User talk:Oskykins/Archive 1

Amphetamine
The skeletal formula.
Adderall Dosage (oral)
Threshold	5 mg
Light	10 - 30 mg
Common	30 - 60 mg
Strong	60 - 100 mg
Heavy	100+ mg
Adderall Duration
Total Duration	6 - 8 hours
Onset	20 - 60 minutes
Initial effects	15 - 30 minutes
Peak	3 - 6 hours
Coming down	3 - 5 hours
After effects	5 - 10 hours

Amphetamine is a strong central nervous system stimulant that increases activity in the brain and induces temporary improvements including enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion. It is the parent compound of the Substituted Amphetamines class which also includes MDMA, methamphetamine, DOM, and DOC.

Amphetamine is widely used throughout the world as a prescription medicine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the sleeping disorder narcolepsy. It is also used without prescription as an illicit substance of recreational use or abuse.

Although the term amphetamine traditionally refers to an equal combination of the left-handed and right-handed enatiomers levoamphetamine (l-amphetamine) and dextroamphetamine (d-amphetamine), it is frequently used for any mixture of the two or only one of them. The popular prescription drug Adderall contains both enatiomers. The drug is usually taken orally, but can also be insufflated, injected, or administered rectally.

Chemistry

The chemical structure of a substituted amphetamine is the same as the organic molecule amphetamine, except some substitutions are made at the phenyl and amine sites.

Pharmacology

"Amphetamine's action of causing dopamine to be released into the brain's synapses from the axon terminals is fairly well understood, but less well known is how each isomer of amphetamine accomplishes this task. Dextroamphetamine, the major component of Adderall, is thought to be most efficient at releasing dopamine along the brain's D1 and D4 pathways, which help focus cognitive attention. Levoamphetamine, the minor component of Adderall, is thought to be better at releasing norepinephrine and dopamine along the D2 reward pathways, causing rushes of euphoria and sexual arousal, as well as enhanced reflexes and motor coordination."

Subjective effects

Physical Effects

The physical effects of amphetamine can be broken down into # components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:

• Stimulation In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, amphetamine is usually considered to be extremely energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is stronger than that of modafinil, caffeine, and MDMA. It is most similar to the stimulation that occurs on methamphetamine. It is similar yet distinct from the stimulation experienced on MDMA, encouraging physical activities such as dancing, running, or cleaning. The particular style of stimulation which amphetamine presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching and involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in an extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general lack of motor control.
• Dehydration
• Appetite suppression
• Nausea
• Frequent urination
• Abnormal heartbeat
• Vasconstriction
• Temporary Erectile Dysfunction

Cognitive Effects

The cognitive effects of amphetamine can be broken down into # components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of amphetamine is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation, increased focus, and powerful euphoria. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects.

The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:

• Acceleration of thought
• Increased Focus
• Enhancement of memory
• Increased motivation
• Euphoria
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Paranoia
• Delusions

Legal Issues

Amphetamine is legally approved for medical purposes worldwide. However, it is a controlled substance and is illegal to sell and possess in most countries without a prescription.

• United States: Amphetamine is a schedule II controlled substance.
• Canada: It is a schedule I drug.
• United Kingdom: Amphetamine is considered a class B drug.
• Thailand: The drug is classified as a category 1 narcotic in the Thai Narcotic Act of 2012.
• South Korea: Amphetamine is banned even for medical purposes.
• Japan: Amphatamine is banned for medical purposes as well.

See Also

• Stimulants
• Modafinil
• Substituted Amphetamines
• DOM
• MDMA