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'''Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors''' (commonly abbreviated as '''SSRIs''') are a class of pharmaceutical [[antidepressant]] medications. They are commonly prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorders. Other conditions include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction/dependence, and sleep disorders. The exact pharmacological mechanism of action SSRIs is unknown.<ref>http://pi.lilly.com/us/prozac.pdf page 20</ref> They are believed to increase the extracellular level of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]], eventually leading to improved mood.{{citation needed}}{{clarify}}
'''Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors''' (commonly abbreviated as '''SSRIs''') are a class of pharmaceutical [[antidepressant]] medications. They are commonly prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorders. Other conditions include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction/dependence, and sleep disorders. The exact pharmacological mechanism of action of SSRIs is unknown.<ref>http://pi.lilly.com/us/prozac.pdf page 20</ref> They are believed to increase the extracellular level of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]], eventually leading to improved mood.{{citation needed}}{{clarify}}
SSRIs can be dangerous when used in combination with other substances that increase or modulate serotonin such as [[MDMA]] and [[MAOI|Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors]] (MAOIs). A combination with these substances can lead to [[serotonin syndrome]] and potentially be fatal. SSRIs do not work for everyone and take 3-6 weeks to start having noticeable effects.<ref>{{Citation | year=2021 | title=Do Antidepressants Work Right Away? | url=https://psychcentral.com/depression/how-long-do-antidepressants-take-to-work}}</ref>
SSRIs can be dangerous when used in combination with other substances that increase or modulate serotonin such as [[MDMA]] and [[MAOI|Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors]] (MAOIs). A combination with these substances can lead to [[serotonin syndrome]] and potentially be fatal. SSRIs do not work for everyone and take 3-6 weeks to start having noticeable effects.<ref>{{Citation | year=2021 | title=Do Antidepressants Work Right Away? | url=https://psychcentral.com/depression/how-long-do-antidepressants-take-to-work}}</ref>
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==Mechanism of action==
==Mechanism of action==
SSRIs are believed to increase the extracellular level of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]] by [[Reuptake inhibitor|limiting]] its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of [[serotonin]] in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters. Pure SSRIs show only weak affinities for the [[noradrenaline]] and [[dopamine|dopamine transporter]]s.
SSRIs are believed to increase the extracellular level of the [[neurotransmitter]] [[serotonin]] by [[Reuptake inhibitor|limiting]] its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of [[serotonin]] in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters. SSRIs show weak or negligible affinities for the [[noradrenaline]] and [[dopamine|dopamine transporter]]s.
SSRIs also lead to an increased level of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and several other regulatory neuromodulators. Different SSRIs have different binding profiles, which may lead to different effects.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Kolb, B.)), ((Whishaw, I. Q.)) | date= 2005 | title=An introduction to brain and behavior | publisher=Worth Publishers | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780716711872}}</ref>
SSRIs also lead to an increased level of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and several other regulatory neuromodulators. Different SSRIs have different binding profiles, which lead to slightly different effects.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Kolb, B.)), ((Whishaw, I. Q.)) | date= 2005 | title=An introduction to brain and behavior | publisher=Worth Publishers | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780716711872}}</ref>
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
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|{{effects/physical|
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' ''or'' '''[[Effect::stimulation]]''' - Some SSRIs are sedating (paroxetine and fluvoxamine), whereas some are mildly stimulating (sertraline and fluoxetine).
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' ''or'' '''[[Effect::stimulation]]''' - Some SSRIs are sedating (paroxetine and fluvoxamine), whereas some are mildly stimulating (sertraline and fluoxetine).
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]''' - Very common. Could persist as PSSD after discontinuation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)|date=11 June 2019|title=New product information wording – Extracts from PRAC recommendations on signals|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/new-product-information-wording-extracts-prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac_en.pdf#page=2|publisher=European Medicines Agency|id=EMA/PRAC/265221/2019}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]''' - Very common. Could persist as PSSD after discontinuation.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC)|date=11 June 2019|title=New product information wording – Extracts from PRAC recommendations on signals|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/new-product-information-wording-extracts-prac-recommendations-signals-adopted-13-16-may-2019-prac_en.pdf#page=2|publisher=European Medicines Agency|id=EMA/PRAC/265221/2019}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]''' - This effect is dose-dependent and causes delayed orgasm, but in some people, especially older users, SSRIs can make one completely unable to reach orgasm. This is usually treated by either switching to a different antidepressant, or adding a NDRI such as [[bupropion]]. Short-acting SSRIs such as dapoxetine are approved drugs for premature ejaculation.
