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As with any other GABA receptor agonist, repeated use and increasing tolerance will eventually result in a withdrawal syndrome upon abrupt discontinuation resembling alcohol, barbiturate, or [[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|benzodiazepine withdrawal]], up to and including delirium tremens ("the shakes"). The chronic use of this compound can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
As with any other GABA receptor agonist, repeated use and increasing tolerance will eventually result in a withdrawal syndrome upon abrupt discontinuation resembling alcohol, barbiturate, or [[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|benzodiazepine withdrawal]], up to and including delirium tremens ("the shakes"). The chronic use of this compound can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.


Tolerance to many of the effects of 2-methyl-2-butanol [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2-methyl-2-butanol presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[GABA]]genic [[depressants]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2-methyl-2-butanol all [[depressants]]s will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 2-methyl-2-butanol [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2-methyl-2-butanol presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[GABA]]genic [[depressants]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 2-methyl-2-butanol all [[depressant]]s will have a reduced effect.


===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===

Revision as of 00:14, 13 April 2016

Fatal overdose may occur when GABAergic substances are combined with other depressants such as opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, gabapentinoids, thienodiazepines or alcohol.[1]

It is strongly discouraged to combine these substances, particularly in common to heavy doses.

Template:SubstanceBox/2-methyl-2-butanol

Summary sheet: 2-methyl-2-butanol

2-methyl-2-butanol (also known as tert-amyl alcohol or 2m2b) is a tertiary alcohol with depressant, hypnotic, and anxiolytic effects. Historically, it has been used in anesthesia as a component of avertin fluid mixed with tribromoethanol and water.[2] It has a strong solvent smell reminiscent of gasoline, but with little flavor. 2m2b's simple structure and intoxicating effects have led to its use as a recreational drug.[3]

Fusel alcohols including 2m2b are a grain fermentation by-product and therefore present in many alcoholic beverages.[4] Trace levels of 2m2b have also been detected in various food substances, including fried bacon and cassava,[5][6] rooibos tea,[7] and fruits (such as apple and pineapple).

Chemistry

2-methyl-2-butanol is also known as tert-amyl-alcohol, 2m2b, or amylene hydrate. 2-methyl-2-butanol is an amyl alcohol with the formula C5H11OH. 2-methyl-2-butanol is comprised of butane, an alkyl chain of four carbons. This chain is substituted at R2 with a methyl group (CH3) and an alcohol group (OH-). It is synthesized by the reaction of 2-methyl-2-butene with water in the presence of an acid catalyst. [8]

Pharmacology

2-methyl-2-butanol inhibits binding to a proconvulsant site on the GABA receptor[9] which causes negatively charged chloride ions to enter neurons and increase the amount of excitation necessary to cause the neurons to fire. As it is a tertiary alcohol, it cannot be metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase into aldehydes (which cause the hangover associated with consuming large amounts of ethanol). This makes 2m2b significantly safer than primary alcohols.[10] However, a consequence of this is that 2-methyl-2-butanol has an extended duration of action with effects which last up to 12 hours after its consumption.

Subjective effects

The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.

In comparison to other depressants of a similar nature, 2m2b is comparatively closer to alcohol than GHB in terms of its subjective effects and is also considerably more sedating than alcohol but less sedating than GHB.

Physical effects

Cognitive effects

Toxicity and harm potential

Little is known about the long-term effects of 2-methyl-2-butanol use. As it cannot be metabolized into aldehydes it is not expected to be as hepatoxic as ethanol.[11]

Lethal dosage

The lowest recorded fatal dose in a human is 30mL.[12] The oral LD50 in rats has been found to be about 1000mg/kg;[13] however, this does not necessarily carry over to humans. Doses large enough to induce a coma may allow aspiration of vomit which is a medical emergency.

It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.

Tolerance and addiction potential

As with any other GABA receptor agonist, repeated use and increasing tolerance will eventually result in a withdrawal syndrome upon abrupt discontinuation resembling alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal, up to and including delirium tremens ("the shakes"). The chronic use of this compound can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of 2-methyl-2-butanol develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2-methyl-2-butanol presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all GABAgenic depressants]], meaning that after the consumption of 2-methyl-2-butanol all depressants will have a reduced effect.

Dangerous interactions

Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.

  • Depressants (1,4-Butanediol, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of respiratory depression. These substances also potentiate the muscle relaxation, sedation and amnesia caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
  • Dissociatives - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
  • Stimulants - It is dangerous to combine 2-methyl-2-butanol, a depressant, with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the sedative effect of 2-methyl-2-butanol, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of 2-methyl-2-butanol will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of 2-methyl-2-butanol per hour.

This legality section is a stub.

As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.

2-methyl-2-butanol is not known to be specifically controlled in any area. However, some jurisdictions may have catch-all laws against any substance or solvents possessed with the intent to consume, so it is wise to avoid any indication of it being for human consumption.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Risks of Combining Depressants - TripSit 
  2. ↑ http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=540829
  3. ↑ https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2Methyl2Butanol.shtml
  4. ↑ The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary | http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XewWAAAAYAAJ&redir_esc=y
  5. ↑ Some flavouring constituents of cassava and of processed cassava products | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.2740340816/abstract;jsessionid=1200794E266855A06F6A07494E7D1B1E.f04t04
  6. ↑ Isolation and identification of volatile flavor compounds in fried baconhttp://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00116a038
  7. ↑ Volatile components of Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00062a024
  8. ↑ http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+5005
  9. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11888705?dopt=Abstract
  10. ↑ http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch15oxidationalcohols.html
  11. ↑ http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch15oxidationalcohols.html
  12. ↑ http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+5005
  13. ↑ Soehring, K.; Frey, H. H.; Endres, G. (1955). "Relations between constitution and effect of tertiary alcohols". Arzneimittel-Forschung 5 (4): 161–165. PMID 14389140
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