Physical effects: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:43, 10 June 2016

Enhancements

Appetite enhancement

Appetite intensification (also known as "the munchies") can be described as the experience of a distinct increase in a person's sense of hunger and appetite. This results in both an increased desire to eat food and an increased enjoyment of its taste.

Appetite intensification is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of orexigenic compounds, such as cannabinoids,^[1] mirtazapine,^[2] and quetiapine. However, it may also occur under the influence of other compounds such as GABAergic depressants, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants, first-generation antihistamines, most antipsychotics, and many steroid hormones.

Bodily control enhancement

Bodily control enhancement can be described as feeling as if there has been a distinct increase in a person's ability to control their physical body with precision, balance, coordination, and dexterity. This results in the feeling that they can accurately control a much greater variety of muscles across their body with the tiniest of subtle mental triggers.

The experience of this effect is often subjectively interpreted by people as a profound and primal feeling of being put back in touch with the animal body.

Bodily control enhancement is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulating psychedelics, such as LSD, 2C-B, and DOC. However, it may also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of other compounds such as traditional stimulants and light dosages of stimulating dissociatives.

Perception of increased weight

Perception of bodily heaviness can be described as feeling as if one's body has significantly increased in its weight. This can result in feelings of slowness and sluggishness due to the body seeming difficult, uncomfortable, or impossible to move.

Perception of bodily heaviness is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as sedation and muscle relaxation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of depressant compounds, such as GABAergics, opioids, and antipsychotics. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain sedating psychedelics such as certain LSA, psilocybin, and 2C-C.

Stimulation

Stimulation can be described as an increase in a person's physical energy levels which are interpreted as encouraging when it comes to wakefulness, movement, performing tasks, talkativeness, and general exercise.^[3]

At lower levels, stimulation typically presents itself as encouraged more so than forced. This can be described as feeling distinctly energetic, but in a purely controllable fashion that does not overwhelm the person with involuntary movements should they choose to stop expending large amounts of energy. It is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as motivation enhancement, analysis enhancement, thought acceleration, focus enhancement, and appetite suppression in a manner which can result in a distinct increase in the person's overall productivity.

At higher levels, stimulation typically presents itself as forced more so than encouraged. This can be described as the effects of increased energy becoming so pronounced that the person will be incapable of relaxing and will feel an irresistible urge to perform some sort of physical task. It is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as thought disorganization, focus suppression, short term memory suppression, increased heart rate, teeth grinding, temporary erectile dysfunction, sweating, and dehydration in a manner which can lead to lead to a distinct decrease in the person's overall productivity.

Stimulation is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant compounds, particularly dopaminergic stimulants such as amphetamine, methylphenidate, MDMA, and cocaine. However, it may also occur under the influence of other compounds such as certain psychedelics and certain dissociatives.

Tactile enhancement

Tactile intensification is an overall increase in both the intensity of a person's sense of touch and their awareness of the physical sensations across their body. At its highest level, this becomes extreme enough that the exact location and current sensation of every single nerve ending across one's skin can be felt and comprehended all at once. In contrast, throughout normal sober living, most people can only maintain awareness of the tactile sensations which are relevant to their current situation.

This effect can result in tactile sensations such as touching, hugging, kissing, and sex becoming greatly enhanced in terms of the pleasure they induce. However, it can also result in an over-sensitivity of the skin which causes the same sensations to become uncomfortable and overwhelming.

Tactile intensification is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as spontaneous bodily sensations and physical euphoria. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants, cannabinoids, and certain dissociatives.

Stamina enhancement

Stamina intensification can be described as an increased ability to engage in physically and mentally taxing activities without the development of fatigue. Although this effect is commonly mistaken for stimulation, it differs as it is not a direct increase in one's energy levels. Instead, it is an increase in one's resilience in performing an activity combined with a mitigation of general fatigue.

Psychoactive substances that directly increase a person's endurance without stimulation are known as actoprotectors. These are defined as "substances that enhance body stability against physical or mental loads without increasing oxygen consumption or heat production."^[4] Although actoprotectors are extremely uncommon, there are many compounds which are capable of inducing stamina intensification alongside other effects such as stimulation, focus intensification, and motivation enhancement. These commonly include most stimulants such as amphetamine^[5] and specific psychedelics^[6] such as LSD.

Suppressions

Appetite suppression

Appetite suppression can be described as the experience of a distinct decrease in a person's sense of hunger and appetite in a manner which can result in both a lesser desire to eat food and a decreased enjoyment of its taste.^[7] This typically results in the person undergoing prolonged periods of time without eating food.

Depending on the intensity, this effect can result in a sense of complete disinterest or even disgust concerning food. At times, it can often result in physical discomfort (such as Nausea) when attempting to eat food. In cases of severe appetite suppression, it is often easier for a person to consume liquid food, such as protein shakes, in order to receive the nutrition needed to function.

Appetite suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation or pain relief in a manner which can lead to feeling as if one either has enough energy to not need food or has enough anaesthesthia to not feel the pain of hunger. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant^[8] compounds, such as amphetamine^[9], methylphenidate,^[10] nicotine,^[11] MDMA,^[12] and cocaine. However, it may also occur under the influence of other compounds such as opioids, psychedelics, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is worth noting that if these substances are used for prolonged periods of time, weight loss often occurs as a result.

Cough suppression

Cough suppression can be described as a decreased desire and need to cough.^[13]^[14] This is typically regarded as a positive effect which helps alleviate a pre-existing ailment. In certain contexts, it can also allow an individual to inhale much larger amounts of smoke than they would usually be able to, without accompanying pain or the desire to cough. However, it is worth noting that the efficacy of many over the counter cough medication is questionable, particularly in children.

Cough suppression is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of antitussive compounds such as, codeine^[15], pholcodine, dextromethorphan^[16], noscapine, and butamirate. However, it may also occur under the influence of certain antihistamines such as promethazine.

Perception of decreased weight

Perception of bodily lightness can be described as feeling as if one's body has significantly decreased in its weight. This can result in feelings of increased energy and a general sense of bounciness due to the body seeming weightless and therefore effortless to move.

Perception of bodily lightness is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and physical disconnection. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulating psychedelics such as certain LSD, 4-HO-MET, and 2C-B.

Motor control loss

Motor control loss can be described as feeling as if there has been a distinct decrease in a person's ability to control their physical body with precision, balance, coordination, and dexterity.

At lower levels, this results in experiencing much more difficulty performing tasks which require movement of any sort. For example, simple tasks such as typing without making spelling errors, walking without staggering, or carrying a glass of water without spilling it may all become much more challenging. At higher levels, however, this state can move beyond subtle in its effects and become capable of completely disabling the person's ability to use any level of fine or gross motor control. This typically results in catatonic states in which a person cannot even walk without falling over.

Motor control loss is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as sedation and disinhibition. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of GABAergic depressant compounds, such as, alcohol, benzodiazepines, Carisoprodol, GHB, and phenibut. However, it may also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of other compounds such as dissociatives.

Nausea suppression

Nausea suppression can be described as a reduction in vomiting, stomach cramps, and general feelings of nausea.

A mostly comprehensive list of the most common substances which induce this effect can be found below:

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

Drugs which bind to 5-HT3 receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract are known to reduce nausea by inhibiting binding to the receptor which induces vomiting.
- Dolasetron (Anzemet) can be administered in tablet form or in an injection.
- Granisetron (Kytril, Sancuso) can be administered in tablet (Kytril), oral solution (Kytril), injection (Kytril), or in a single transdermal patch to the upper arm (Sancuso).
- Ondansetron (Zofran) is administered in an oral tablet, orally dissolving tablet, orally dissolving film, or in an IV/IM injection.
- Tropisetron (Setrovel, Navoban) can be administered in oral capsules or in injection form.
- Palonosetron (Aloxi) can be administered in an injection or in oral capsules.
- Mirtazapine (Remeron) is an antidepressant that has antiemetic effects and is also a potent histamine H1 antagonist.

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are used in patients with cachexia, cytotoxic nausea, and vomiting or for those who are unresponsive to other agents. These may cause changes in perception, dizziness, and loss of coordination.
- Cannabis - In the United States, this is a Schedule I drug that is legalized in many states.
- Dronabinol (Marinol) is a Schedule III drug in the United States.
- Synthetic cannabinoids such as nabilone (Cesamet), the JWH series, or 5F-PB-22.
- Sativex is an oral spray containing THC and CBD. It is currently legal in Canada and a few countries in Europe, but is not legal in the United States.

Benzodiazepines

- Midazolam given at the onset of anaesthesia has been shown in recent trials to be as effective as ondansetron.
- Lorazepam is said to be very good as an adjunct treatment for nausea along with first line medications such as Compazine or Zofran.