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm depression]]''' - This effect is dose-dependent and causes delayed orgasm, but in some people, especially older users, an SSRI can make one completely unable to reach orgasm. This is usually treated by either switching to a different antidepressant, or adding an NDRI such as [[bupropion]]. Short-acting SSRIs such as dapoxetine are approved drugs for premature ejaculation.
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Some studies suggest they can be effective as analgesics (painkillers).<ref>https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/files/2017/10/IBS-and-Antidepressants.pdf</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Some studies suggest they can be effective as analgesics (painkillers).<ref>https://www.med.unc.edu/ibs/files/2017/10/IBS-and-Antidepressants.pdf</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased perspiration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]]'''
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}}
}}
|{{effects/visual|
{{effects/visual|
SSRIs are capable of inconsistently inducing changes in visual perception - often during the beginning of treatment.
SSRIs are capable of inconsistently inducing changes in visual perception - often during the beginning of treatment.
Most effects disappear after a few weeks of treatment but may reappear or become more prominent when combined with [[cannabis]] or [[amphetamines]].
Most effects disappear after a few weeks of treatment but may reappear or become more prominent when combined with [[cannabis]] or [[amphetamines]].
====Enhancements====
====Amplifications====
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' - this effect is relatively mild but well pronounced.
*'''[[Effect::Color enhancement]]''' - This effect is relatively mild but well pronounced.
====Suppressions====
*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - This often manifests itself as seeing minor movement in the corner of one's eye in the absence of any real stimuli.
====Distortions====
====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Visual drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Visual drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Visual drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - This effect is most similar in presentation to the same effect from [[amphetamines]] but with a cartoony quality most reminiscent of psychedelics such as [[4-HO-MET]] and [[2C-B]].
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Visual drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Visual drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Visual drifting#Flowing|flowing]])'' - This effect is most similar in presentation to the same effect from [[amphetamines]] but with a cartoony quality most reminiscent of psychedelics such as [[4-HO-MET]] and [[2C-B]]
====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Peripheral information misinterpretation]]''' - This often manifests itself as seeing minor movement in the corner of one's eye in the absence of any real stimuli.
}}
}}
{{effects/cognitive|
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnhart |first1=WJ |last2=Makela |first2=EH |last3=Latocha |first3=MJ |title=SSRI-induced apathy syndrome: a clinical review. |journal=Journal of psychiatric practice |date=May 2004 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=196-9 |doi=10.1097/00131746-200405000-00010 |pmid=15330228}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Depression reduction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]''' - This effect is similar to but less intense compared to the [[emotion suppression]] induced by antipsychotics.
*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]''' - This effect is similar to but less intense compared to the [[emotion suppression]] induced by antipsychotics.
*'''[[Effect::Mania]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Mania]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation depression]]'''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barnhart |first1=WJ |last2=Makela |first2=EH |last3=Latocha |first3=MJ |title=SSRI-induced apathy syndrome: a clinical review. |journal=Journal of psychiatric practice |date=May 2004 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=196-9 |doi=10.1097/00131746-200405000-00010 |pmid=15330228}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{effects/paradoxical|
{{effects/paradoxical|
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*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion intensification]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Suicidal ideation]]'''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Björkenstam, C.)), ((Möller, J.)), ((Ringbäck, G.)), ((Salmi, P.)), ((Hallqvist, J.)), ((Ljung, R.)) | journal=PLoS ONE | title=An Association between Initiation of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Suicide - A Nationwide Register-Based Case-Crossover Study | volume=8 | issue=9 | pages=e73973 | date=9 September 2013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767591/ | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073973}}</ref> - Upon first introduction, some users (especially people under the age of 25)<ref>{{Citation | title=What to know about antidepressants for kids and teens | url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/in-depth/antidepressants/art-20047502}}</ref> can experience increase suicidal and self harming thoughts and behaviors. This effect usually subsides within 6-8 weeks.
