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'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] drug of the substituted [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through [[research chemical]] vendors.
'''3-Fluorophenmetrazine''' (also called '''3F-Phenmetrazine''', '''3-FPM''' or '''PAL-593''') is a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] substance of the substituted [[Chemical class::amphetamine]] class. It produces classical stimulant effects such as [[stimulation]], [[focus enhancement|focus]] & [[motivation enhancement]], [[thought acceleration]], [[wakefulness]], and [[euphoria]] when [[routes of administration|administered]]. It is a structural analog of [[phenmetrazine]], a stimulant drug that was clinically used in Europe as an anorectic (weight-loss agent) in the 1950s before it was later withdrawn due to concerns over misuse and addiction.<ref> Kalant, Oriana Josseau (1966). The Amphetamines: Toxicity and Addiction. ISBN 0-398-02511-8.</ref>
3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.
3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less [[anxiety|nervousness]], [[euphoria]], and [[wakefulness|insomnia]] than drugs of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.
Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM in humans. It has no history of human usage until 2014 when it began being sold as a gray-area [[research chemical]] by online vendors. Due to its likely ability to produce dependence and addiction, it is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[amphetamine]] family. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the [[amphetamine]] family. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R<sub>α</sub>. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R<sub>3</sub> of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R<sub>2</sub> of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of [[phenmetrazine]].
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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[MDMA]] or [[cocaine]]. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
*'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], 3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - In comparison to other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], 3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]] and many other stimulants.
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
===Cognitive effects===
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - While 3-FPM is often noted for its potential functional applications, higher doses can result in the kind of disinhibition seen in traditional stimulants like [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], leading to increased sociability.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as [[amphetamine]], [[cocaine]], or [[methamphetamine]].
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]''' - While 3-FPM is often noted for its potential functional applications, higher doses can result in the kind of disinhibition seen in traditional stimulants like [[amphetamine]] or [[cocaine]], leading to increased sociability.
*'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
*'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - This component is experienced in a functional form even at moderate to high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - This component is experienced in a functional form even at moderate to high doses.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it usually would when sober.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it usually would when sober.
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
===After effects===
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
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*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other [[stimulant]]s as it can [[increased heart rate|increase one's heart rate]] and [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Stimulants}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamine]]s.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with [[amphetamines]] and related compounds like the phenmetrazines.{{citation needed}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
{{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.{{citation needed}}
==Legal issues==
==Legality==
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States''' - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.{{citation needed}}
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (also called 3F-Phenmetrazine, 3-FPM or PAL-593) is a stimulant substance of the substituted amphetamine class. It produces classical stimulant effects such as stimulation, focus & motivation enhancement, thought acceleration, wakefulness, and euphoria when administered. It is a structural analog of phenmetrazine, a stimulant drug that was clinically used in Europe as an anorectic (weight-loss agent) in the 1950s before it was later withdrawn due to concerns over misuse and addiction.[1]
3-FPM is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less nervousness, euphoria, and insomnia than drugs of the substituted amphetamine class, leading to its adoption as a popular study and productivity-boosting drug as opposed to the more typical recreational stimulant.
Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It is worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 3-FPM in humans. It has no history of human usage until 2014 when it began being sold as a gray-area research chemical by online vendors. Due to its likely ability to produce dependence and addiction, it is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if choosing to use this substance.
3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the amphetamine family. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at Rα. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine atom attached at R3 of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R2 of its chain, an oxygen group is bound -- this oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is a fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine.
Pharmacology
3-FPM is a sympathomimetic drug which has classical stimulant effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a releasing agent for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, increasing their concentrations in the synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. This accumulation of neurotransmitters results in the experience of euphoric and stimulating effects. Notably, it has a higher affinity for all three monoamine transporters when compared to methylphenidate. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously marketed as an appetite suppressant in the 60s and 70s but has since been withdrawn from the market due to concerns of abuse and addiction.
Below is a table showing 3-FPM's affinity (EC50) for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline (NET) transporters as well as the values of some other stimulants that are more common:
Despite being able to compare these values directly, the prediction of possible effects from simply viewing the affinity values of a compound is not very accurate; however, they can be used to hypothesize about 3-FPM's mechanism of action in vivo.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
{{effects/base
|
Physical effects
Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA or cocaine. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
Appetite suppression - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with amphetamine or methamphetamine.
Disinhibition - While 3-FPM is often noted for its potential functional applications, higher doses can result in the kind of disinhibition seen in traditional stimulants like amphetamine or cocaine, leading to increased sociability.
The effects which occur during the offset of a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-FPM develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-FPM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dopaminergicstimulants]], meaning that after the consumption of 3-FPM all stimulants will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] & "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - 25x compounds are highly stimulating and physically straining. Combinations with 3-FPM should be strictly avoided due to the risk of excessive stimulation and heart strain. This can result in increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, panic attacks, thought loops, seizures, and heart failure in extreme cases.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combining alcohol with stimulants can be dangerous due to the risk of accidental over-intoxication. Stimulants mask alcohol's depressant effects, which is what most people use to assess their degree of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the depressant effects will be left unopposed, which can result in blackouts and severe respiratory depression. If mixing, the user should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combinations with DXM should be avoided due to its inhibiting effects on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. There is an increased risk of panic attacks and hypertensive crisis, or serotonin syndrome with serotonin releasers (MDMA, methylone, mephedrone, etc.). Monitor blood pressure carefully and avoid strenuous physical activity.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Any neurotoxic effects of MDMA are likely to be increased when other stimulants are present. There is also a risk of excessive blood pressure and heart strain (cardiotoxicity).
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Some reports suggest combinations with MXE may dangerously increase blood pressure and increase the risk of mania and psychosis.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Both classes carry a risk of delusions, mania and psychosis, and these risk may be multiplied when combined.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - 3-FPM may be dangerous to combine with other stimulants like cocaine as they can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is known to lower the seizure threshold[3] and combinations with stimulants may further increase this risk.
MDMA - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with amphetamines and related compounds like the phenmetrazines.[citation needed]
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, and some antidepressants.[4]
Cocaine - This combination may increase strain on the heart to dangerous levels.[citation needed]
Legality
United Kingdom - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[5]
United States - 3-FPM may be considered to be an analogue of phenmetrazine, a Schedule II drug, under the Federal Analogue Act if it is intended for human consumption.[citation needed]
Sweden: The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.[6]
Switzerland: 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.[7]
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. eISSN1937-6995. ISSN1556-9039. OCLC163567183.
. eISSN 1471-6771. ISSN 0007-0912. OCLC 01537271. PMID 16051647.