Antihistamines

H1 histamine receptor antagonists are effective for many conditions including motion sickness, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat opioid nausea.
- Cyclizine
- Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
- Dimenhydrinate (Gravol, Dramamine)
- Doxylamine
- Meclozine (Bonine, Antivert)
- Promethazine (Pentazine, Phenergan, Promacot) can be administered via a rectal suppository for adults and children over 2 years of age.
- Hydroxyzine

Miscellaneous

- Dicyclomine
- Trimethobenzamide
- Ginger contains the 5-HT3 antagonists gingerols and shogaols.
- Lemon essential oil is reported to be an effective anti-nausea agent. The oil can be consumed in a capsule or applied to the skin via a carrier oil.^[17]
- Emetrol is claimed to be an effective antiemetic.
- Propofol given intravenously has been used in an acute care setting in hospitals as a rescue therapy for emesis.
- Peppermint is claimed to help nausea or stomach pain when added into tea or peppermint candies.
- Muscimol
- Ajwain is a popular nausea relieving spice in India, Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Pain relief

Pain relief can be described as an effect which suppresses negative sensations such as aches and pains. This can occur through a variety of different pharmacological and subjective mechanisms such as blocking the physical sensations from reaching one's conscious faculties, by covering the sensation with feelings of physical and cognitive euphoria, or by directly targetting the body part which the sensation is arising from.^{[citation needed]}

Pain relief is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as muscle relaxation, physical euphoria, and sedation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a very wide variety of compounds, such as opioids, GABAergics, GABApentinoids, cannabinoids, dissociatives, muscle relaxants, and NSAID's.

Respiratory depression

Respiratory depression (also known as hypoventilation) can be described as a reduced urge to breathe that can be fatal depending on its intensity. At relatively safe levels, this effect typically causes a "sighing" pattern of breathing which can be described as deep breaths separated by abnormally long pauses. At higher levels, however, an individual may cease breathing entirely in a manner which is rapidly fatal without immediate treatment.

This effect is capable of manifesting itself across the 4 different levels of intensity described below:

Minimal respiratory depression - At the lowest level, respiratory depression is typically subtle enough to be unnoticeable and is accompanied by mild sedation.
Moderate respiratory depression - At this level, the person becomes aware of the sensation that they are taking fewer breaths per minute than usual. This level of respiratory depression is not uncomfortable and does not result in any shortness, struggling, or impairment of breath.
Severe respiratory depression - At this level, a person's rate of breathing becomes noticeably slowed down by a significant margin which results in the person feeling that they are breathing abnormally, are short of breath, and cannot breathe in enough air. This forcibly redirects the person's focal point of attention towards manually regulating their own breathing in order to not feel extremely uncomfortable. At this point, extreme sedation is usually also present and if sleep occurs the person can potentially wake up struggling and gasping for air. Confusion, panic, and anxiety often occur at this level, further increasing the strong sensation that one's breathing will stop completely due to sleep or a lack of attention.
Respiratory failure - At the highest level, the person's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels become dangerously impaired. The person will fall into a semi-conscious state, lose consciousness completely, slip into a coma, or stop breathing completely. The skin, fingernails, or lips may also have a blue-ish colour to them. This level of respiratory failure will likely be fatal without immediate medical attention.^[18] Opioids and barbiturates, in overdose or combined with other depressants, are notorious for such fatalities.

Respiratory depression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as sedation and sleepiness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of depressant compounds, particularly opioids, such as heroin and fentanyl, or GABAergics, such as alcohol and GHB. However, it is worth noting that otherwise safe dosages of these compounds can become fatal when combined with even small amounts of other classes of depressant. For example, benzodiazepines combined with opioids are an extremely common cause of fatal respiratory depression. It is therefore strongly discouraged to combine these depressants at any dosage range.

Treatment

To prevent death, it is recommended to contact emergency medical services immediately in case of severe respiratory depression. If caused by an opioid overdose, an opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, should be administered. Many harm reduction organizations provide naloxone to users for free or it can be bought at pharmacies (including Walgreens and CVS in the U.S.). Naloxone will rapidly reverse the respiratory depression unless complicated by other depressants.

For other drug-induced respiratory depression, hospitalization and the assistance of a mechanical breathing machine may be necessary.

Sedation

Sedation can be described as a decrease in a person's physical energy levels which are interpreted as discouraging when it comes to wakefulness, movement, performing tasks, talkativeness, and general exercise. At lower levels, sedation typically results in feelings of general relaxation and a loss of energy. At higher levels, however, sedation typically results in the person passing out into temporary unconsciousness.

This effect is capable of manifesting itself across the 4 different levels of intensity described below:

Minimal sedation - At the lowest level, the person will feel subtly lower in energy and alertness. They will likely have an increased desire to sleep or at least relax in a manner which is typically possible to ignore.
Moderate sedation - At this level, the person will begin to drift off to sleep. However, they will still respond to noises and physical sensations if they are particularly prominent or above usual noise levels.
Deep sedation - At this level, the person will have drifted off into a deep sleep. They will typically be mostly unresponsive unless subjected to repeated or painful stimulation.
General anaesthesia - At the highest level, the person will be completely unconscious. They will be completely unarousable even with repeated painful stimulus.

Sedation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as muscle relaxation, thought deceleration, and sleepiness in a manner which further intensifies the person's feelings of relaxation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of depressant compounds, such as opioids, GABAergics, and antipsychotics. However, it may also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of other compounds such as cannabinoids and certain psychedelics.

Seizure suppression

Seizure suppression is an effect caused by drugs known as "anticonvulsants". These drugs prevent or reduce the severity and frequency of seizures in various types of epilepsy.

The different types of anticonvulsants may act on different receptors in the brain and have different modes of action. Two mechanisms that appear to be important in anticonvulsants are an enhancement of GABA action and inhibition of sodium channel activity. Other mechanisms are the inhibition of calcium channels and glutamate receptors.

Seizure suppression is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of certain GABAergic compounds and certain cannabinoids.

Tactile suppression

Tactile suppression can be described as a decrease in one's ability to feel their sense of touch in a manner which can result in a general numbness across the body. At higher levels, this can eventually increase to the point where physical sensations have been completely blocked and the body is fully anaesthetized.

Tactile suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as pain relief and physical euphoria. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM. However, it can also occur under the influence of opioids and certain GABAergic depressants.

Novel effects

Bodily pressures

Bodily pressures can be described as the physical experience of spontaneous pressures across differing parts of the body. These can occur as static and fixed in their location or they can occur at seemingly random varying points across the body. Depending on the intensity of the sensation, this can result in pressures which range from neutral to extremely uncomfortable in their experience.

Bodily pressures are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating psychedelics, such as 2C-E, DPT, and 5-MeO-DMT.

Bronchodilation

Bronchodilation can be described as the expansion of the bronchial air passages in the respiratory tract. A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchial tubes resulting in decreased resistance in the respiratory airway and increased airflow to the lungs. From a subjective standpoint, this effect makes it feel as if has become significantly easier and more comfortable to breathe.

Bronchodilation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant compounds, such as amphetamine,^[19] methamphetamine, and cocaine,^[20]. These compounds were historically used often for treating asthma but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilation effect.

Changes in felt bodily form

Changes in felt bodily form can be described as feelings of the body shifting in its perceived physical shape, organization and form in a manner which is typically devoid of accompanying visual alterations. For example, feelings of the body folding into itself many times over, stretching, splitting into separate parts, expanding, or condensing into, over, and across itself in extremely complex forms are all entirely possible. It is worth noting that although this effect is usually perfectly comfortable to undergo, it can sometimes be somewhat uncomfortable under certain circumstances.

Changes in felt bodily form are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as perspective hallucinations, perspective distortions, and changes in felt gravity. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, and Salvinorin A.

Changes in gravity

Changes in felt gravity can be described as feeling that the pull of gravity has shifted in its direction. For example, during this state one may feel as if they are floating forwards, backwards, upwards, downwards, or in an unspecifiable direction.

Changes in felt gravity are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as geometry, internal hallucinations, and holes, spaces and voids. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, cannabinoids, and salvinorin A.

Excessive yawning

Excessive yawning can be described as the experience of repeated, intensified, overly frequent, and spontaneous yawning despite a complete absence of genuine sedation or sleepiness.

Excessive yawning is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as increased salivation and a runny nose. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of tryptamine psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, 4-HO-MET, and ayahuasca.

Muscle relaxation

Muscle relaxation can be described as the experience of muscles losing their rigidity or tenseness while becoming relaxed and comfortable. This effect is particularly useful for those who are currently suffering from muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia.

Muscle relaxation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as sedation and anxiety suppression. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of depressant compounds, such as various benzodiazepines, GABAergics, and opioids. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of cannabinoids.

Physical autonomy

Physical autonomy can be described as the experience of a person's own body performing simple or complex actions entirely of its own accord. Depending on the intensity, this results in the carrying out of a given task becoming partially to completely automatic in nature without the requirement of decision-making skills or attentive conscious input.

At lower levels, the effect is partially controllable by commanding the body with simple thoughts. For example, thoughts such as "go to the toilet" or "go drink a glass of water" can result in the body performing these actions autonomously. This can often help the person perform necessary physical actions such as tending to bodily functions or avoiding danger when they would otherwise be too incapable, unconscious, or distractible to perform them manually in their current state.

