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[[category:Visual distortions]]
<onlyinclude>
'''After Images''' or ghost images or image burn-in is an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. A common form of after images is the bright glow that seems to float before one's eyes after looking into a light source for a few seconds.
{{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/PepperyMedicalAfghanhound.webm|400x225|right|'''After images''' by '''[https://www.reddit.com/user/StingrayZ StingrayZ]''' - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced [[psychedelic]] effect known as after images. There is also a significant amount of [[drifting|visual drifting]] within its background.|frame}}
'''After images''' (also known as '''palinopsia''') are defined as visual perceptions which continue to appear in one's vision after exposure to the original image has ceased.<ref name="KleinmanGillin1977">{{cite journal|last1=Kleinman|first1=J. E.|last2=Gillin|first2=J. C.|last3=Wyatt|first3=R. J.|title=A Comparison of the Phenomenology of Hallucinogens and Schizophrenia From Some Autobiographical Accounts*|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|volume=3|issue=4|year=1977|pages=560–586|issn=0586-7614|doi=10.1093/schbul/3.4.560}}</ref><ref name="Abraham1983">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry David|title=Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=40|issue=8|year=1983|pages=884|issn=0003-990X|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009}}</ref><ref name="BenderFeldman1968">{{cite journal|last1=Bender|first1=Morris B.|last2=Feldman|first2=Martin|last3=Sobin|first3=Allan J.|title=PALINOPSIA|journal=Brain|volume=91|issue=2|year=1968|pages=321–338|issn=0006-8950|doi=10.1093/brain/91.2.321}}</ref> A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to [[tracers]], but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.


Within hallucinogen usage, still overlayed images of a moving object are commonly left in place of where the object once was. This creates a series of overlayed images across one's visual field which become less distinct the further they are away from the moving objects current position. Another manifestation of this effect can be described as being able to see the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it progressively fades away.
During [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] experiences, moving objects can produce a trail of overlayed, still images behind their path of motion.<ref name="Abraham1983" /><ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014">{{cite journal|last1=Papoutsis|first1=Ioannis|last2=Nikolaou|first2=Panagiota|last3=Stefanidou|first3=Maria|last4=Spiliopoulou|first4=Chara|last5=Athanaselis|first5=Sotiris|title=25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers|journal=Forensic Toxicology|volume=33|issue=1|year=2014|pages=1–11|issn=1860-8965|doi=10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9}}</ref><ref name="AbrahamWolf1988">{{cite journal|last1=Abraham|first1=Henry D.|last2=Wolf|first2=Ernst|title=Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings.|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|volume=97|issue=4|year=1988|pages=443–447|issn=1939-1846|doi=10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443}}</ref><ref name="Kawasaki1996">{{cite journal|last1=Kawasaki|first1=Aki|title=Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)|journal=Archives of Ophthalmology|volume=114|issue=1|year=1996|pages=47|issn=0003-9950|doi=10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007}}</ref><ref name="DuboisVanRullen2011">{{cite journal|last1=Dubois|first1=Julien|last2=VanRullen|first2=Rufin|title=Visual Trails: Do the Doors of Perception Open Periodically?|journal=PLoS Biology|volume=9|issue=5|year=2011|pages=e1001056|issn=1545-7885|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001056}}</ref><ref>Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.</ref> This creates a series of overlayed images of a moving object across one's visual field which become more faded the longer the duration since the object occupied that location in space. Another common manifestation of this effect is being able to see a residual image of the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.


After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[tracers]]<ref name="AbrahamWolf1988" /><ref name="Asher1971">{{cite journal|last1=Asher|first1=Harvey|title="Trailing" Phenomenon—A Long-Lasting LSD Side Effect|journal=American Journal of Psychiatry|volume=127|issue=9|year=1971|pages=1233–1234|issn=0002-953X|doi=10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwartz|first1=K.| journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Nefazodone and visual side effects | volume=154 | issue=7 | pages=1038a–11038 | date=1997 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.154.7.1038a | doi=10.1176/ajp.154.7.1038a}}</ref> and [[drifting]].<ref name="PapoutsisNikolaou2014" /> They are most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]].<ref name="LauterbachAbdelhamid2000">{{cite journal|last1=Lauterbach|first1=E.|last2=Abdelhamid|first2=A.|last3=Annandale|first3=J.|title=Posthallucinogen-Like Visual Illusions (Palinopsia) with Risperidone in a Patient without Previous Hallucinogen Exposure: Possible Relation to Serotonin 5HT2a Receptor Blockade|journal=Pharmacopsychiatry|volume=33|issue=01|year=2000|pages=38–41|issn=0176-3679|doi=10.1055/s-2000-8452}}</ref> However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.<ref name="DuboisVanRullen2011" /></onlyinclude>
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::After images]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::After images]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
===External links===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterimage Afterimage (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia Polyopia (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollough_effect McCollough effect (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palinopsia Palinopsia (Wikipedia)]
===References===
<references />
[[Category:Sensory]]
[[Category:Visual]]
[[Category:Distortion]]
[[Category:Effect]]

