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Motivation enhancement: Difference between revisions
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'''Motivation enhancement''' is an increased desire to perform tasks and accomplish goals in a productive manner.<ref name="Kjærsgaard2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kjærsgaard|first1=Torben|title=Enhancing Motivation by Use of Prescription Stimulants: The Ethics of Motivation Enhancement|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=4–10|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.990543}}</ref><ref name="IlievaFarah2013">{{cite journal|last1=Ilieva|first1=Irena P.|last2=Farah|first2=Martha J.|title=Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages|journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience|volume=7|year=2013|issn=1662-453X|doi=10.3389/fnins.2013.00198}}</ref><ref name="Nyholm2015">{{cite journal|last1=Nyholm|first1=Sven|title=Motivation-Enhancements and Domain-Specific Values|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=37–39|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.995313}}</ref> This includes tasks and goals that would normally be considered too monotonous or overwhelming to fully commit oneself to. | '''Motivation enhancement''' is defined as an increased desire to perform tasks and accomplish goals in a productive manner.<ref name="Kjærsgaard2015">{{cite journal|last1=Kjærsgaard|first1=Torben|title=Enhancing Motivation by Use of Prescription Stimulants: The Ethics of Motivation Enhancement|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=4–10|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.990543}}</ref><ref name="IlievaFarah2013">{{cite journal|last1=Ilieva|first1=Irena P.|last2=Farah|first2=Martha J.|title=Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages|journal=Frontiers in Neuroscience|volume=7|year=2013|issn=1662-453X|doi=10.3389/fnins.2013.00198}}</ref><ref name="Nyholm2015">{{cite journal|last1=Nyholm|first1=Sven|title=Motivation-Enhancements and Domain-Specific Values|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=37–39|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.995313}}</ref> This includes tasks and goals that would normally be considered too monotonous or overwhelming to fully commit oneself to. | ||
A number of factors (which often, but not always, co-occur) reflect or contribute to task motivation: namely, wanting to complete a task, enjoying it or being interested in it.<ref name="Nyholm2015"/> Motivation may also be supported by closely related factors, such as positive mood, alertness, energy, and the absence of anxiety. Although motivation is a state, there are trait-like differences in the motivational states that people typically bring to tasks, just as there are differences in cognitive ability.<ref name="IlievaFarah2013"/> | A number of factors (which often, but not always, co-occur) reflect or contribute to task motivation: namely, wanting to complete a task, enjoying it or being interested in it.<ref name="Nyholm2015" /> Motivation may also be supported by closely related factors, such as positive mood, alertness, energy, and the absence of anxiety. Although motivation is a state, there are trait-like differences in the motivational states that people typically bring to tasks, just as there are differences in cognitive ability.<ref name="IlievaFarah2013" /> | ||
Motivation enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[stimulation]] and [[thought acceleration]] in a manner which further increases one's productivity. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[amphetamine]],<ref name="IlievaFarah2013"/><ref name="Terbeck2013">{{cite journal|last1=Terbeck|first1=Sylvia|title=Why Students Bother Taking Adderall: Measurement Validity of Self-Reports|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=4|issue=1|year=2013|pages=21–22|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2012.762064}}</ref> [[methylphenidate]],<ref name="IlievaFarah2013"/> [[nicotine]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sagara|first1=H.|last2=Kitamura|first2=Y.|last3=Esumi|first3=S.|last4=Sendo|first4=T.|last5=Araki|first5=H.|last6=Gotima|first6=Y.|title=Motivational effects of nicotine as measured by the runway method using priming stimulation of intracranial self-stimulation behavior.|journal=Acta Med Okayama|volume=62|issue=4|year=2008|pages=227-233|issn=0386-300X|doi=10.18926/amo/30940}}</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref name="YoungGeyer2010">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Jared W.|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A.|title=Action of Modafinil—Increased Motivation Via the Dopamine Transporter Inhibition and D1 Receptors?|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=8|year=2010|pages=784–787|issn=00063223|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.015}}</ref> However, it may also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of certain [[opioid|opioids]],<ref name="Ting-A-Keevan der Kooy2012">{{cite journal|last1=Ting-A-Kee|first1=R.|last2=van der Kooy|first2=D.|title=The Neurobiology of Opiate Motivation|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=2|issue=10|year=2012|pages=a012096–a012096|issn=2157-1422|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a012096}}</ref><ref name="Riters2010">{{cite journal|last1=Riters|first1=Lauren V.|title=Evidence for opioid involvement in the motivation to sing|journal=Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy|volume=39|issue=2|year=2010|pages=141–150|issn=08910618|doi=10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.03.008}}</ref> and [[GABAergic|GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]].<ref name="Ting-A-Keevan der Kooy2012"/></onlyinclude> | Motivation enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[stimulation]] and [[thought acceleration]] in a manner which further increases one's productivity. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] and [[nootropic]] compounds, such as [[amphetamine]],<ref name="IlievaFarah2013" /><ref name="Terbeck2013">{{cite journal|last1=Terbeck|first1=Sylvia|title=Why Students Bother Taking Adderall: Measurement Validity of Self-Reports|journal=AJOB Neuroscience|volume=4|issue=1|year=2013|pages=21–22|issn=2150-7740|doi=10.1080/21507740.2012.762064}}</ref> [[methylphenidate]],<ref name="IlievaFarah2013" /> [[nicotine]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sagara|first1=H.