At higher levels, this effect no longer requires verbal commands and becomes entirely automatic. It's worth noting that although this technically results in a loss of cognitive control, the body only performs actions which the owner would have decided to perform were they capable of it themselves.

Physical autonomy is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as physical disconnection and cognitive disconnection. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelics such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline, as well as cannabinoids such as cannabis.

Physical euphoria

Physical euphoria can be described as feelings of pleasure and comfort within and across the body. This euphoria typically feels somewhat comparable to the endorphin rushes felt during states of excitement or love, the coziness of a comfortable bed, and the rush of an orgasm. The forcefulness of this effect can range from subtle in its strength to overwhelmingly pleasurable beyond even the most intense full body orgasm possible.

Physical euphoria is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as cognitive euphoria and muscle relaxation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as opioids, stimulants, and GABAergics. However, it can also occur in a more powerful although less consistent form under the influence of psychedelics and dissociatives.

Pupil constriction

Pupil constriction (also called pinpoint pupils or miosis) can be described as the reduction of the size of a person's pupils under normal lighting conditions. This typically decreases a person's ability to see in low light conditions.

Pupil constriction is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, kratom, tramadol, and fentanyl.

Pupil dilation

Pupil dilation (also called mydriasis) can be described as the enlargement of the size of a person's pupils under normal lighting conditions. Normally, the pupil size increases in the dark and shrinks in the light, however, a dilated pupil will remain excessively large even in a bright environment.

Pupil dilation is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of serotonergic compounds, such as psychedelics, dissociatives, deliriants, entactogens, various stimulants^[21] and some antidepressants.

Runny nose

A runny nose can be described as a condition where the nasal cavity is filled with a significant amount of mucous fluid, otherwise known as "snot". This occurs relatively frequently within healthy human beings and is a common symptom of allergies or certain diseases, such as the common cold or hay fever. It can also be a side effect of crying and exposure to cold temperatures.

A runny nose is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as excessive yawning, increased salivation, increased phlegm production, and watery eyes. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of tryptamine psychedelic compounds, such as psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and 4-HO-MET. However, it can also occur under the influence of opioid withdrawals^[22]) and as a symptom of cocaine abuse.^[23]

Skin flushing

Skin flushing can be described as the experience of a sudden reddening of the skin which is usually accompanied by feelings of rushing blood and warm skin. In terms of its appearance, it manifests itself in an identical although more intense fashion to that which occurs across the face when one is embarrassed. Blotchiness or solid patches of redness are also often visible during states of skin flushing.

Skin flushing is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, tramadol, fentanyl, and kratom. However, it can also occur under the influence of alcohol, certain psychedelics such as 5-MeO-DMT, and stimulants, such as caffeine.

Sublingual numbing

Mouth numbing is a physical side effect of administering certain drugs sublingually (under the tongue) or buccally (via the cheeks and gum). The effect can be described as a distinct feeling of general numbness or tactile suppression around the tongue and mouth which can last for up to an hour after the drug has been administered.

The NBOMe series (25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25I-NBOMe) cause this effect consistently and it is accompanied by a strong, unpleasant, metallic chemical taste immediately after sublingual absorption.

The stimulant known as cocaine also causes numbing of the tongue, gums, and mouth when administered sublingually. Many people test the purity of their cocaine by rubbing it in their mouth. This, however, is not a guarantee of the drug's quality as it is common for cocaine to be cut with various other numbing agents and local anesthetics, such as novocaine, lidocaine, or benzocaine, which mimic or add to cocaine's numbing effect.

Spontaneous tactile sensations

Spontaneous tactile sensations are the experience of sensations across the body occurring without any obvious or immediate physical trigger. This results in feelings of seemingly random but distinct tingling sensations that occur across the skin and within the body. Depending on the psychoactive substance consumed, these vary greatly in their styles of sensation. This effect is capable of manifesting itself across the three different levels of intensity described below:

Mild - At the lowest level, the sensation can be described as subtle and fleeting tingling sensations throughout the body. These sensations do not impair physical motor control and can essentially be ignored if one wishes to do so.
Distinct - At this level, the sensation becomes very difficult to ignore. It can be described as distinct tingling sensations which are intense enough to partially impair a person’s motor control and act as a significant distraction which impairs one's focus.
Overwhelming – At the highest level, the tingling sensations increase enough to become a powerful, uncontrollable focus point of the person's attention. This can feel completely overwhelming and heavily impairs a person's motor control, leaving them either lying or sitting down, incapable of standing up due to the all-encompassing sensations.

Spontaneous tactile sensations are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as tactile intensification and physical euphoria. They are most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, they can also occur under the influence of stimulants, cannabinoids, and dissociatives.

Variations

The specific differences between each potential style of spontaneous bodily sensation can be broken down into the following variations:

Moving vs. Motionless – Spontaneous physical sensations will either move up and down various parts of the body in different directions or they will remain still and consistent in their position.
Constant vs. Spontaneous – Spontaneous physical sensations will either be constantly present throughout a significant portion of the experience or they will spontaneously and temporarily manifest themselves at random points for differing lengths of time.
Sharp vs. Soft – Spontaneous physical sensations will either be perceived as sharp, cold, and electric or as soft, warm, and gentle.
All-encompassing vs. Location specific - Spontaneous physical sensations can either be felt across every square inch of the skin in an evenly distributed fashion or in very specific locations such as the ends of the fingers and toes, up and down the spinal column or throughout the head.
Euphoric vs. Dysphoric – At appropriately high dosages, spontaneous bodily sensations can either be interpreted as pleasurable to experience or they can manifest in the opposite direction and become uncomfortable to experience.

Tactile hallucinations

A tactile hallucination is the experience of perceiving a convincing physical sensation which is not actually occurring.^[24]^[25] Common examples of this can include people or insects touching the body in various places and in a wide variety of ways. Alternatively, these hallucinations can be felt as complex and structured arrangements of vibration across the skin.

This effect may be also accompanied by visual hallucinations of a plausible cause of the sensation. For example, during internal and external hallucinations one may be able to touch and feel imagined objects or autonomous entities just as convincingly as within normal everyday dreams. The sensations that are possible within these hallucinations are near limitless and can even include pain or sexual pleasure.

Tactile hallucinations are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of deliriant compounds, such as DPH, datura, and benzydamine. However, they can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of psychedelics, stimulant psychosis^[26] and extreme sleep deprivation.

Levels of hallucination

Note that not all detailed effects are not universal, instead, it gives an overall idea of intensity of effect. Every substance has more or less unique hallucinatory state progression.

Partial hallucination: An already-existing touching sensation or very warmth of the body might move or have an unexpected details such as warmth and pressure. Effect is still minor and might feel more imagination than actually perceived effect.
Full hallucination: Effect is clear and indistinguishable from real sensations. It can have any kind of biologically possible details and either replicate realistic ideas but might just as well stay abstract.
Extended hallucination: With this level on the sensations can mix and blur out with other concepts such as spatial awareness and yield otherworldly experiences. The one could physically sense detailed presence of invisible entities and objects, possess nonexistent or impossible body parts, physically being part of non-self object-entity or one could even experience physical effects from abstract thoughts. (synesthesia)

Variations

While details are given as in two opposite possibilities, the experiences often have details from the both ends.

All-encompassing vs. Location specific: The sensations can be limited to small areas or be all-body-encompassing.
Interactive vs. Static: The effect can be intricate to create immersive interaction with entities and objects or have stay as a static plot or even as completely inanimate awareness.
Clear sensations vs. Mixed sensations: Biologically realistic sensations include temperature, touch, pressure, pain and physical orientation. These often mix over areas and animated forms for confusing combinations, such as electricity.
Realistic texture vs. Abstract texture: Perceived textures can mimic those of real objects or be completely made up from unique collages of other tactile properties.
Euphoric vs. Dysphoric: Sensations usually carry out either instantaneous positive or negative feedback.

Visual sliding

Optical sliding can be described as a physical effect which inhibits the coordination and control of a person's eyes by suppressing their ability to keep them still. This results in the eyes continuously moving in a variety of directions combined with the sensation of not being able to stare motionless at any particular point.

The optical condition nystagmus causes sufferers very similar symptoms, although the frequency of movement is generally far greater with nystagmus.

Optical sliding is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as visual acuity suppression and double vision. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of extremely heavy dosages GABAergic depressants.

Vasodilation

Vasodilation can be described as a widening of the veins and blood vessels which results from the relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls. It is particularly prevalent in the large arteries and small arterioles. The primary function of vasodilation is to increase blood flow in the body to tissues that need it most. In essence, this process is the opposite of vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels.

This effect is typically very difficult to consciously perceive but often results in a bloodshot red eye effect and relief from glaucoma.

Vasodilation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as decreased blood pressure. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of cannabinoid compounds, such as cannabis, JWH-018, and THJ-018. However, it can also occur under the influence of poppers and viagra.

