3-FPM

3-FPM
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names	3-FPM, PAL-593
Substitutive name	3-Fluorophenmetrazine
Systematic name	2-(3-Fluorophenyl)-3-methylmorpholine
Class Membership
Psychoactive class	Stimulant
Chemical class	Amphetamine / Phenylmorpholine
Routes of Administration
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. ⇣ Oral Dosage Threshold 10 mg Light 10 - 30 mg Common 30 - 60 mg Strong 60 - 90 mg Heavy 90 mg + Duration Total 4 - 6 hours Onset 20 - 40 minutes After effects 30 - 90 minutes ⇣ Insufflated Dosage Threshold 5 mg Light 10 - 20 mg Common 20 - 35 mg Strong 35 - 50 mg Heavy 50 mg + Duration Total 3 - 6 hours Onset 5 minutes DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Interactions

Summary sheet: 3-FPM

3-Fluorophenmetrazine (also called 3-FPM or PAL-593) is a short-lived stimulant drug of the phenethylamine variety which has recently been made available online. The chemical had no history of human usage prior to 2014 when it began being sold online through research chemical vendors. The drug is considered to be more subtle in its effects when compared to other stimulants and produces less nervousness, euphoria, and insomnia than drugs of the substituted amphetamine class.

Although this compound is usually sold under the name "3-FPM", it was first named in scientific literature as "PAL-593". It's worth noting that using this name to search for information regarding this compound may be more successful than using "3-FPM."

Chemistry

3-Fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM) is a synthetic molecule of the amphetamine family. Molecules of the amphetamine class contain a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain with an additional methyl substitution at R_α. Amphetamines are alpha-methylated phenethylamines. 3-FPM contains a fluorine group attached at R₃ of the phenyl ring. Additionally, part of its amphetamine skeleton is incorporated into a morpholine ring. At R₂ of its chain, an oxygen group is bound. This oxygen group is linked by an ethyl chain to the terminal amine of the amphetamine chain to form a morpholine group. 3-FPM is the fluorinated derivative of phenmetrazine and a cyclic analogue of ephedrine.

Pharmacology

3-FPM is a sympathomimetic drug which has stimulant effects when consumed. Its mechanism of action appears to function by acting as a releasing agent for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the central nervous system. This accumulation of neurotransmitters results in the experience of euphoric and stimulating effects. It has a higher affinity for all three monoamine transporters when compared to methylphenidate. Its parent compound, phenmetrazine, was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market.

Below is a table showing 3-FPM's affinity (EC50) for dopamine (DAT), serotonin (SERT) and noradrenaline (NET) transporters as well as the values of some other stimulants that are more common:

Compounds > Monoamine transporters V PAL-593 Phenmetrazine D-Methylphenidate D-Amphetamine DAT 43 131 41 24.8 SERT 2558 7765 >1000 n/a NET 30 50 345.1 7.1

Despite being able to compare these values directly, the prediction of possible effects from simply viewing the affinity values of a compound is not very accurate; however, they can be used to hypothesize about 3-FPM's mechanism of action in vivo.

Subjective effects

The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.

Physical effects

• Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 3-FPM is usually considered to be mildly to moderately energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is considerably weaker in comparison to that of traditional recreational stimulants such as amphetamine, MDMA or cocaine. This encourages physical activities such as performing chores and repetitive tasks which would otherwise be boring and strenuous physical activities.
• Increased heart rate - In comparison to other stimulants such as amphetamine or cocaine, 3-FPM only has a mild effect on one's heart rate.
• Appetite suppression - The above components are also accompanied by a suppression of appetite which is usually much less intense in strength in comparison to the appetite suppression experienced with amphetamine or methamphetamine.
• Increased perspiration
• Vasoconstriction
• Sexual arousal - 3-FPM is known for having aphrodisiac properties and is said to enhance sex drive and improve sexual performance.
• Teeth grinding - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of MDMA.

Cognitive effects

• Wakefulness
• Thought acceleration
• Analysis enhancement
• Focus enhancement - This component is most effective at low to moderate doses as anything higher will usually impair concentration.
• Motivation enhancement
• Anxiety
• Cognitive euphoria - This component is much less intense than the euphoria experienced with other stimulants such as amphetamine, cocaine, or methamphetamine.

After effects

The effects which occur during the offset of a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include:

• Cognitive fatigue
• Thought deceleration
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Wakefulness
• Irritability

Toxicity and harm potential

Main article: Research chemicals § Toxicity and harm potential

The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 3-FPM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 3-FPM has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 3-FPM within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.

Tolerance and addiction potential

As with other stimulants, the chronic use of 3-FPM can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of 3-FPM develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 3-FPM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dopaminergic stimulants]], meaning that after the consumption of 3-FPM all stimulants will have a reduced effect.

Dangerous interactions

Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).

Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.

• Stimulants - 3-FPM can be potentially dangerous in combination with other stimulants as it can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.
• "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] & "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - 25x compounds are highly stimulating and physically straining. Combinations with 3-FPM should be strictly avoided due to the risk of excessive stimulation and heart strain. This can result in increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, panic attacks, thought loops, seizures, and heart failure in extreme cases.
• "[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combining alcohol with stimulants can be dangerous due to the risk of accidental over-intoxication. Stimulants mask alcohol's depressant effects, which is what most people use to assess their degree of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the depressant effects will be left unopposed, which can result in blackouts and severe respiratory depression. If mixing, the user should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
• "[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combinations with DXM should be avoided due to its inhibiting effects on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. There is an increased risk of panic attacks and hypertensive crisis, or serotonin syndrome with serotonin releasers (MDMA, methylone, mephedrone, etc.). Monitor blood pressure carefully and avoid strenuous physical activity.
• "[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Any neurotoxic effects of MDMA are likely to be increased when other stimulants are present. There is also a risk of excessive blood pressure and heart strain (cardiotoxicity).
• "[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Some reports suggest combinations with MXE may dangerously increase blood pressure and increase the risk of mania and psychosis.
• "[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Both classes carry a risk of delusions, mania and psychosis, and these risk may be multiplied when combined.
• "[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - 3-FPM may be dangerous to combine with other stimulants like cocaine as they can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.
• "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is known to lower the seizure threshold and combinations with stimulants may further increase this risk.
• MDMA - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with amphetamines.
• "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, and some antidepressants.
• Cocaine - This combination may increase strain on the heart.

Legal issues

• United Kingdom: 3-FPM is currently not covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act. It is legal to possess or obtain if not intended for human consumption.
• Sweden: The public health agency suggested the classification of the drug as an illegal narcotic on June 1, 2015.
• Switzerland: 3-FPM was added to the list of controlled substances in December 2015.

See also

• Responsible use
• Stimulants
• Phenethylamine
• Methylphenidate
• Ethylphenidate

External links

• 3-FPM (Wikipedia)
• 3-FPM (TripSit)
• 3-FPM (Bluelight)
• 3-FPM (Drugs Forum)
• 3-FPM experiences (Erowid)