Latest revision as of 17:04, 20 May 2022

{{#ev:gfycat|https://giant.gfycat.com/PepperyMedicalAfghanhound.webm%7C400x225%7Cright%7CAfter images by StingrayZ - This image serves as an accurate portrayal of the commonly experienced psychedelic effect known as after images. There is also a significant amount of visual drifting within its background.|frame}} After images (also known as palinopsia) are defined as visual perceptions which continue to appear in one's vision after exposure to the original image has ceased.[1][2][3] A common form of after image is the bright glow that seems to float in one's vision after looking into a light source for a few seconds. This effect is similar to tracers, but differs in that it does not create smooth blurs behind moving objects.

During hallucinogenic experiences, moving objects can produce a trail of overlayed, still images behind their path of motion.[2][4][5][6][7][8] This creates a series of overlayed images of a moving object across one's visual field which become more faded the longer the duration since the object occupied that location in space. Another common manifestation of this effect is being able to see a residual image of the external environment for several seconds after one closes their eyes before it gradually fades away.

After images are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as tracers[5][9][10] and drifting.[4] They are most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline.[11] However, trailing effects have also been experienced with other drugs of a very different pharmacology, such as GABA potentiators.[7]

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

... further results

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kleinman, J. E.; Gillin, J. C.; Wyatt, R. J. (1977). "A Comparison of the Phenomenology of Hallucinogens and Schizophrenia From Some Autobiographical Accounts*". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 3 (4): 560–586. doi:10.1093/schbul/3.4.560. ISSN 0586-7614. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abraham, Henry David (1983). "Visual Phenomenology of the LSD Flashback". Archives of General Psychiatry. 40 (8): 884. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070074009. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  3. ↑ Bender, Morris B.; Feldman, Martin; Sobin, Allan J. (1968). "PALINOPSIA". Brain. 91 (2): 321–338. doi:10.1093/brain/91.2.321. ISSN 0006-8950. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Papoutsis, Ioannis; Nikolaou, Panagiota; Stefanidou, Maria; Spiliopoulou, Chara; Athanaselis, Sotiris (2014). "25B-NBOMe and its precursor 2C-B: modern trends and hidden dangers". Forensic Toxicology. 33 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1007/s11419-014-0242-9. ISSN 1860-8965. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Abraham, Henry D.; Wolf, Ernst (1988). "Visual function in past users of LSD: Psychophysical findings". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 97 (4): 443–447. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.97.4.443. ISSN 1939-1846. 
  6. ↑ Kawasaki, Aki (1996). "Persistent Palinopsia Following Ingestion of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)". Archives of Ophthalmology. 114 (1): 47. doi:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100130045007. ISSN 0003-9950. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dubois, Julien; VanRullen, Rufin (2011). "Visual Trails: Do the Doors of Perception Open Periodically?". PLoS Biology. 9 (5): e1001056. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001056. ISSN 1545-7885. 
  8. ↑ Ermentrout B. The excited cortex - LSD trails, phosphenes, and other visual confections. 1999. 201 Eighth Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; July 1999. Abstracts.
  9. ↑ Asher, Harvey (1971). ""Trailing" Phenomenon—A Long-Lasting LSD Side Effect". American Journal of Psychiatry. 127 (9): 1233–1234. doi:10.1176/ajp.127.9.1233. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  10. ↑ Schwartz, K. (1997). "Nefazodone and visual side effects". American Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (7): 1038a–11038. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.7.1038a. 
  11. ↑ Lauterbach, E.; Abdelhamid, A.; Annandale, J. (2000). "Posthallucinogen-Like Visual Illusions (Palinopsia) with Risperidone in a Patient without Previous Hallucinogen Exposure: Possible Relation to Serotonin 5HT2a Receptor Blockade". Pharmacopsychiatry. 33 (01): 38–41. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8452. ISSN 0176-3679. 
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