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'''Flephedrone''', also known as '''4-fluoromethcathinone''' ('''4-FMC'''), is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] drug of the [[amphetamine]] and [[Substituted cathinone|cathinone]] classes.
'''Flephedrone''', also known as '''4-fluoromethcathinone''' ('''4-FMC'''), is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] drug of the [[amphetamine]] and [[Substituted cathinone|cathinone]] classes.
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
Given its chemical structure, flephedrone is likely to act as a [[releasing agent]] and a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for monoamine [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]].
Given its chemical structure, flephedrone is likely to act as a [[releasing agent]] and a [[reuptake inhibitor]] for monoamine [[neurotransmitters]] such as [[dopamine]], [[serotonin]] and [[noradrenaline]].
Flephedrone is likely to have a similar pharmacological profile to mephedrone.
Flephedrone is likely to have a similar pharmacological profile to mephedrone.
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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of flephedrone can be described as a moderate to extreme euphoric tingling sensation that encompasses the entire body. It is capable of becoming overwhelmingly pleasurable at higher dosages. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of flephedrone can be described as a moderate to extreme euphoric tingling sensation that encompasses the entire body. It is capable of becoming overwhelmingly pleasurable at higher dosages. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, flephedrone is commonly considered to be extremely stimulating and energetic. This encourages activities such as running, climbing and dancing. The particular style of stimulation which flephedrone presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher dosages it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still, as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in an extreme unsteadiness of the hands and a general lack of motor control.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, flephedrone is commonly considered to be extremely stimulating and energetic. This encourages activities such as running, climbing and dancing. The particular style of stimulation which flephedrone presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher dosages it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still, as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in an extreme unsteadiness of the hands and a general lack of motor control.
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*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Body odor alteration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
===Cognitive effects===
The cognitive effects of flephedrone can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of mephedrone is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical [[Stimulants|stimulant]] cognitive effects.
The cognitive effects of flephedrone can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of mephedrone is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical [[Stimulants|stimulant]] cognitive effects.
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*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
}}
===After effects===
{{effects/aftereffects|
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{toxicity}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of flephedrone due to its short history of its use. The [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].
Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of flephedrone due to its short history of its use. The [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]].
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart.
====[[Serotonin syndrome]] risk====
====[[Serotonin syndrome]] risk====
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==Legal issues==
==Legal issues==
{{LegalStub}}
*'''Turkey:''' 4-FMC is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı Karar Sayısı : 2013/4827 | https://free-ankara.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BKK_2013_4827_28688.pdf</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016. <ref>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016. <ref>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
This article is in the 'Talk' namespace because it is an unfinished draft. This section is used to host drafts for unpublished articles as well as discussions for published ones. If you'd like to use this area to discuss this draft, please do so in the 'Discussion' section at the very bottom of the page. This notice will be removed once this draft has been approved for publication by an administrator.
It may contain incorrect information, particularly with respect to dosage, duration, subjective effects, toxicity and other risks. It may also not meet PW style and grammar standards.
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Flephedrone, also known as 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.
Slang names for the drug include drone. It is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of a powder, which users can swallow, snort, inject or insert rectally producing effects which are somewhat similar to that MDMA, amphetamine, and cocaine.
Flephedrone, or 4-fluoromethcathinone, is a synthetic molecule of the cathinone family. Cathinones are structurally similar to amphetamines, they contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at Rα. Amphetamines and cathinones are alpha-methylated phenethylamines, cathinones contain an additional carbonyl group at R1. Flephedrone contains an additional fluoro substitutions at RN and a methyl substitution at R4 of its phenyl ring.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Spontaneous tactile sensations - The "body high" of flephedrone can be described as a moderate to extreme euphoric tingling sensation that encompasses the entire body. It is capable of becoming overwhelmingly pleasurable at higher dosages. This sensation maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.
Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, flephedrone is commonly considered to be extremely stimulating and energetic. This encourages activities such as running, climbing and dancing. The particular style of stimulation which flephedrone presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher dosages it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still, as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in an extreme unsteadiness of the hands and a general lack of motor control.
Vibrating vision - A person's eyeballs may begin to spontaneously wiggle back and forth in a rapid motion, causing vision to become blurry and temporarily out of focus-- a condition known as nystagmus.
Dehydration - Dry mouth and dehydration are a universal experience with flephedrone and are a product of an increased heart rate and extreme motivation to engage in strenuous physical activities. While it is important to avoid becoming dehydrated, especially when out dancing in a hot environment, there is a potential possibility of suffering from water intoxication through over-drinking so it is advised that users simply sip at water and never over drink.
Difficulty urinating - Higher doses of flephedrone result in an overall difficulty when it comes to urination, an effect that is completely temporary and harmless.
Teeth grinding - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of MDMA.
Cognitive effects
The cognitive effects of flephedrone can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of mephedrone is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
Euphoria - Strong emotional euphoria and feelings of happiness are present within flephedrone and are likely a direct result of serotonin and dopamine release.
The effects which occur during the offset of a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of mephedrone can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of flephedrone develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Flephedrone presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dopaminergicstimulants]], meaning that after the consumption of mephedrone all stimulants will have a reduced effect.
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
]] & ]] - 25x compounds are highly stimulating and physically straining. Combinations with 4-FMC should be strictly avoided due to the risk of excessive stimulation and heart strain. This can result in increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, panic attacks, thought loops, seizures, and heart failure in extreme cases.
]] - Combining alcohol with stimulants can be dangerous due to the risk of accidental over-intoxication. Stimulants mask alcohol's depressant effects, which is what most people use to assess their degree of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the depressant effects will be left unopposed, which can result in blackouts and severe respiratory depression. If mixing, the user should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
]] - Combinations with DXM should be avoided due to its inhibiting effects on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. There is an increased risk of panic attacks and hypertensive crisis, or serotonin syndrome with serotonin releasers (MDMA, methylone, mephedrone, etc.). Monitor blood pressure carefully and avoid strenuous physical activity.
]] - Any neurotoxic effects of MDMA are likely to be increased when other stimulants are present. There is also a risk of excessive blood pressure and heart strain (cardiotoxicity).
]] - Some reports suggest combinations with MXE may dangerously increase blood pressure and increase the risk of mania and psychosis.
]] - Both classes carry a risk of delusions, mania and psychosis, and these risk may be multiplied when combined.
Combinations with the following substances can cause dangerously high serotonin levels. Serotonin syndrome requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal if left untreated.
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Turkey: 4-FMC is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[3]
United Kingdom: It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016. [4]
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. eISSN1937-6995. ISSN1556-9039. OCLC163567183.
. eISSN 1471-6771. ISSN 0007-0912. OCLC 01537271. PMID 16051647.