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| {{SubstanceBox/Dichloropane}}
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| | ''[[Dichloropane/Summary|Summary sheet: Dichloropane]]''
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| '''Dichloropane''' ('''RTI-111''') is a synthetic [[stimulant]] drug of the [[phenyltropane]] class.<ref>Synthesis and Monoamine Transporter Binding Properties of 3β-(3‘,4‘-Disubstituted phenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic Acid Methyl Esters | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm040185a</ref> It is structurally similar to [[cocaine]] and is classed as a [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] and an [[appetite suppressant]]. In animal studies, dichloropane had a slower onset and longer duration of action compared to [[cocaine]]<ref>Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 111, a 3-phenyltropane analog, in rhesus monkeys: interaction with methamphetamine | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000602</ref>. It is thought to be the first cocaine/tropane analogue to be made available on the consumer research chemical market, first appearing in 2016.
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| ==Chemistry==
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| Dichloropane is a derivative of 3-phenyltropane<ref>Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of RTI 111, a 3-phenyltropane analog, in rhesus monkeys: interaction with methamphetamine | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002130000602</ref>. [[Methylecgonidine]] as the direct precursor to this compound<ref>Synthesis, Ligand Binding, and QSAR (CoMFA and Classical) Study of 3β-(3'-Substituted phenyl)-, 3β-(4'-Substituted phenyl)-, and 3β-(3',4'-Disubstituted phenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic Acid Methyl Esters | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00044a007</ref>. It is produced as a hydrochloride salt in its powdered form.
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| ==Pharmacology==
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| The most extensively studied effect of dichloropane on the central nervous system is the blockade of the [[serotonin]], [[dopamine]], and [[norepinephrine]] transporter. This substance acts as a [[triple reuptake inhibitor]] and prevents [[monoamine]] neurotransmitters from being recycled, causing excessive amounts to build up in the synapse, or junction between [[neurons]]. The result is an enhanced and prolonged post-synaptic effect of monoaminergic signaling at receptors on the receiving neuron.<ref>Synthesis and Monoamine Transporter Binding Properties of 3β-(3‘,4‘-Disubstituted phenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic Acid Methyl Esters | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm040185a</ref> It is this sudden flood of [[neurotransmitters]] that is thought to cause dichloropane's effects.
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| Notably, dichloropane has a relatively higher affinity for the [[serotonin]] transporter than [[cocaine]], which could be responsible for the differences in its effects.<ref>Synthesis and Monoamine Transporter Binding Properties of 3β-(3‘,4‘-Disubstituted phenyl)tropane-2β-carboxylic Acid Methyl Esters | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm040185a</ref>
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| ==Subjective effects==
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| The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
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| ===Physical effects===
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, dichloropane is usually considered to be energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is comparatively weaker than [[cocaine]], but stronger than that of [[modafinil]], [[caffeine]], and [[methylphenidate]]. It is similar yet distinct from the stimulation experienced on [[MDMA]], encouraging physical activities such as dancing, socializing, running, or cleaning, but to a lesser degree than that of [[cocaine]]. The particular style of stimulation which dichloropane presents can be described as encouraged at low to moderate dosages but forced at higher dosages. This means that at certain dosages, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general lack of fine motor control. This effect is replaced with moderate fatigue and general exhaustion during the offset of the experience.
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| *'''[[Effect::Abnormal heartbeat]]''' - This substance consistently raises one's heart rate to abnormally high levels which can be potentially dangerous with prolonged or extremely high dosages.
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| *'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Bodily control enhancement]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Bronchodilation]]''' - This can sometimes be very apparent and can result in an inability to swallow.
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| *'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased blood pressure]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
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| *'''[[Effect::Temporary erectile dysfunction]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - This can become very dangerous when combined with other vasoconstrictors, such as [[nicotine]].
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| === Cognitive effects ===
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| The cognitive effects of dichloropane can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of dichloropane is described by many as one of moderate to extreme mental stimulation, increased focus, sociability and euphoria. It contains a large number of typical [[stimulant]] cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate dosages, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
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| The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
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| *'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This effect is usually only present at low to moderate doses.
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| *'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - This component is thought to be substantially less present than that of [[cocaine]], perhaps due to its relatively weaker activity on dopamine reuptake.
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| *'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Ego inflation]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Focus enhancement]]''' - This component is most effective at low to moderate dosages as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - The irritability associated with dichloropane is generally observed during the offset of the experience.
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| *'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]''' - Relative to cocaine, dichloropane presents far less motivation enhancement that is associated with excess dopaminergic signaling and has more of a "stoning" or demotivating effect.
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| *'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Thought organization]]''' - Relative to cocaine, the stimulant effects of dichloropane can be described as far more "scattered" and "unfocused"
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| *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
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| ===After effects===
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| The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
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| *'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
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| *'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
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| Some users have observed that the comedown from dichloropane is far more pronounced than that of cocaine, even at common dosages, perhaps as a result of its increased duration and greater activity on the serotonin system.