Watery eyes

Watery eyes can be described as a physical effect which results in a state of continuous involuntary streaming, tearing, crying, and watering of the tear ducts within one's eyes. The experience of this effect often leads to the feeling that a person is crying for no reason despite a complete absence of the relevant emotions one would usually expect during such a state.

Watery eyes is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as excessive yawning and a runny nose. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic tryptamine compounds, such as psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and 4-HO-MET.

Uncomfortable effects

Abnormal heartbeat

Abnormal heartbeat (also called an arrhythmia or dysrhythmia) is defined as a problem with the rate or rhythm of a heartbeat.^[27] A heartbeat that is too fast (greater than 100 beats per minute) is called tachycardia and a heartbeat that is too slow (less than 60 beats per minute) is called bradycardia. Arrhythmias are caused by changes to heart tissue. Hearts beat due to cascading electrical signals and these can be influenced by stress hormones, electrolytes, and medicinal substances.

An abnormal heartbeat is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant and depressant compounds, such as cocaine,^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34] amphetamines,^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38]^[39] alcohol,^[39] and opioids.^[39]^[40]^[41] While stimulants tend to increase a person's heart rate, depressants tend to decrease it. Combining the two can often result in dangerously irregular heartbeats.

Constipation

Constipation can be described as bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. It usually results in painful defecation and small, compact faeces. Symptoms of substance constipation may be reduced by increasing the amount of dietary fruit, fibre, and water consumed. Laxatives may also be used for temporary relief.

Constipation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea, dehydration, and difficulty urinating. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, tramadol, fentanyl, and kratom.

Decreased heart rate

This picture shows sinus bradycardia seen in lead II with a heart rate of about 50 BPM.

Decreased heart rate or bradycardia can be described as a heart rate that is lower than the normal heart rate at rest. The average healthy human heart normally beats 60 to 100 times a minute when a person is at rest. When the heart rate fluctuates to lower levels under 60 BPM, it is described as bradycardia or an abnormally low heart rate.

It is worth noting that decreased heart rate can often be a result of psychological symptoms as a natural response to relaxation, anxiety suppression, sedation, and mindfulness.

Decreased heart rate is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of depressant compounds, such as GABAergics, and opioids. However, it can also occur under the influence of cannabinoids, dissociatives, and stimulants.

Dehydration

Dehydration can be described as an uncomfortably dry mouth and feelings of general thirstiness that results due to a lack of water intake. Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium, unconsciousness, swelling of the tongue, and (in extreme cases) death. The formal definition of dehydration is defined as an excessive loss of body water within a living organism which results in an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.

At lower levels, substance-induced dehydration can be generally described as a sense of consistent and uncomfortable thirst which necessitates sipping at a drink to maintain fluid levels and to avoid an uncomfortably dry mouth. At extreme levels (which generally only occur through the use of deliriants), the dehydration can become so powerful that the person may find themselves with painfully dry eyes and mucous membranes in a manner which results in extreme difficulty swallowing.

Dehydration is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as dry mouth, headaches, dizziness, decreased blood pressure, and fainting when standing up. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds such as, stimulants, psychedelics, opioids, dissociatives, deliriants, cannabinoids, alcohol, and antipsychotics.

Water intoxication

It's important to note that regardless of how dehydrated a person may become under the influence of any substance, careful effort and consideration should always be put into ensuring that they do not drink water excessively as it can result in a state known as water intoxication. This can be potentially fatal and is classed as a disturbance in brain functions that results when the normal balance of electrolytes in the body is pushed outside of safe limits by over-hydration. Although extremely rare, there have been a few notable deaths which were clearly triggered by the excessive overconsumption of water under the influence of drug-induced dehydration.

The average toxic dosage of water in a human being is roughly ten litres. However, water intoxication can be easily avoided by simply being aware of it and taking care to sip at water while avoiding the consumption of unnecessarily large amounts.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea or diarrhoea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin colour, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe. In the context of psychoactive substance usage, certain compounds have been known to induce diarrhea or can at least increase the likelihood of it occurring.^[42]^[43]^[44] This is not as dangerous as the same condition when it occurs through infection as it only remains until the person is no longer under the influence of the drug.

Diarrhea is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea and dehydration. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of certain psychedelic compounds, such as ayahuasca, mescaline, and psilocybin mushrooms. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulants, modafinil, and caffeine.

Difficulty urinating

Difficulty urinating also known as urinary retention, can be described as the experience of a decreased ability to pass urine. This can be due to painful burning sensations within the urethra or a due to a loss of bladder control which prevents or inhibits one from urinating even with a full bladder.

Difficulty urinating is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and constipation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulant and opioid compounds, such as heroin, fentanyl, kratom, amphetamine, MDMA (Death of Leah Betts), and 4-FA. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulating psychedelics and deliriants.

Dizziness

Dizziness can be described as the perception of a spinning or swaying motion which typically causes a difficulty in standing or walking. It is commonly associated with a loss of balance and feelings of lightheadedness.

Within the medical literature, this effect is considered to be capable of manifesting itself across the 3 variations described below:

Objective - The first is known as objective and refers to when the person has the sensation that objects in the environment are moving.
Subjective - The second is known as subjective and refers to when the person feels as if they are moving.
Psuedovertigo - The third is known as pseudovertigo and refers to an intensive sensation of rotation inside the person's head.

Dizziness is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as nausea and motor control loss. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of GABAergic depressant compounds, such as benzodiazepines, alcohol, and GHB. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelics, dissociatives, and cannabinoids.

Frequent urination

Frequent urination, or urinary frequency, can be defined as the need to urinate more often than usual. It is often, though not necessarily, associated with urinary incontinence and large total volumes of urine. However, in other cases, urinary frequency involves only normal volumes of urine overall.

Frequent urination is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as dehydration and dry mouth in a manner which further amplifies the needs to urinate through excessive consumption of water. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as stimulants, psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants.

Headaches

A headache can be described as a pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions. This occurs in migraines (sharp, or throbbing pains), tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches.^[45]

It is worth noting that due to its lacks of pain receptors, headaches are not caused by pain within the brain tissue itself, instead, headaches are caused by disturbances of the pain-sensitive structures around the brain.

Headaches are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants, certain psychedelics, and certain dissociatives. This holds particularly true during the offset of the experience and if the person is dehydrated or has not eaten enough food.

Increased heart rate

Increased heart rate or tachycardia is described as a heart rate that is faster than the normal heart rate at rest. The average healthy human heart normally beats 60 to 100 times a minute when a person is at rest. When the heart rate fluctuates to higher levels over 100 BPM, it is described as tachycardia or an abnormally high heart rate.

It is worth noting that increased heart rate can often be a result of psychological symptoms as a natural adrenal response to anxiety, paranoia, shock, and fear.

Increased heart rate is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants, certain psychedelics, and certain dissociatives. This is thought to occur as a direct result of dopaminergic or adrenergic modulation.^[46]^[47] However, it can also occur under the influence of deliriants due to the way in which they inhibit acetylcholine, one of the main modulaters of heart rate in the peripheral nervous system.^[48]^[49]

Increased perspiration

Increased perspiration, or hyperhidrosis, can be described as a condition characterized by increased sweat which is in excess of that required for the regulation of body temperature.

Increased perspiration is a hallmark symptom of sympathetic arousal (the "fight-or-flight" response) and is a common effect of stimulant drugs. Any psychoactive drug which exerts considerable serotonergic, dopaminergic, or adrenergic effects may cause increased perspiration. It is also a common symptom of benzodiazepine and alcohol withdrawal. Cholinergics and, to a lesser extent, opioids have been additionally implicated in causing this as well.^{[citation needed]}

Increased blood pressure

Increased blood pressure can be described as a condition in which the pressure in the systemic arteries is elevated to abnormal levels. A blood pressure of 120/80 is considered normal for an adult. A blood pressure of 90/60 or lower is considered hypotension and a blood pressure between 120/80 and 90/60 is considered prehypotension.^[50] Conversely a blood pressure greater than 120/80 and less than 139/89 is considered prehypertension.

Within the medical literature, a situation in which a person's blood pressure is very high (e.g., >180/>110 mmHg) with minimal or no symptoms, and no signs or symptoms indicating acute organ damage is referred to as a "hypertensive urgency".^[51] In contrast, a situation where severe blood pressure is accompanied by evidence of progressive organ or system damage is referred to as a "hypertensive emergency".

Increased blood pressure is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of vasoconstricting compounds, such as traditional stimulants and stimulating psychedelics.

Itchiness

Itchiness is the sensation that causes a person the desire or reflex to scratch at their skin. At lower levels, itchiness can occur as a subtle and minor annoyance which is easy to ignore. However, at higher levels, itchiness can become so intense that it can be incredibly uncomfortable and can even result in the person damaging their skin through repetitive scratching motions.

