulness|journal=The Journal of Neuroscience|volume=20|issue=22|year=2000|pages=8620–8628|issn=0270-6474|doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000}}</ref> and [[armodafinil]].<ref name="RepantisSchlattmann2010" />
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===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness Wakefulness (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefulness Wakefulness (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Enhancement]] [[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]  
[[Category:Intensification]]  
[[Category:Effect]]

Latest revision as of 19:56, 4 October 2022

Wakefulness is defined as an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.[1] It is contrasted with stimulation in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.[2][3] If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.[4] However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.[2]

Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds such as stimulants, nootropics, and psychedelics. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as eugeroics or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include modafinil[2][3][5][6] and armodafinil.[2]

Psychoactive substances

... further results

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (1997). "Adenosine: A Mediator of the Sleep-Inducing Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness". Science. 276 (5316): 1265–1268. doi:10.1126/science.276.5316.1265. ISSN 0036-8075. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Repantis, Dimitris; Schlattmann, Peter; Laisney, Oona; Heuser, Isabella (2010). "Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review". Pharmacological Research. 62 (3): 187–206. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2010.04.002. ISSN 1043-6618. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Engber, T.M; Dennis, S.A; Jones, B.E; Miller, M.S; Contreras, P.C (1998). "Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine". Neuroscience. 87 (4): 905–911. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3. ISSN 0306-4522. 
  4. ↑ Caldwell, John A.; Caldwell, J. Lyn; Smyth, Nicholas K.; Hall, Kecia K. (2000). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study". Psychopharmacology. 150 (3): 272–282. doi:10.1007/s002130000450. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  5. ↑ Myrick, Hugh; Malcolm, Robert; Taylor, Brent; LaROWE, STEVEN (2004). "Modafinil: Preclinical, Clinical, and Post-Marketing Surveillance—A Review of Abuse Liability Issues". Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. 16 (2): 101–109. doi:10.1080/10401230490453743. ISSN 1040-1237. 
  6. ↑ Scammell, Thomas E.; Estabrooke, Ivy V.; McCarthy, Marie T.; Chemelli, Richard M.; Yanagisawa, Masashi; Miller, Matthew S.; Saper, Clifford B. (2000). "Hypothalamic Arousal Regions Are Activated during Modafinil-Induced Wakefulness". The Journal of Neuroscience. 20 (22): 8620–8628. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000. ISSN 0270-6474. 
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