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{{Template:Warning/Clonidine}}
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{{SubstanceBox/clonidine}}
{{SubstanceBox/clonidine}}
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{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
Binding affinities:
Binding affinities:
Clonidine shows agonism at the following receptors, namely the alpha (α) receptors. It lowers blood pressure by stimulating the α<sub>2</sub> receptors in the brain.
Clonidine shows agonism at the following receptors, namely the alpha (α) receptors. It lowers blood pressure by stimulating the α<sub>2</sub> receptors in the brain.{{citation needed}}
*α<sub>1A</sub> receptor: 316.23 nM
*α<sub>1A</sub> receptor: 316.23 nM
*α<sub>1B</sub> receptor: 316.23 nM
*α<sub>1B</sub> receptor: 316.23 nM
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{{EffectStub}}
{{EffectStub}}
''{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}''
''{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}''
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Clonidine can be strong in its sedating effect. This can lead to atypical walking gait from decreased locomotion coordination.
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Clonidine can be strong in its sedating effect. This can lead to atypical walking gait from decreased locomotion coordination.
*'''[[Effect::Decreased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Decreased heart rate]]'''
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*'''Raynaud's Phenomenon''' - Raynaud's Phenomenon occurs when the spasm of arteries results in reduced flood flow to the extremities, causing a pale tone, tingling, and numbness.
*'''Raynaud's Phenomenon''' - Raynaud's Phenomenon occurs when the spasm of arteries results in reduced flood flow to the extremities, causing a pale tone, tingling, and numbness.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression]]''' - According to anecdotal reports, this effect is likely due to very low blood pressure. It has been described as a "hollow" type distortion or loss of hearing.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression]]''' - According to anecdotal reports, this effect is likely due to very low blood pressure. It has been described as a "hollow" type distortion or loss of hearing.
}}
===Cognitive effects===
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]''' - This usually occurs at higher doses. The effect is also usually from the sedated state.
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]''' - This usually occurs at higher doses. The effect is also usually from the sedated state.
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
}}
}}
==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug, especially concurrently with other [[depressants]]. '''Clonidine is a central nervous system depressant and combining these drugs, especially in high doses,''' '''''may be fatal.''''' According to drugs.com, clonidine's maximum medical dose for hypotension is 2.4 miligrams in divided doses. It is likely not dangerous to take a strong dose (300 micrograms) at once ''with tolerance'', but you should use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] and not do as mentioned with no tolerance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug, especially concurrently with other [[depressants]]. '''Clonidine is a central nervous system depressant and combining these drugs, especially in high doses,''' '''''may be fatal.''''' According to drugs.com, clonidine's maximum medical dose for hypotension is 2.4 miligrams in divided doses. It is likely not dangerous to take a strong dose (300 micrograms) at once ''with tolerance'', but you should use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] and not do as mentioned with no tolerance.
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Clonidine seems to be able to cause addiction and can be tolerated over periods of time. It is used concurrently with prescription pain-killers ([[opioids]]) recreationally because it might have potentiating effects, but this has not been studied and may be dangerous due to concurrent use of depressants.
Clonidine seems to be able to cause addiction and can be tolerated over periods of time. It is used concurrently with prescription pain-killers ([[opioids]]) recreationally because it might have potentiating effects, but this has not been studied and may be dangerous due to concurrent use of depressants.
==Legal issues==
==Legality==
{{LegalStub}}
{{LegalStub}}
'''United States:''' In the US, clonidine is only available through prescription.
'''United States:''' In the US, clonidine is only available through prescription.{{citation needed}}
==See also==
==See also==
Revision as of 00:14, 14 July 2017
Pharmacology and legality should be expanded before publication. Please help by contributing.
It may contain incorrect information, particularly with respect to dosage, duration, subjective effects, toxicity and other risks. It may also not meet PW style and grammar standards.
Clonidine is an imdiazoline compound, meaning that its main chemistry is of an imidazole ring. A nitrogen bonded to the imidazole and chlorinated phenyl group makes an amine.
Binding affinities:
Clonidine shows agonism at the following receptors, namely the alpha (α) receptors. It lowers blood pressure by stimulating the α2 receptors in the brain.[citation needed]
α1A receptor: 316.23 nM
α1B receptor: 316.23 nM
α1D receptor: 125.89 nM
α2A receptor: 42.92 nM
α2B receptor: 106.31 nM
α2C receptor: 233.1 nM
Clonidine also binds to the Imidazoline I1 receptor as an agonist.
Some studies suggest that clonidine in low doses can boost growth hormone levels.[3]
''Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.''
Physical effects
Sedation - Clonidine can be strong in its sedating effect. This can lead to atypical walking gait from decreased locomotion coordination.
Abnormal heartbeat - Clonidine's chance of causing this is relatively low, but caution should be taken if clonidine is taken with other drugs that can cause this. Intense physical activity should probably be avoided.
Raynaud's Phenomenon - Raynaud's Phenomenon occurs when the spasm of arteries results in reduced flood flow to the extremities, causing a pale tone, tingling, and numbness.
Auditory suppression - According to anecdotal reports, this effect is likely due to very low blood pressure. It has been described as a "hollow" type distortion or loss of hearing.
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug, especially concurrently with other depressants. Clonidine is a central nervous system depressant and combining these drugs, especially in high doses,may be fatal. According to drugs.com, clonidine's maximum medical dose for hypotension is 2.4 miligrams in divided doses. It is likely not dangerous to take a strong dose (300 micrograms) at once with tolerance, but you should use harm reduction practices and not do as mentioned with no tolerance.
Lethal dosage
According to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov's prescribing information page for clonidine, clonidine's oral LD50 in mice is 206 mg/kg and for rats, 465 mg/kg. Of course, this does not mean one will not die
with levels below these.
There have been studies that show naloxone may be a useful antidote in treating clonidine overdoses, however this is not in widespread clinical use.[4]
Tolerance and addiction potential
Clonidine seems to be able to cause addiction and can be tolerated over periods of time. It is used concurrently with prescription pain-killers (opioids) recreationally because it might have potentiating effects, but this has not been studied and may be dangerous due to concurrent use of depressants.
↑Brayfield, A, ed. (13 January 2014). "Clonidine". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
↑Neil, MJ (November 2011). "Clonidine: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management.". Current Clinical Pharmacology. 6 (4): 280–7. PMID 21827389.
↑Effect of clonidine on growth hormone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the serum of normal men. (1990). Lal S, Tolis G, Martin SB, Brown GM, Guyda H. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1184719
↑ Reversal of clonidine toxicity by naloxone Niemann, James T et al. Annals of Emergency Medicine , Volume 15 , Issue 10 , 1229 - 1231