Itchiness is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of opioid compounds, such as heroin, fentanyl, tramadol, and kratom. This is due to the way in which opioids activate histamine receptors and trigger histamine release. An effective technique for counteracting itchiness in cases of substance use is to take an antihistamine such as diphenhydramine (DPH, Benadryl).

Muscle cramps

A muscle cramp can be described as an involuntary temporary contraction or over shortening of muscles which may cause severe aches and pains. The onset of these muscle cramps is usually sudden while the cramp typically resolves itself spontaneously within a few seconds or minutes.

Muscle cramps are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as muscle twitching and stimulation. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-E, DOC, and AMT. However, they can also occur under the influence of certain GABAergic depressants such as GHB and phenibut.

Muscle cramps may be avoided with supplements including: Magnesium (preferably glycinate), and/or vitamin B complex.^{[citation needed]}

Muscle spasms

Muscle twitching can be described as the sensation of small and localised tremblings of muscle groups. These vibrations are often powerful enough to be visibly seen through the skin. The sensations they induce can be uncomfortable in certain contexts but are usually neutral to experience.

Muscle twitching is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds such as LSD, 2C-E, DOC, and AMT. However, it can also occur under the influence of traditional stimulants.

Nausea

Nausea can be described as a sensation of unease and discomfort in the upper stomach combined with an involuntary urge to vomit.^[52]^[53]^[54] It often, but not always, precedes vomiting. This effect usually occurs at the onset of the experience and dissipates as the peak takes its toll.

In the context of substance usage, nausea and vomiting can occur as a result of stomach irritation through the consumption of materials which it is not used to digesting. These materials can include things such as chemical powders or plant matter. Alternatively, nausea may occur as a direct pharmacological result of how the particular substance affects the brain. If this is the case, the nausea is therefore inseparable from the experience itself and will likely occur to varying extents regardless of the route of administration.

Nausea is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stomach bloating, stomach cramps, and dizziness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as psychedelics, opioids, GABAergics, deliriants, dissociatives, and stimulants.

Vomiting

Vomiting, also known as purging, puking and throwing up, among other terms, is the involuntary, forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach through the mouth and sometimes the nose. This effect typically occurs during the peak of a substance's effects. It can often greatly relieve the person's physical side effects once it is over. For example, under the influence of many hallucinogenic compounds, it is common for a person to feel that their trip has become significantly more enjoyable after the act of vomiting due to their uncomfortable stomach symptoms suddenly subsiding as a result.

It is worth noting that a person should not brush their teeth immediately after vomiting. This is because the corrosiveness of stomach acid combined with the abrasiveness of brushing can cause permanent damage to a person's teeth when repeated over time. Instead, a person should wash their mouth out with water, mouthwash, a water flosser, or a mixture of baking soda and water (to neutralise the acidity).

Physical fatigue

Physical fatigue can be described as a general feeling of bodily exhaustion. The intensity and duration of this effect typically depends on the substance consumed and its dosage. It can also be further exacerbated by various factors such as a lack of sleep or food. These feelings of exhaustion involve a wide variety of symptoms which generally include some or all of the following effects:

People who are fatigued may find it difficult to complete physical actions and may not be capable of getting out of bed or performing everyday household tasks. It can generally be treated with a period of rest or sleep.

Physical fatigue is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as cognitive fatigue. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of antipsychotic compounds, such as quetiapine, haloperidol, and risperidone. However, it can also occur during the withdrawal symptoms of many depressants, and during the offset of many stimulants.

Photophobia

Photophobia can be described as an abnormal physical intolerance to the visual perception of light. As a medical symptom, photophobia is not a morbid fear or psychological phobia, but an experience of discomfort or pain to the eyes due to light exposure.

Photophobia is almost always accompanied by other coinciding effects such as pupil dilation which may trigger this effect by disabling the eye's ability to adjust itself accordingly depending on current levels of light exposure. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of certain stimulants.

Restless leg syndrome

Restless legs (also known as restless legs syndrome or RLS) is a medically defined as an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations.^[55] It most commonly affects the legs but can also affect the arms, torso, and head. During this state, moving the affected body part reduces the uncomfortable sensations, providing temporary relief.

RLS sensations can range from pain, an aching in the muscles, "an itch you can't scratch", an unpleasant "tickle that won't stop", or even a crawling feeling. The sensations typically begin or intensify during quiet wakefulness, such as when relaxing, reading, studying, or trying to sleep.

Restless legs syndrome is most commonly induced during the withdrawal symptoms of many depressants, such as opioids or benzodiazepines, and during the offset of many stimulants, such as methamphetamine, cocaine, and MDMA. However, it can also occur under the influence of deliriants such as DPH and datura.

Salivation

Increased salivation can be described as the production and excretion of excess saliva within the mouth, which may also be caused by decreased clearance of saliva. This can contribute to drooling if there is an inability to keep the mouth closed or difficulty in swallowing the excess saliva, which can lead to excessive spitting.

Increased salivation is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as excessive yawning, watery eyes, runny nose, and increased phlegm production. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of psychedelic tryptamine compounds, such as psilocybin, 4-AcO-DMT, and 4-HO-MET.

Seizure

An epileptic seizure (colloquially a fit) can be described as a brief episode of signs and/or symptoms which are due to abnormal, excessive, or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.^[56] The outward effect can vary from uncontrolled jerking movement (tonic-clonic seizure) to as subtle as a momentary loss of awareness (absence seizure).

The following list contains a more comprehensive set of symptoms:

Losing consciousness and then exhibiting confusion afterwards.
Having uncontrollable muscle spasms which often result in falling.
Drooling or frothing at the mouth.
Jaw clenching and tongue biting.
Having sudden, rapid eye movements.
Making unusual noises, such as grunting.
Losing control of bladder or bowel function.

The disease of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures is known as epilepsy,^[56]^[57] but seizures can also occur in people who do not have epilepsy. Depending on the cause, epilepsy is generally treated with anticonvulsant drugs such as diazepam and pregabalin.

Seizures are most commonly induced under the influence of withdrawals from prolonged chronic benzodiazepine or alcohol usage. However they can also occur under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulants, certain opioids, synthetic cannabinoids, and the 25x-NBOMe series of psychedelics.

Stomach cramps

A stomach cramp can be described as an intense feeling of sudden pain or discomfort which occurs within the stomach.

In the context of substance usage, stomach cramps can occur as a result of stomach irritation through the consumption of materials which it is not used to digesting. These materials can include things such as chemical powders or plant matter. Alternatively, cramps may occur as a direct pharmacological result of how the particular substance affects the brain. If this is the case, the stomach cramps are therefore inseparable from the experience itself and will likely occur to varying extents regardless of the route of administration.

Stomach cramps are often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stomach bloating, nausea, and vomiting. They are most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as psychedelics, opioids, GABAergics, and deliriants.

Temporary erectile dysfunction

Temporary erectile dysfunction can be described as a difficulty in achieving and maintaining an adequately erect penis for the purpose of sexual intercourse. This effect occurs under the influence of certain substances in various degrees of intensity.

Temporary erectile disfunction is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation, difficulty urinating, and temperature regulation suppression in a manner which further amplifies the problem. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating compounds, such as traditional stimulants and certain psychedelics. However, it can also occur under the influence of opioids, dissociatives, GABAergics, and deliriants.

Temperature regulation suppression

Temperature regulation suppression can be defined as an inability to maintain a normal temperature. This results in feelings of constantly fluctuating between being uncomfortably cold^[58] and uncomfortably hot. At points, this can even result in the sensation of being uncomfortably warm and cold simultaneously.

Temperature regulation suppresion is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and increased perspiration. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-B, and AMT. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants such as MDMA and methamphetamine.

Teeth grinding

Teeth grinding (also known as bruxism, jaw clenching, and gurning) can be described as a compulsive and often uncontrollable urge to grind one's teeth. In extreme cases, this can result in painful damage to one's tongue, teeth and inner cheek.

The most effective methods for quickly alleviating uncomfortable teeth grinding include using chewing gum or a baby's pacifier (also called a dummy) to occupy one's jaws without causing damage. Magnesium, preferably magnesium glycinate, is also very effective at alleviating bruxism when it is taken at a dosage of 200mg once 6 hours before and again at 1-3 hours before ingesting a stimulant such as MDMA or amphetamine.^[59]

Teeth grinding is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and wakefulness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of common dosages of stimulant compounds, such as methamphetamine, MDMA, methylphenidate, and cocaine. However, it can also occur under the influence of certain stimulating psychedelics such as 2C-E, DOC, and AMT.

Vasoconstriction

Vasoconstriction can be described as a narrowing of the veins and blood vessels which results from a contraction of their muscular wall. It is particularly prevalent in the large arteries and small arterioles.

This effect typically results in feelings of tightness, achiness, and numbness within a person's arms and legs. It can range from mild in its effects to extremely uncomfortable.

Vasoconstriction is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulating psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, 2C-E, and DOC. However, it can also occur under the influence of traditional stimulants such as methamphetamine, caffeine, and MDMA.

