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Wakefulness: Difference between revisions

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>Graham
m APA formatting for cog enhancements done. I'll wait to do suppressions later in an effort to not flood.
>Graham
Refs: Better source || "Across a variety of conditions, we found that modafinil promoted wakefulness" with little to no dopamine effects (2) || Modafinil restricted to a limited set of brain regions that play a role in the regulation of sleep ONLY.
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'''Wakefulness''' is an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.<ref>Wakefulness Definition | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wakefulness</REF> It is contrasted with [[stimulation]] in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state. If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.<ref>Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., Smyth, N. K., & Hall, K. K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study. Psychopharmacology, 150(3), 272-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923755</ref> However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.
'''Wakefulness''' is an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.<ref>Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Strecker, R. E., Thakkar, M., Bjørkum, A. A., Greene, R. W., & McCarley, R. W. (1997). Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science, 276(5316), 1265-1268. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1265</ref> It is contrasted with [[stimulation]] in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.<ref name="Engber1998">Engber, T. M., Dennis, S. A., Jones, B. E., Miller, M. S., & Contreras, P. C. (1998). Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine. Neuroscience, 87(4), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3</ref> If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.<ref>Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., Smyth, N. K., & Hall, K. K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study. Psychopharmacology, 150(3), 272-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923755</ref> However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.


Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[stimulant|stimulants]], [[nootropic|nootropics]], and [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[eugeroic]]s or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include [[modafinil]],<ref>FDA Provigil Prescription Guidelines | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020717s037s038lbl.pdf</ref> [[armodafinil]],<ref>FDA Nuvigil Prescription Guidelines | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf</ref> and [[Noopept]].  
Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds such as [[stimulant|stimulants]], [[nootropic|nootropics]], and [[psychedelic|psychedelics]]. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as [[eugeroic]]s or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include [[modafinil]],<ref name="Engber1998"/><ref>Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Taylor, B., & LaRowe, S. (2004). Modafinil: preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing surveillance—a review of abuse liability issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401230490453743</ref><ref>Scammell, T. E., Estabrooke, I. V., McCarthy, M. T., Chemelli, R. M., Yanagisawa, M., Miller, M. S., & Saper, C. B. (2000). Hypothalamic arousal regions are activated during modafinil-induced wakefulness. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22), 8620-8628. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000</ref> [[armodafinil]],<ref>FDA Nuvigil Prescription Guidelines | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf</ref> and [[Noopept]].  
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===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===

Revision as of 20:23, 11 August 2018

Wakefulness is an increased ability to stay conscious without feeling sleepy combined with a decreased need to sleep.[1] It is contrasted with stimulation in that it does not directly increase one's energy levels above a normal baseline but instead produces feelings of a wakeful, well-rested, and alert state.[2] If one is sleepy before using this substance, the impulse to sleep will fade, keeping one’s eyes open will become easier, and the cognitive fog of exhaustion will be reduced.[3] However, sufficiently accumulated sleep deficiency can overpower or negate this effect in extreme cases.

Wakefulness is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds such as stimulants, nootropics, and psychedelics. However, it is worth noting that the few compounds which selectively induce this effect without a number of other accompanying effects are referred to as eugeroics or wakefulness-promoting agents. These include modafinil,[2][4][5] armodafinil,[6] and Noopept.

Psychoactive substances

... further results

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Porkka-Heiskanen, T., Strecker, R. E., Thakkar, M., Bjørkum, A. A., Greene, R. W., & McCarley, R. W. (1997). Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science, 276(5316), 1265-1268. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1265
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Engber, T. M., Dennis, S. A., Jones, B. E., Miller, M. S., & Contreras, P. C. (1998). Brain regional substrates for the actions of the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil in the rat: comparison with amphetamine. Neuroscience, 87(4), 905-911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00015-3
  3. ↑ Caldwell, J. A., Caldwell, J. L., Smyth, N. K., & Hall, K. K. (2000). A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the efficacy of modafinil for sustaining the alertness and performance of aviators: a helicopter simulator study. Psychopharmacology, 150(3), 272-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923755
  4. ↑ Myrick, H., Malcolm, R., Taylor, B., & LaRowe, S. (2004). Modafinil: preclinical, clinical, and post-marketing surveillance—a review of abuse liability issues. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401230490453743
  5. ↑ Scammell, T. E., Estabrooke, I. V., McCarthy, M. T., Chemelli, R. M., Yanagisawa, M., Miller, M. S., & Saper, C. B. (2000). Hypothalamic arousal regions are activated during modafinil-induced wakefulness. Journal of Neuroscience, 20(22), 8620-8628. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08620.2000
  6. ↑ FDA Nuvigil Prescription Guidelines | https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf
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