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| ==Toxicity and harm potential==
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| The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational dichloropane use has not been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because dichloropane has very little history of human usage. In terms of neurotoxicity (as defined by the damage or death of cells in the brain in response to over-excitation or reactive oxidation caused by drugs), it is reasonable to assume that like other stimulants which work principally through reuptake inhibition (e.g. cocaine), dichloropane should not exhibit these effects unlike certain other substances such as [[methamphetamine]]. Its extended use or abuse does, however, is likely to cause short-term down regulation of the receptors of the [[neurotransmitter]] systems it interacts with. However, this remains a subject of speculation.
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| Due to its structural similarity to cocaine, it is worth noting that the most potentially harmful physical effects of cocaine appear to be not neurological but cardiovascular. Severe cardiac adverse events, particularly sudden cardiac death, become a serious risk at high doses due to cocaine's blocking effect on cardiac sodium channels.<ref>Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x/abstract</ref> Moreover, long-term cocaine usage may result in Cocaine-Related Cardiomyopathy. <ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/152535-overview#a2</ref> It is as of yet unknown whether dichloropane presents similar risks, but it is reasonable to assume that it might.
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| It is suspected that regular dichloropane insufflation can have extremely adverse effects on one's nostrils, nose and nasal cavities. These include a loss of the sense of smell, nosebleeds, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or a chronically runny nose.
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| Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried dichloropane within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
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| It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
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| ===Tolerance and addiction potential===
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| As with other [[stimulant]]s, the chronic use of dichloropane can be considered to have the potential to be [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]], though perhaps less so than that of cocaine, and is thus capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
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| Tolerance to many of the effects of dichloropane [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Dichloropane likely presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dopamine]]rgic [[stimulant]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of cocaine all [[stimulant]]s will have a reduced effect.
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| ====Withdrawal symptoms====
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| It is possible that after taking dichloropane on a regular or extended basis, some users will become addicted like they would to cocaine. When the drug is discontinued immediately, the user will experience what has come to be known as a "crash" along with a number of other withdrawal symptoms including [[Paranoia|paranoia]], [[Depression|depression]], [[Anxiety|anxiety]], itching, [[Cognitive effects: Mood swings|mood swings]], [[Irritability|irritability]], fatigue, [[Physical effects: Wakefulness|insomnia]], an intense craving for more cocaine, and, in some cases, [[Nausea|nausea and vomiting]]. Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenic patients and feel that their mind is scattered or incoherent. Some users also report a feeling of a crawling sensation on the skin also known as "coke bugs".
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| These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months. Even after most withdrawal symptoms dissipate most users feel the need to continue using the drug; this feeling can last for years and may peak during times of stress.
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| ===Dangerous interactions===
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| {{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
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| *'''[[Stimulants]]''' - When used in conjunction with other [[stimulant]]s, the cardiovascular effects of cocaine such as [[increased heart rate]] become dangerously high. This is potentially fatal and severely increases the risk of cardiac arrest.
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| *'''[[Depressants]]''' - When used in conjunction with [[depressants]] such as [[opioids]] and [[benzodiazepines]], the cardiovascular effects of the two classes begin to conflict as one increases the heart rate while the other decreases it. This is potentially fatal and can result in an extremely irregular heart rate leading onto cardiac arrest.
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| *'''[[Depressants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine alcohol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of alcohol which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of alcohol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as respiratory depression. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
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| *'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic and potential cardiotoxic effects of [[MDMA]] may be increased when combined with dichloropane.
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| {{DangerousInteractions/MAOI|nt=dopamine}}
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| *'''[[Nicotine]]''' - Some dichloropane users find that consumption of tobacco products during dichloropane use enhances the euphoria because nicotine increases the levels of [[dopamine]] in the brain. This, however, may have undesirable consequences such as uncontrollable chain smoking during dichloropane use, in addition to the detrimental health effects and the additional strain on the cardiovascular system caused by tobacco.
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| ===Psychosis===
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| Due to its novelty, little is known about dichloropane's ability to induce psychosis, although it is reasonable to assume it presents similar risks to that of cocaine when abused.
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| ==Legal issues==
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| *'''USA:''' Dichloropane may be considered to be an analog of cocaine, thus falling under the Federal Analog Act.The Federal Analog Act, 21 U.S.C. § 813, is a section of the United States Controlled Substances Act, allowing any chemical "substantially similar" to an illegal drug (in Schedule I or II) to be treated as if it were also in Schedule I or II, but only if it is intended for human consumption.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Responsible use]]
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| *[[Stimulants]]
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| *[[Tropane alkaloids]]
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichloropane Dichloropane (Wikipedia)]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| [[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
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| [[Category:Tropane]]
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| [[Category:Stimulant]]
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| {{#set:Featured=true}}
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