|last2=Kitamura|first2=Y.|last3=Esumi|first3=S.|last4=Sendo|first4=T.|last5=Araki|first5=H.|last6=Gotima|first6=Y.|title=Motivational effects of nicotine as measured by the runway method using priming stimulation of intracranial self-stimulation behavior.|journal=Acta Med Okayama|volume=62|issue=4|year=2008|pages=227-233|issn=0386-300X|doi=10.18926/amo/30940}}</ref> and [[modafinil]].<ref name="YoungGeyer2010">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Jared W.|last2=Geyer|first2=Mark A.|title=Action of Modafinil—Increased Motivation Via the Dopamine Transporter Inhibition and D1 Receptors?|journal=Biological Psychiatry|volume=67|issue=8|year=2010|pages=784–787|issn=00063223|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.015}}</ref> However, it may also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of certain [[opioid|opioids]],<ref name="Ting-A-Keevan der Kooy2012">{{cite journal|last1=Ting-A-Kee|first1=R.|last2=van der Kooy|first2=D.|title=The Neurobiology of Opiate Motivation|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine|volume=2|issue=10|year=2012|pages=a012096–a012096|issn=2157-1422|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a012096}}</ref><ref name="Riters2010">{{cite journal|last1=Riters|first1=Lauren V.|title=Evidence for opioid involvement in the motivation to sing|journal=Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy|volume=39|issue=2|year=2010|pages=141–150|issn=08910618|doi=10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.03.008}}</ref> and [[GABAergic|GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]].<ref name="Ting-A-Keevan der Kooy2012" /></onlyinclude> | ||
===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include: | ||
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation Hedonic motivation (Wikipedia)] | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonic_motivation Hedonic motivation (Wikipedia)] | ||
===References=== | ===References=== | ||
<references/> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Enhancement]] [[Category:Effect]] | [[Category:Cognitive]] | ||
[[Category:Enhancement]] | |||
[[Category:Effect]] | |||
Revision as of 21:51, 15 January 2019
Motivation enhancement is defined as an increased desire to perform tasks and accomplish goals in a productive manner.[1][2][3] This includes tasks and goals that would normally be considered too monotonous or overwhelming to fully commit oneself to.
A number of factors (which often, but not always, co-occur) reflect or contribute to task motivation: namely, wanting to complete a task, enjoying it or being interested in it.[3] Motivation may also be supported by closely related factors, such as positive mood, alertness, energy, and the absence of anxiety. Although motivation is a state, there are trait-like differences in the motivational states that people typically bring to tasks, just as there are differences in cognitive ability.[2]
Motivation enhancement is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as stimulation and thought acceleration in a manner which further increases one's productivity. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of stimulant and nootropic compounds, such as amphetamine,[2][4] methylphenidate,[2] nicotine,[5] and modafinil.[6] However, it may also occur to a much lesser extent under the influence of certain opioids,[7][8] and GABAergic depressants.[7]
Psychoactive substances
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:
- 1P-ETH-LAD
- 1cP-AL-LAD
- 1cP-MiPLA
- 2,5-DMA
- 2-Aminoindane
- 2-FA
- 2-FEA
- 2-FMA
- 3,4-CTMP
- 3-FA
- 3-FEA
- 3-FMA
- 3-FPM
- 3-MMC
- 4-FA
- 4-FMA
- 4F-EPH
- 4F-MPH
- 5-APB
- 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- 5-MAPB
- 6-APB
- 6-APDB
- A-PHP
- A-PVP
- AL-LAD
- Adrafinil
- Alpha-GPC
- Amphetamine
- Aniracetam
- Armodafinil
- Baclofen
- Bromantane
- Caffeine
- Cocoa
- Coluracetam
- Creatine
- Cyclazodone
- Desoxypipradrol
- Dichloropane
- ETH-CAT
- Ephenidine
- Ephylone
- Ethylphenidate
- F-Phenibut
- GBL
- GHB
- Hexedrone
- Isopropylphenidate
- Kratom
See also
- Responsible use
- Subjective effects index
- Motivation suppression
- Stimulants - Subjective effects
- Psychedelics - Subjective effects
- Dissociatives - Subjective effects
- Deliriants - Subjective effects
External links
References
- ↑ Kjærsgaard, Torben (2015). "Enhancing Motivation by Use of Prescription Stimulants: The Ethics of Motivation Enhancement". AJOB Neuroscience. 6 (1): 4–10. doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.990543. ISSN 2150-7740.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ilieva, Irena P.; Farah, Martha J. (2013). "Enhancement stimulants: perceived motivational and cognitive advantages". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 7. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00198. ISSN 1662-453X.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nyholm, Sven (2015). "Motivation-Enhancements and Domain-Specific Values". AJOB Neuroscience. 6 (1): 37–39. doi:10.1080/21507740.2014.995313. ISSN 2150-7740.
- ↑ Terbeck, Sylvia (2013). "Why Students Bother Taking Adderall: Measurement Validity of Self-Reports". AJOB Neuroscience. 4 (1): 21–22. doi:10.1080/21507740.2012.762064. ISSN 2150-7740.
- ↑ Sagara, H.; Kitamura, Y.; Esumi, S.; Sendo, T.; Araki, H.; Gotima, Y. (2008). "Motivational effects of nicotine as measured by the runway method using priming stimulation of intracranial self-stimulation behavior". Acta Med Okayama. 62 (4): 227–233. doi:10.18926/amo/30940. ISSN 0386-300X.
- ↑ Young, Jared W.; Geyer, Mark A. (2010). "Action of Modafinil—Increased Motivation Via the Dopamine Transporter Inhibition and D1 Receptors?". Biological Psychiatry. 67 (8): 784–787. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.12.015. ISSN 0006-3223.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ting-A-Kee, R.; van der Kooy, D. (2012). "The Neurobiology of Opiate Motivation". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2 (10): a012096–a012096. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012096. ISSN 2157-1422.
- ↑ Riters, Lauren V. (2010). "Evidence for opioid involvement in the motivation to sing". Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy. 39 (2): 141–150. doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.03.008. ISSN 0891-0618.