↑ Berry, E. M., Mechoulam, R. (August 2002). "Tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoids in feeding and appetite". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 95 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00257-7. ISSN 0163-7258.
↑ Montgomery, S. A. (1 December 1995). "Safety of mirtazapine: a review". International clinical psychopharmacology. 10 Suppl 4: 37–45. doi:10.1097/00004850-199512004-00006. ISSN 1473-5857.
↑ Treatment, C. for S. A. (1999). Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
↑ Oliynyk, S., Oh, S. (September 2012). "The Pharmacology of Actoprotectors: Practical Application for Improvement of Mental and Physical Performance". Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 20 (5): 446–456. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446. ISSN 1976-9148.
↑ Morozova, E., Yoo, Y., Behrouzvaziri, A., Zaretskaia, M., Rusyniak, D., Zaretsky, D., Molkov, Y. (September 2016). "Amphetamine enhances endurance by increasing heat dissipation". Physiological Reports. 4 (17): e12955. doi:10.14814/phy2.12955. ISSN 2051-817X.
↑ Oroc, J. "Psychedelics and Extreme Sports" (PDF). MAPS Bulletin. 21 (1): 25–29.
↑ Silverstone, T. (June 1992). "Appetite Suppressants: A Review". Drugs. 43 (6): 820–836. doi:10.2165/00003495-199243060-00003. ISSN 0012-6667.
↑ Poulton, A. S., Hibbert, E. J., Champion, B. L., Nanan, R. K. H. (2016). "Stimulants for the Control of Hedonic Appetite". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7. ISSN 1663-9812.
↑ Hsieh, Y.-S., Yang, S.-F., Kuo, D.-Y. (April 2005). "Amphetamine, an appetite suppressant, decreases neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamic paraventriculum". Regulatory Peptides. 127 (1–3): 169–176. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.11.007. ISSN 0167-0115.
↑ Davis, C., Fattore, L., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J. C., Levitan, R. D., Kennedy, J. L. (March 2012). "The suppression of appetite and food consumption by methylphenidate: the moderating effects of gender and weight status in healthy adults". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 15 (02): 181–187. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001039. ISSN 1461-1457.
↑ Seeley, R. J., Sandoval, D. A. (July 2011). "Weight loss through smoking". Nature. 475 (7355): 176–177. doi:10.1038/475176a. ISSN 0028-0836.
↑ Francis, H. M., Kraushaar, N. J., Hunt, L. R., Cornish, J. L. (February 2011). "Serotonin 5-HT4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens are specifically involved in the appetite suppressant and not locomotor stimulant effects of MDMA ('ecstasy')". Psychopharmacology. 213 (2–3): 355–363. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1982-9. ISSN 0033-3158.
↑ Smith, Susan M., Schroeder, Knut, Fahey, Tom (24 November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. ISSN 1465-1858.
↑ Malesker, M. A., Callahan-Lyon, P., Ireland, B., Irwin, R. S., Adams, T. M., Altman, K. W., Azoulay, E., Barker, A. F., Birring, S. S., Blackhall, F., Bolser, D. C., Boulet, L.-P., Braman, S. S., Brightling, C., Callahan-Lyon, P., Chang, A. B., Coté, A., Cowley, T., Davenport, P., Ebihara, S., El Solh, A. A., Escalante, P., Field, S. K., Fisher, D., French, C. T., Grant, C., Gibson, P., Gold, P., Harding, S. M., Harnden, A., Hill, A. T., Irwin, R. S., Kahrilas, P. J., Kavanagh, J., Keogh, K. A., Lai, K., Lane, A. P., Lim, K., Madison, J. M., Malesker, M. A., Mazzone, S., McGarvey, L., Molassoitis, A., Murad, M. H., Narasimhan, M., Newcombe, P., Nguyen, H. Q., Oppenheimer, J., Restrepo, M. I., Rosen, M., Rubin, B., Ryu, J. H., Smith, J., Tarlo, S. M., Turmel, J., Vertigan, A. E., Wang, G., Weinberger, M., Weir, K. (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–1037. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. ISSN 0012-3692.
↑ Bolser, D. C., Davenport, P. W. (February 2007). "Codeine and cough: an ineffective gold standard". Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 7 (1): 32–36. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e3280115145. ISSN 1528-4050.
↑ Dealleaume, L., Tweed, B., Neher, J. O. (October 2009). "Do OTC remedies relieve cough in acute URIs?". The Journal of Family Practice. 58 (10): 559a–c. ISSN 1533-7294.
↑ 69ron (2008). "Lemon essential oil: way more effective than ginger for treating nausea" Nature's Herb Forum.
↑ What Is Respiratory Failure? | https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rf/
↑ Lowinson, J. H. (2005). Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781734745.
↑ Streatfeild, D. (July 2003). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312422264.
↑ Zuba, D. (February 2012). "Identification of cathinones and other active components of 'legal highs' by mass spectrometric methods". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 32: 15–30. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.009. ISSN 0165-9936.
↑ Kneisl, C. R., Trigoboff, E. (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing (1st ed.). Pearson. ISBN 9780132557771.
↑ Myon, L., Delforge, A., Raoul, G., Ferri, J. (February 2010). "[Palatal necrosis due to cocaine abuse]". Revue De Stomatologie Et De Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale. 111 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009. ISSN 1776-257X.
↑ Berrios, G. E. (April 1982). "Tactile hallucinations: conceptual and historical aspects". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 45 (4): 285–293. ISSN 0022-3050.
↑ Lewandowski, K. E., DePaola, J., Camsari, G. B., Cohen, B. M., Ongür, D. (May 2009). "Tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations in psychotic disorders: a descriptive study". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 38 (5): 383–385. ISSN 0304-4602.
↑ Morani, A. S., Panwar, V., Grasing, K. (April 2013). "Tactile hallucinations with repetitive movements following low-dose cocaine: implications for cocaine reinforcement and sensitization: case report". The American Journal on Addictions. 22 (2): 181–182. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00336.x. ISSN 1521-0391.
↑ Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia?, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, retrieved 4 June 2022
↑ Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Hoffman, R. S. (January 2009). "Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1080/15563650802339373. ISSN 1556-3650.
↑ O’Leary, M. E., Hancox, J. C. (28 January 2010). "Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias: Voltage-gated ion channels and cocaine-induced arrhythmia". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 69 (5): 427–442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x. ISSN 0306-5251.
↑ Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I. (28 January 2010). "Putting cocaine use and cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias into epidemiological and clinical perspective: Cocaine epidemiology and cardiovascular toxicity". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 69 (5): 443–447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x. ISSN 0306-5251.
↑ Gradman, A. H. (April 1988). "Cardiac effects of cocaine: a review". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 61 (2): 137–147. ISSN 0044-0086.
↑ Lange, R. A., Hillis, L. D. (2 August 2001). "Cardiovascular Complications of Cocaine Use". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (5): 351–358. doi:10.1056/NEJM200108023450507. ISSN 0028-4793.
↑ Tazelaar, H. D., Karch, S. B., Stephens, B. G., Billingham, M. E. (February 1987). "Cocaine and the heart". Human Pathology. 18 (2): 195–199. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80338-6. ISSN 0046-8177.
↑ Maraj, S., Figueredo, V. M., Lynn Morris, D. (May 2010). "Cocaine and the Heart". Clinical Cardiology. 33 (5): 264–269. doi:10.1002/clc.20746. ISSN 0160-9289.
↑ Shyu, K., Wang, B., Yang, Y., Tsai, S., Lin, S., Lee, C. (1 July 2004). "Amphetamine activates connexin43 gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through JNK and AP-1 pathway". Cardiovascular Research. 63 (1): 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018. ISSN 0008-6363.
↑ Bazmi, E., Mousavi, F., Giahchin, L., Mokhtari, T., Behnoush, B. (30 March 2017). "Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 17 (1): e31–37. doi:10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.007. ISSN 2075-051X.
↑ Jacobs, W. (June 2006). "Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications:". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 27 (2): 156–160. doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000188082.68009.10. ISSN 0195-7910.
↑ Won, S., Hong, R. A., Shohet, R. V., Seto, T. B., Parikh, N. I. (December 2013). "Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy". Clinical Cardiology. 36 (12): 737–742. doi:10.1002/clc.22195. ISSN 0160-9289.
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Frishman, W. H., Del Vecchio, A., Sanal, S., Ismail, A. (July 2003). "Cardiovascular Manifestations of Substance Abuse: Part 2: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Heroin, Cannabis, and Caffeine". Heart Disease. 5 (4): 253–271. doi:10.1097/01.hdx.0000080713.09303.a6. ISSN 1521-737X.
↑ Behzadi, M., Joukar, S., Beik, A. (2018). "Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review". Medical Principles and Practice. 27 (5): 401–414. doi:10.1159/000492616. ISSN 1011-7571.
↑ Doshi, R., Shah, J., Desai, R., Gullapalli, N. (July 2019). "Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose". International Journal of Cardiology. 286: 73–75. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.047. ISSN 0167-5273.
↑ Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.
↑ Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.
↑ Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.
↑ Headache disorders - WHO, retrieved 4 June 2022
↑ Billman, G. E. (May 1990). "Mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine". The FASEB Journal. 4 (8): 2469–2475. doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.8.2185973. ISSN 0892-6638.
↑ Ferreira, M. T., Ferreira, R., Carvalho, F., Duarte, J. A. (1 November 2006). "Effect of physical exercise on markers of acute cardiotoxicity induced by d-amphetamine in an animal model". Revista portuguesa de cardiologia. 25 (11): 983–996. ISSN 2174-2030.
↑ Triposkiadis, F., Karayannis, G., Giamouzis, G., Skoularigis, J., Louridas, G., Butler, J. (November 2009). "The Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (19): 1747–1762. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015. ISSN 0735-1097.
↑ Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., Cohen, R. J. (10 July 1981). "Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Fluctuation: A Quantitative Probe of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Control". Science. 213 (4504): 220–222. doi:10.1126/science.6166045. ISSN 0036-8075.
↑ Low Blood Pressure - NHLBI, NIH, retrieved 4 June 2022
↑ Pak, K. J., Hu, T., Fee, C., Wang, R., Smith, M., Bazzano, L. A. (2014). "Acute hypertension: a systematic review and appraisal of guidelines". The Ochsner Journal. 14 (4): 655–663. ISSN 1524-5012.
↑ Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.
↑ Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.
↑ Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.
↑ "Restless legs syndrome". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 Fisher, R. S., Emde Boas, W. van, Blume, W., Elger, C., Genton, P., Lee, P., Engel, J. (April 2005). "Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–472. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. ISSN 0013-9580.
↑ Fisher, R. S., Acevedo, C., Arzimanoglou, A., Bogacz, A., Cross, J. H., Elger, C. E., Engel, J., Forsgren, L., French, J. A., Glynn, M., Hesdorffer, D. C., Lee, B. I., Mathern, G. W., Moshé, S. L., Perucca, E., Scheffer, I. E., Tomson, T., Watanabe, M., Wiebe, S. (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. ISSN 1528-1167.
↑ Walsh, S., Strain, E., Abreu, M., Bigelow, G. (1 September 2001). "Enadoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist: comparison with butorphanol and hydromorphone in humans". Psychopharmacology. 157 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1007/s002130100788. ISSN 0033-3158.
↑ Rollsafe - Safety and Supplements for MDMA/Ecstasy/X | http://www.rollsafe.org/