*'''[[Effect::Suicidal ideation]]'''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Björkenstam, C.)), ((Möller, J.)), ((Ringbäck, G.)), ((Salmi, P.)), ((Hallqvist, J.)), ((Ljung, R.)) | journal=PLoS ONE | title=An Association between Initiation of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Suicide - A Nationwide Register-Based Case-Crossover Study | volume=8 | issue=9 | pages=e73973 | date=9 September 2013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3767591/ | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0073973}}</ref> - Some users (especially people under the age of 25)<ref>{{Citation | title=What to know about antidepressants for kids and teens | url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/in-depth/antidepressants/art-20047502}}</ref> experience increase in suicidal and self-harming thoughts and behaviors.
*'''[[Effect::Insomnia]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}
}}
{{Template talk:effects/withdrawal|
{{Template talk:effects/withdrawal|
*'''[[Effect::Brain zaps]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Brain zaps]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headache]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headache]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive disconnection]]'''
}}
}}
}}
}}
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===Sertraline===
===Sertraline===
Sertraline is an SSRI that is sold under the brand name '''Zoloft'''. Sertraline is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Sertraline was first FDA approved in 1991.<ref>Sertraline | https://www.drugs.com/sertraline.html</ref>Unlike most SSRIs, sertraline, has somewhat significant activity at the [[dopamine]] transporter protein<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Owens, J. M.)), ((Knight, D. L.)), ((Nemeroff, C. B.)) | journal=L’Encephale | title=[Second generation SSRIS: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine] | volume=28 | issue=4 | pages=350–355 | date= August 2002 | issn=0013-7006}}</ref> and could be considered a serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Sertraline is an SSRI that is sold under the brand name '''Zoloft'''. Sertraline is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Sertraline was first FDA approved in 1991.<ref>Sertraline | https://www.drugs.com/sertraline.html</ref> Unlike most SSRIs, sertraline has noticeable activity at the [[dopamine]] transporter protein<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Owens, J. M.)), ((Knight, D. L.)), ((Nemeroff, C. B.)) | journal=L’Encephale | title=[Second generation SSRIS: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine] | volume=28 | issue=4 | pages=350–355 | date= August 2002 | issn=0013-7006}}</ref> and could be considered a serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
===Other SSRIs===
===Other SSRIs===
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==Drug interactions==
==Drug interactions==
A wide array of substances is contraindicated with SSRIs. Substances that increase extracellular serotonin may increase the risk of [[serotonin syndrome]], particularly substances like [[MDMA]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[tramadol]] and [[pethidine]]. Independent research should be done before taking any substances while on an SSRI to ensure there is no drug interaction. Some dietary supplements such as [[5-HTP]] and St. John's Wort can lead to serotonin syndrome if taken by someone currently medicated with an SSRI.
A wide array of substances is contraindicated with SSRIs. Substances that increase extracellular serotonin may increase the risk of [[serotonin syndrome]], particularly substances like [[MDMA]], [[dextromethorphan]], [[tramadol]] and [[pethidine]]. Independent research should be done before taking any substances while on an SSRI to ensure there is no drug interaction. Some dietary supplements such as [[5-HTP]] and St. John's Wort can lead to serotonin syndrome if taken in combination with an SSRI.
Some NSAID [[pain relief|analgesics]] may increase the risk of excess bleeding in those who take SSRIs. NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and naproxen.
Some NSAID [[pain relief|analgesics]] may increase the risk of excess bleeding in those who take SSRIs. NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and naproxen.
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===Combinations===
===Combinations===
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - Due do the downregulation of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors caused by SSRIs, psychedelics can have a reduced effect. SSRIs can also reduce the chance of having a [[bad trip]] due to its [[Anxiety suppression|anxiolytic]] effects.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - Due do the downregulation of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors caused by SSRIs, psychedelics can have a reduced effect. SSRIs also reduce the chance of having a [[bad trip]] due to its [[Anxiety suppression|anxiolytic]] effects.
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - While on SSRIs, the [[anxiety]] and [[paranoia]] experienced on cannabis may be less intense, or not experienced at all.
