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Sufentanil
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Revision as of 19:00, 9 July 2020 by >Dextromethorphan(legality switzerland)
Sufentanil is extraordinarily potent (i.e. active in the micrograms), to the point that the pure powder can result in a fatal overdose if spilled on one's skin. For this reason, it should never be eyeballed.
It is strongly encouraged to wear gloves while handling, use volumetric dosing combined with a milligram scale, and to not consume either moderate or heavy dosages of other depressants in combination with this drug.
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Sufentanil, also known as sufentanyl and by the brand name Sufenta, is an extremely potent synthetic piperidineopioidanalgesic. Sufentanil has a rapid onset and short mechanism and is used medically as an analgesic in surgical procedures or for the management of post-operative pain. Sufentanil is roughly 500 to 1,000 times more potent than pharmaceutical grade morphine and is approximately 10 times more potent than pharmaceutical grade fentanyl. The subjective effects of sufentanil are similar to those of heroin, with the exception that many users report a significantly less euphoric "high" associated with the drug and stronger respiratory depression, sedation and pain relief. Sufentanil is the most potent opioid analgesic currently used in human medicine.
Sufentanil is synthetic piperidine that is similar in structure to both fentanyl and acetylfentanyl. One of the key differences is that one of the phenyl groups in sufentanil has been replaced with a thiophene or thiofuran group. Thiophene groups can typically replace phenyl groups without a significant drop in potency. The empirical formula of sufentanil is C22H30N2O2S and has a molar mass of 386.552 grams per mole.
Pharmacology
The recreational effects of sufentanil occur because opioids structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the μ-opioid receptor set. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoria, pain relief and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement. Like endorphins, sufentanil is an extremely potent μ-opioid agonist.
Sufentanil has an extremely short biological half life of only 162 minutes.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Pain relief - In comparison to other opiates, sufentanil can be described as a strong analgesic, providing relief even at non-recreational doses.
Physical euphoria - This particular substance can be considered as less intense in its physical euphoria when compared with that of morphine or fentanyl. The sensation itself can be described as strong feelings of physical comfort, warmth and bliss which spread throughout the body.
Itchiness - Unlike most other opioids, this compound produces very little itchiness due to the lack of histamine activity.[citation needed]
Respiratory depression - In comparison to other opiates, sufentanil displays this effect at lower doses relative to euphoria then other opiates, and even at low doses results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention. In the hospital setting, patients that are administered sufentanil are constantly monitored to ensure their breathing is not significantly depressed.
Sedation - Sufentanil can be described as much more sedating then other opioids. Even at moderate dosages, this compound can result in overwhelming feelings of sedation and tiredness that is considerably more sedating than that of heroin and oxycodone.
Cognitive euphoria - This particular substance can be considered as significantly less intense in its cognitive euphoria when compared with that of morphine or fentanyl. It is still, however, capable of extreme intensity and overwhelming bliss at heavier dosages with a low tolerance. The sensation itself can be described as powerful and overwhelming feeling of emotional bliss, contentment, and happiness.
Recreational use of sufentanil by individuals without opioid tolerance is extremely dangerous due to its potency. It is potentially fatal at heavy dosages and even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Once the sufentanil is in the user's system, it is extremely difficult to stop its course because of the nature of absorption. Because of the extremely high strength of pure sufentanil powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, therefore, very dangerous. It is also [[Toxicity::potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines]].
Like most opioids, unadulterated sufentanil at appropriate dosages does not cause many long-term complications other than dependence and constipation. Outside of the extremely powerful addiction and physical dependence, the harmful or toxic aspects of opioid usage are exclusively associated with not taking the necessary precautions in regards to its administration, overdosing and using impure products.
It is important to consider that particular care must be taken with sufentanil due to its extreme potency and ability to be absorbed through the skin. This means that simply unintentionally spilling a very small amount of sufentanil on one's skin could result in a fatal overdose.
Heavy dosages of sufentanil can result in respiratory depression, leading onto fatal or dangerous levels of anoxia (oxygen deprivation). This occurs because the breathing reflex is suppressed by agonism of µ-opioid receptors proportional to the dosage consumed.
Sufentanil can also cause nausea and vomiting; a significant number of deaths attributed to opioid overdose are caused by aspiration of vomit by an unconscious victim. This is when an unconscious or semi-conscious user who is lying on their back vomits into their mouth and unknowingly suffocates. It can be prevented by ensuring that one is lying on their side with their head tilted downwards so that the airways cannot be blocked in the event of vomiting while unconscious (also known as the recovery position). In case of overdose, it is advised to administer a dose of naloxone intravenously or intramuscularly to reverse the effects of opioid agonism. It has been noted that naloxone is not very effective for the management of opioid overdoses in cases where extremely potent opioids like sufentanil have been used. In the case of sufentanil, naltrexone should be used in case of an overdose.
As with other opioids, the chronic use of sufentanil can be considered extremely addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of sufentanil develops with prolonged and repeated use. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. It is unknown how long it takes for sufentanil tolerance to decrease to baseline (no distinguishable tolerance). Sufentanil presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other opioids]], meaning that after the consumption of sufentanil all opioids will have a reduced effect.
The risk of fatal opioid overdoses rise sharply after a period of cessation and relapse, largely because of reduced tolerance.[2] To account for this lack of tolerance, it is safer to only dose a fraction of one's usual dosage if relapsing. It has also been found that the environment one is in can play a role in opioid tolerance. In one scientific study, rats with the same history of heroin administration were significantly more likely to die after receiving their dose in an environment not associated with the drug in contrast to a familiar environment.[3]
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Alcohol - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely
Stimulants - Stimulants increase respiration rate which allows for a higher dose of opiates than would otherwise be used. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the user and cause respiratory arrest.
Benzodiazepines - Central nervous system and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position blackouts/memory loss likely.
DXM - Generally considered to be toxic. CNS depression, difficulty breathing, heart issues, and liver toxicity have been observed. Additionally if one takes DXM, their tolerance of opiates goes down slightly, thus causing additional synergistic effects.
GHB/GBL - The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position
Ketamine - Both substances bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.
MAOIs - Coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with certain opioids has been associated with rare reports of severe adverse reactions. There appear to be two types of interaction, an excitatory and a depressive one. Symptoms of the excitatory reaction may include agitation, headache, diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia, flushing, shivering, myoclonus, rigidity, tremor, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and coma. Death has occurred in some cases.
MXE - MXE can potentiate the effects of opioids but also increases the risk of respiratory depression and organ toxicity.
Nitrous - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are common.
PCP - PCP may reduce opioid tolerance, increasing the risk of overdose.
Tramadol - Increased risk of seizures. Tramadol itself is known to induce seizures and it may have additive effects on seizure threshold with other opioids. Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present.
Grapefruit - While grapefruit is not psychoactive, it may affect the metabolism of certain opioids. Tramadol, oxycodone, and fentanyl are all primarily metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4, which is potently inhibited by grapefruit juice[4]. This may cause the drug to take longer to clear from the body. it may increase toxicity with repeated doses. Methadone may also be affected[4]. Codeine and hydrocodone are metabolized by CYP2D6. People who are on medicines that inhibit CYP2D6, or that lack the enzyme due to a genetic mutation will not respond to codeine as it can not be metabolized into its active product: morphine.
Combinations with the following substances can cause dangerously high serotonin levels. Serotonin syndrome requires immediate medical attention and can be fatal if left untreated.
. eISSN 1471-6771. ISSN 0007-0912. OCLC 01537271. PMID 16051647.