[1] Berry, E. M., Mechoulam, R. (August 2002). "Tetrahydrocannabinol and endocannabinoids in feeding and appetite". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 95 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00257-7. ISSN 0163-7258.

[2] Montgomery, S. A. (1 December 1995). "Safety of mirtazapine: a review". International clinical psychopharmacology. 10 Suppl 4: 37–45. doi:10.1097/00004850-199512004-00006. ISSN 1473-5857.

[3] Treatment, C. for S. A. (1999). Chapter 2—How Stimulants Affect the Brain and Behavior. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).

[4] Oliynyk, S., Oh, S. (September 2012). "The Pharmacology of Actoprotectors: Practical Application for Improvement of Mental and Physical Performance". Biomolecules & Therapeutics. 20 (5): 446–456. doi:10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.446. ISSN 1976-9148.

[5] Morozova, E., Yoo, Y., Behrouzvaziri, A., Zaretskaia, M., Rusyniak, D., Zaretsky, D., Molkov, Y. (September 2016). "Amphetamine enhances endurance by increasing heat dissipation". Physiological Reports. 4 (17): e12955. doi:10.14814/phy2.12955. ISSN 2051-817X.

[6] Oroc, J. "Psychedelics and Extreme Sports" (PDF). MAPS Bulletin. 21 (1): 25–29.

[7] Silverstone, T. (June 1992). "Appetite Suppressants: A Review". Drugs. 43 (6): 820–836. doi:10.2165/00003495-199243060-00003. ISSN 0012-6667.

[8] Poulton, A. S., Hibbert, E. J., Champion, B. L., Nanan, R. K. H. (2016). "Stimulants for the Control of Hedonic Appetite". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 7. ISSN 1663-9812.

[9] Hsieh, Y.-S., Yang, S.-F., Kuo, D.-Y. (April 2005). "Amphetamine, an appetite suppressant, decreases neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in rat hypothalamic paraventriculum". Regulatory Peptides. 127 (1–3): 169–176. doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.11.007. ISSN 0167-0115.

[10] Davis, C., Fattore, L., Kaplan, A. S., Carter, J. C., Levitan, R. D., Kennedy, J. L. (March 2012). "The suppression of appetite and food consumption by methylphenidate: the moderating effects of gender and weight status in healthy adults". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 15 (02): 181–187. doi:10.1017/S1461145711001039. ISSN 1461-1457.

[11] Seeley, R. J., Sandoval, D. A. (July 2011). "Weight loss through smoking". Nature. 475 (7355): 176–177. doi:10.1038/475176a. ISSN 0028-0836.

[12] Francis, H. M., Kraushaar, N. J., Hunt, L. R., Cornish, J. L. (February 2011). "Serotonin 5-HT4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens are specifically involved in the appetite suppressant and not locomotor stimulant effects of MDMA ('ecstasy')". Psychopharmacology. 213 (2–3): 355–363. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1982-9. ISSN 0033-3158.

[13] Smith, Susan M., Schroeder, Knut, Fahey, Tom (24 November 2014). "Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5. ISSN 1465-1858.

[14] Malesker, M. A., Callahan-Lyon, P., Ireland, B., Irwin, R. S., Adams, T. M., Altman, K. W., Azoulay, E., Barker, A. F., Birring, S. S., Blackhall, F., Bolser, D. C., Boulet, L.-P., Braman, S. S., Brightling, C., Callahan-Lyon, P., Chang, A. B., Coté, A., Cowley, T., Davenport, P., Ebihara, S., El Solh, A. A., Escalante, P., Field, S. K., Fisher, D., French, C. T., Grant, C., Gibson, P., Gold, P., Harding, S. M., Harnden, A., Hill, A. T., Irwin, R. S., Kahrilas, P. J., Kavanagh, J., Keogh, K. A., Lai, K., Lane, A. P., Lim, K., Madison, J. M., Malesker, M. A., Mazzone, S., McGarvey, L., Molassoitis, A., Murad, M. H., Narasimhan, M., Newcombe, P., Nguyen, H. Q., Oppenheimer, J., Restrepo, M. I., Rosen, M., Rubin, B., Ryu, J. H., Smith, J., Tarlo, S. M., Turmel, J., Vertigan, A. E., Wang, G., Weinberger, M., Weir, K. (November 2017). "Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatment for Acute Cough Associated With the Common Cold". Chest. 152 (5): 1021–1037. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.009. ISSN 0012-3692.

[15] Bolser, D. C., Davenport, P. W. (February 2007). "Codeine and cough: an ineffective gold standard". Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology. 7 (1): 32–36. doi:10.1097/ACI.0b013e3280115145. ISSN 1528-4050.

[16] Dealleaume, L., Tweed, B., Neher, J. O. (October 2009). "Do OTC remedies relieve cough in acute URIs?". The Journal of Family Practice. 58 (10): 559a–c. ISSN 1533-7294.

[17] 69ron (2008). "Lemon essential oil: way more effective than ginger for treating nausea" Nature's Herb Forum.

[18] What Is Respiratory Failure? | https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rf/

[19] Lowinson, J. H. (2005). Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781734745.

[20] Streatfeild, D. (July 2003). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 9780312422264.

[21] Zuba, D. (February 2012). "Identification of cathinones and other active components of 'legal highs' by mass spectrometric methods". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 32: 15–30. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.009. ISSN 0165-9936.

[22] Kneisl, C. R., Trigoboff, E. (2004). Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing (1st ed.). Pearson. ISBN 9780132557771.

[23] Myon, L., Delforge, A., Raoul, G., Ferri, J. (February 2010). "[Palatal necrosis due to cocaine abuse]". Revue De Stomatologie Et De Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale. 111 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009. ISSN 1776-257X.

[24] Berrios, G. E. (April 1982). "Tactile hallucinations: conceptual and historical aspects". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 45 (4): 285–293. ISSN 0022-3050.

[25] Lewandowski, K. E., DePaola, J., Camsari, G. B., Cohen, B. M., Ongür, D. (May 2009). "Tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations in psychotic disorders: a descriptive study". Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 38 (5): 383–385. ISSN 0304-4602.

[26] Morani, A. S., Panwar, V., Grasing, K. (April 2013). "Tactile hallucinations with repetitive movements following low-dose cocaine: implications for cocaine reinforcement and sensitization: case report". The American Journal on Addictions. 22 (2): 181–182. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00336.x. ISSN 1521-0391.