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - The [[anxiety]] and [[paranoia]] experienced on cannabis may be less intense, or not experienced at all.
*'''[[Depressants]]''' - SSRIs increase the effects of CNS [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]], [[opioids]], and [[benzodiazepines]]. This effect is sometimes not desired as it may intensify [[disinhibition]] and increase the chance of having a blackout.
*'''[[Depressants]]''' - SSRIs increase the effects of CNS [[depressants]] such as [[alcohol]], [[opioids]], and [[benzodiazepines]]. This effect is usually not desired as it may intensify [[disinhibition]] and increase the chance of having a blackout.
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
*'''[[Dextromethorphan]]''' - Dextromethorphan is a serotonin releaser as well as an SSRI, therefore has a potential to cause [[serotonin syndrome]], a potentially deadly condition caused by extremely high serotonin levels. Although serotonin syndrome caused by this combination is uncommon, it is strongly advised not to combine them, especially if either is at a high dose.
*'''[[Dextromethorphan]]''' - Dextromethorphan is a cough medicine which has a potential to cause [[serotonin syndrome]] in recreational doses. Combination with an SSRI is strongly discouraged.
*'''[[Empathogens]]''' - Combining SSRIs with serotonergic empathogens such as [[MDMA]], [[mephedrone]], and AMT can result in [[serotonin syndrome]].
*'''[[Entactogen|Entactogens]]''' - Combining SSRIs with serotonin releasers such as [[MDMA]], [[mephedrone]], and [[AMT]] can result in [[serotonin syndrome]].
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Combining SSRIs with tramadol can result in [[serotonin syndrome]].
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Combining an SSRI with tramadol can cause [[seizure|seizures]] and [[serotonin syndrome]].
*'''Other antidepressants''' - Combining SSRIs with other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and [[MAOI|MAOIs]] can result in [[serotonin syndrome]]. Non serotonergic antidepressants such as [[bupropion]] are not dangerous to combine with SSRIs.
*'''Other antidepressants''' - Combining SSRIs with other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and [[MAOI|MAOIs]] can result in [[serotonin syndrome]] and death.
It may contain incorrect information, particularly with respect to dosage, duration, subjective effects, toxicity and other risks. It may also not meet PW style and grammar standards.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (commonly abbreviated as SSRIs) are a class of pharmaceutical antidepressant medications. They are commonly prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorders. Other conditions include anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, migraine, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction/dependence, and sleep disorders. The exact pharmacological mechanism of action of SSRIs is unknown.[1] They are believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitterserotonin, eventually leading to improved mood.[citation needed][clarification needed]
SSRIs can be dangerous when used in combination with other substances that increase or modulate serotonin such as MDMA and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs). A combination with these substances can lead to serotonin syndrome and potentially be fatal. SSRIs do not work for everyone and take 3-6 weeks to start having noticeable effects.[2]
SSRIs are reported to have fewer side effects than older antidepressants like monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants.[citation needed]Monoamine oxidase inhibitors also interact with many other medications and foods, leading to a hypertensive crisis that can potentially be fatal. SSRIs can cause sexual dysfunction and compulsive yawning as side effects. Discontinuation of SSRIs can lead to withdrawal symptoms which include flu-like symptoms, as well as brain zaps.
A comparison of the structure of commonly prescribed SSRIs.
SSRIs are believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitterserotonin by limiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor. They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters. SSRIs show weak or negligible affinities for the noradrenaline and dopamine transporters.
SSRIs also lead to an increased level of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), and several other regulatory neuromodulators. Different SSRIs have different binding profiles, which lead to slightly different effects.[3]
Subjective effects
Physical effects
Sedationorstimulation - Some SSRIs are sedating (paroxetine and fluvoxamine), whereas some are mildly stimulating (sertraline and fluoxetine).
Decreased libido - Very common. Could persist as PSSD after discontinuation.[4]
Orgasm depression - This effect is dose-dependent and causes delayed orgasm, but in some people, especially older users, an SSRI can make one completely unable to reach orgasm. This is usually treated by either switching to a different antidepressant, or adding an NDRI such as bupropion. Short-acting SSRIs such as dapoxetine are approved drugs for premature ejaculation.