[27] Arrhythmias - What Is an Arrhythmia?, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, retrieved 4 June 2022

[28] Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Hoffman, R. S. (January 2009). "Management of cocaine-induced cardiac arrhythmias due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction". Clinical Toxicology. 47 (1): 14–23. doi:10.1080/15563650802339373. ISSN 1556-3650.

[29] O’Leary, M. E., Hancox, J. C. (28 January 2010). "Role of voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels in the development of cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias: Voltage-gated ion channels and cocaine-induced arrhythmia". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 69 (5): 427–442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03629.x. ISSN 0306-5251.

[30] Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I. (28 January 2010). "Putting cocaine use and cocaine-associated cardiac arrhythmias into epidemiological and clinical perspective: Cocaine epidemiology and cardiovascular toxicity". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 69 (5): 443–447. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03630.x. ISSN 0306-5251.

[31] Gradman, A. H. (April 1988). "Cardiac effects of cocaine: a review". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 61 (2): 137–147. ISSN 0044-0086.

[32] Lange, R. A., Hillis, L. D. (2 August 2001). "Cardiovascular Complications of Cocaine Use". New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (5): 351–358. doi:10.1056/NEJM200108023450507. ISSN 0028-4793.

[33] Tazelaar, H. D., Karch, S. B., Stephens, B. G., Billingham, M. E. (February 1987). "Cocaine and the heart". Human Pathology. 18 (2): 195–199. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(87)80338-6. ISSN 0046-8177.

[34] Maraj, S., Figueredo, V. M., Lynn Morris, D. (May 2010). "Cocaine and the Heart". Clinical Cardiology. 33 (5): 264–269. doi:10.1002/clc.20746. ISSN 0160-9289.

[35] Shyu, K., Wang, B., Yang, Y., Tsai, S., Lin, S., Lee, C. (1 July 2004). "Amphetamine activates connexin43 gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes through JNK and AP-1 pathway". Cardiovascular Research. 63 (1): 98–108. doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2004.02.018. ISSN 0008-6363.

[36] Bazmi, E., Mousavi, F., Giahchin, L., Mokhtari, T., Behnoush, B. (30 March 2017). "Cardiovascular Complications of Acute Amphetamine Abuse: Cross-sectional study". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 17 (1): e31–37. doi:10.18295/squmj.2016.17.01.007. ISSN 2075-051X.

[37] Jacobs, W. (June 2006). "Fatal Amphetamine-Associated Cardiotoxicity and Its Medicolegal Implications:". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 27 (2): 156–160. doi:10.1097/01.paf.0000188082.68009.10. ISSN 0195-7910.

[38] Won, S., Hong, R. A., Shohet, R. V., Seto, T. B., Parikh, N. I. (December 2013). "Methamphetamine-Associated Cardiomyopathy: Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy". Clinical Cardiology. 36 (12): 737–742. doi:10.1002/clc.22195. ISSN 0160-9289.

[:0-39] 39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Frishman, W. H., Del Vecchio, A., Sanal, S., Ismail, A. (July 2003). "Cardiovascular Manifestations of Substance Abuse: Part 2: Alcohol, Amphetamines, Heroin, Cannabis, and Caffeine". Heart Disease. 5 (4): 253–271. doi:10.1097/01.hdx.0000080713.09303.a6. ISSN 1521-737X.

[40] Behzadi, M., Joukar, S., Beik, A. (2018). "Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review". Medical Principles and Practice. 27 (5): 401–414. doi:10.1159/000492616. ISSN 1011-7571.

[41] Doshi, R., Shah, J., Desai, R., Gullapalli, N. (July 2019). "Burden of arrhythmia in hospitalizations with opioid overdose". International Journal of Cardiology. 286: 73–75. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.01.047. ISSN 0167-5273.

[42] Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.

[43] Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.

[44] Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.

[45] Headache disorders - WHO, retrieved 4 June 2022

[46] Billman, G. E. (May 1990). "Mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine". The FASEB Journal. 4 (8): 2469–2475. doi:10.1096/fasebj.4.8.2185973. ISSN 0892-6638.

[47] Ferreira, M. T., Ferreira, R., Carvalho, F., Duarte, J. A. (1 November 2006). "Effect of physical exercise on markers of acute cardiotoxicity induced by d-amphetamine in an animal model". Revista portuguesa de cardiologia. 25 (11): 983–996. ISSN 2174-2030.

[48] Triposkiadis, F., Karayannis, G., Giamouzis, G., Skoularigis, J., Louridas, G., Butler, J. (November 2009). "The Sympathetic Nervous System in Heart Failure". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (19): 1747–1762. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.015. ISSN 0735-1097.

[49] Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., Cohen, R. J. (10 July 1981). "Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Fluctuation: A Quantitative Probe of Beat-to-Beat Cardiovascular Control". Science. 213 (4504): 220–222. doi:10.1126/science.6166045. ISSN 0036-8075.

[50] Low Blood Pressure - NHLBI, NIH, retrieved 4 June 2022

[51] Pak, K. J., Hu, T., Fee, C., Wang, R., Smith, M., Bazzano, L. A. (2014). "Acute hypertension: a systematic review and appraisal of guidelines". The Ochsner Journal. 14 (4): 655–663. ISSN 1524-5012.

[52] Tanaka, E., Kamata, T., Katagi, M., Tsuchihashi, H., Honda, K. (November 2006). "A fatal poisoning with 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy". Forensic Science International. 163 (1–2): 152–154. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.026. ISSN 0379-0738.

[53] Shulgin, A. T., Carter, M. F. (1980). "N, N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT) and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT). Two orally active tryptamine analogs with CNS activity". Communications in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 363–369. ISSN 0145-5699.

[54] Muller, A. A. (October 2004). "New Drugs of Abuse Update: Foxy Methoxy". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 30 (5): 507–508. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.07.037. ISSN 0099-1767.

[ICD-11-Restless-legs-syndrome-55] "Restless legs syndrome". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022.

[Fisher2005-56] 56.0 ^56.1 Fisher, R. S., Emde Boas, W. van, Blume, W., Elger, C., Genton, P., Lee, P., Engel, J. (April 2005). "Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)". Epilepsia. 46 (4): 470–472. doi:10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x. ISSN 0013-9580.

[57] Fisher, R. S., Acevedo, C., Arzimanoglou, A., Bogacz, A., Cross, J. H., Elger, C. E., Engel, J., Forsgren, L., French, J. A., Glynn, M., Hesdorffer, D. C., Lee, B. I., Mathern, G. W., Moshé, S. L., Perucca, E., Scheffer, I. E., Tomson, T., Watanabe, M., Wiebe, S. (April 2014). "ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy". Epilepsia. 55 (4): 475–482. doi:10.1111/epi.12550. ISSN 1528-1167.

[58] Walsh, S., Strain, E., Abreu, M., Bigelow, G. (1 September 2001). "Enadoline, a selective kappa opioid agonist: comparison with butorphanol and hydromorphone in humans". Psychopharmacology. 157 (2): 151–162. doi:10.1007/s002130100788. ISSN 0033-3158.

[59] Rollsafe - Safety and Supplements for MDMA/Ecstasy/X | http://www.rollsafe.org/

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Enhancements
+==Enhancements==
 ===Appetite enhancement===
 {{Main|Appetite enhancement}}
@@ Line 104: / Line 104: @@
 {{Main|Watery eyes}}
 {{:Watery eyes}}
-===Uncomfortable effects==
+==Uncomfortable effects==
 ===Abnormal heartbeat===
 {{Main|Abnormal heartbeat}}

Physical effects: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 03:43, 10 June 2016

Enhancements

Appetite enhancement

Bodily control enhancement

Perception of increased weight

Stimulation

Tactile enhancement

Stamina enhancement

Suppressions

Appetite suppression

Cough suppression

Perception of decreased weight

Motor control loss

Nausea suppression

5-HT3 receptor antagonists

Cannabinoids

Benzodiazepines

Antihistamines

Miscellaneous

Pain relief

Respiratory depression

Treatment

Sedation

Seizure suppression

Tactile suppression

Novel effects

Bodily pressures

Bronchodilation

Changes in felt bodily form

Changes in gravity

Excessive yawning

Muscle relaxation

Physical autonomy

Physical euphoria

Pupil constriction

Pupil dilation

Runny nose

Skin flushing

Sublingual numbing

Spontaneous tactile sensations

Variations

Tactile hallucinations

Levels of hallucination

Variations

Visual sliding

Vasodilation

Watery eyes

Uncomfortable effects

Abnormal heartbeat

Constipation

Decreased heart rate

Dehydration

Water intoxication

Diarrhea

Difficulty urinating

Dizziness

Frequent urination

Headaches

Increased heart rate

Increased perspiration

Increased blood pressure

Itchiness

Muscle cramps

Muscle spasms

Nausea

Vomiting

Physical fatigue

Photophobia

Restless leg syndrome

Salivation

Seizure

Stomach cramps

Temporary erectile dysfunction

Temperature regulation suppression

Teeth grinding

Vasoconstriction

Navigation menu

Search