Pain relief - Some studies suggest they can be effective as analgesics (painkillers).[5]
SSRIs are capable of inconsistently inducing changes in visual perception - often during the beginning of treatment.
Most effects disappear after a few weeks of treatment but may reappear or become more prominent when combined with cannabis or amphetamines.
Citalopram is an SSRI sold under the brand name Celexa in the United States. Citalopram is indicated for the treatment of a major depressive disorder. Citalopram was approved in 1998 by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depressive disorder.[9] Citalopram is almost exclusively found as the hydrobromide salt, which is the only form approved by the FDA.[10]
Escitalopram
Escitalopram is an SSRI sold under the brand name Lexapro in the United States. Escitalopram is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. It is the s-enantiomer of citalopram, and both have similar efficacy. Escitalopram was FDA approved in 2002.[11] It is a newer SSRI with proved positive effects and less unwanted side effects. Escitalopram in combination with the use of stimulants such as cocaine or amfetamines, increases the risk for heart problems exponentially and thus is highly discouraged.
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine is an SSRI commonly sold under the brand name Prozac. Fluoxetine is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Fluoxetine is sometimes used in conjunction with olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic) to treat bipolar I disorder as well as treatment-resistant depression.[12] A single pill medication called Symbyax is a combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine.[13] Fluoxetine is on the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines, a list of medicines needed for a basic and effective health system.[14] Fluoxetine was first FDA approved in 1987.
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine is an SSRI that is used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. Fluvoxamine was first approved by the FDA in 1994.[15] Fluvoxamine has the greatest affinity for the σ1 (sigma-1) receptor, where it acts as an agonist, which may contribute to its biological effects.[16]
Paroxetine
Paroxetine is an SSRI that is sold under the brand name Paxil. Paroxetine is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and under the brand name Brisdelle, it is used to treat hot flashes related to menopause. Paroxetine was first approved by the FDA in 1992.[17]
Sertraline
Sertraline is an SSRI that is sold under the brand name Zoloft. Sertraline is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Sertraline was first FDA approved in 1991.[18] Unlike most SSRIs, sertraline has noticeable activity at the dopamine transporter protein[19] and could be considered a serotonin-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
Other SSRIs
Several other SSRIs have been developed and marketed. Dapoxetine is used in some countries to treat premature ejaculation. Indalpine and zimelidine were originally marketed but later withdrawn due to the emergence of Guillain–Barré syndrome, a serious neurological disease. Cericlamine and panuramine were developed but never marketed.[citation needed]
Drug interactions
A wide array of substances is contraindicated with SSRIs. Substances that increase extracellular serotonin may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, particularly substances like MDMA, dextromethorphan, tramadol and pethidine. Independent research should be done before taking any substances while on an SSRI to ensure there is no drug interaction. Some dietary supplements such as 5-HTP and St. John's Wort can lead to serotonin syndrome if taken in combination with an SSRI.
Some NSAID analgesics may increase the risk of excess bleeding in those who take SSRIs. NSAIDs include ibuprofen, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), and naproxen.
Most SSRIs inhibit the function of certain cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize other substances so that SSRIs may lead to an increased or decreased serum level of certain medications.
Combinations
Psychedelics - Due do the downregulation of 5-HT2A receptors caused by SSRIs, psychedelics can have a reduced effect. SSRIs also reduce the chance of having a bad trip due to its anxiolytic effects.
Cannabis - The anxiety and paranoia experienced on cannabis may be less intense, or not experienced at all.
Dextromethorphan - Dextromethorphan is a cough medicine which has a potential to cause serotonin syndrome in recreational doses. Combination with an SSRI is strongly discouraged.
Other antidepressants - Combining SSRIs with other antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs can result in serotonin syndrome and death.
↑Hashimoto, K. (September 2009). "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (3): 197–204. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. ISSN1875-6166.
↑Owens, J. M., Knight, D. L., Nemeroff, C. B. (August 2002). "[Second generation SSRIS: human monoamine transporter binding profile of escitalopram and R-fluoxetine]". L’Encephale. 28 (4): 350–355. ISSN0013-7006.
