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'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''Dimethoxybromoamphetamine''', '''Brolamfetamine''', '''Bromo-DMA''', and commonly as '''DOB''') is a [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class that produces unusually long-lived [[psychedelic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is a member of the [[DOx]] family of psychedelic amphetamines.
'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine''' (also known as '''dimethoxybromoamphetamine''', '''brolamfetamine''', '''bromo-DMA''', and commonly as '''DOB''') is a [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::amphetamine]] class that produces unusually long-lived [[psychedelic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is a member of the [[DOx]] family of psychedelic amphetamines.
While DOB had first been synthesized in 1967 and briefly tested in 1971, it took until the 1991 publication of the book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved") by [[Alexander Shulgin]] to be documented in-depth. The entry for it lists the dose range as 1.0 - 3.0 mg with a duration of 18-30 hours, with varying effects reported.<ref name="pihkalweb">Shulgin, A., & Shulgin, A. (1991). [https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal062.shtml Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - #62 DOB]. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</ref>
While DOB had first been synthesized in 1967 and briefly tested in 1971, it took until the 1991 publication of the book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved") by [[Alexander Shulgin]] to be documented in-depth. The entry for it lists the dose range as 1.0 - 3.0 mg with a duration of 18-30 hours, with varying effects reported.<ref name="pihkalweb">Shulgin, A., & Shulgin, A. (1991). [https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal062.shtml Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - #62 DOB]. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</ref>
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Today, DOB is used as a recreational drug and an [[entheogen]]. It is still rarely sold online but is more commonly found in the streets the form of misrepresented [[LSD]] due to its ability to fit onto similar-sized blotter paper.{{citation needed}}
Today, DOB is used as a recreational drug and an [[entheogen]]. It is still rarely sold online but is more commonly found in the streets the form of misrepresented [[LSD]] due to its ability to fit onto similar-sized blotter paper.{{citation needed}}
Despite the many decades that have passed since it was first reported, very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOB in humans. Along with its sensitive dose-response, unusually long and unpredictable duration, many reports also suggest that this substance may be overly difficult to use safely for those who are not already very experienced with using [[hallucinogens]]. Therefore it is highly advised to approach this unusually powerful and poorly understood [[psychedelic]] substance with the proper amount of precaution and harm reduction practices if choosing to use it.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOB in humans. Along with its sensitive dose-response, unusually long and unpredictable duration, many reports also suggest that this substance may be overly difficult to use safely for those who are not already very experienced with using [[hallucinogens]]. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Overdose===
A dangerous overdose on DOB can already start past 3.5 milligrams, although sensitive users may overdose at doses lower than these. DOB is theorized to be more toxic than [[DOI]], [[DOC]] or [[DOM]] in overdose due to more pronounced cardiovascular effects{{citation needed}}. Overdose effects typically include bizzare, [[delusion|delusional]] and sometimes violent behavior, [[amnesia]], [[tactile suppression|numbness]], [[confusion]] and [[anxiety]]. The user may not be able to communicate and can be severely agitated. At appropriately high doses, more serious side effects include [[panic attack]]s, [[seizures]], dangerously [[increased heart rate|elevated heart rate]], [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] and [[vasoconstriction]].{{citation needed}} Severe vasoconstriction typically develops to its peak several hours into the intoxication and may need medical assistance if blood flow is significantly cut off for extended periods of time.
In the event of an overdose, [[benzodiazepines]] can be administered to mitigate the hyperagitative effects.{{citation needed}} A powerful vasodilator may also need to be administered to prevent a hypertensive emergency, or in more serious cases, necrosis, organ failure and death from the resulting hypoxia.{{citation needed}} As a result, emergency medical services should always be sought in the event of a DOB overdose. The LD50 for DOB is unknown.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
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Tolerance to the effects of DOB is built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::4-7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7-10 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOB presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of DOB all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to the effects of DOB is built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::4-7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7-10 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOB presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of DOB all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
===Overdose===
The LD<sub>50</sub> for DOB is unknown. Anecdotal reports suggest that serious overdose on DOB can start past the 3.5 milligram mark, although this number may be less for sensitive users. Overdose effects typically include bizzare, [[delusion|delusional]] and sometimes violent behavior, [[amnesia]], [[tactile suppression|numbness]], [[confusion]] and [[anxiety]]. The user may not be able to communicate and can be severely agitated. At appropriately high doses, more serious side effects such as [[panic attack]]s, [[seizures]], dangerously [[increased heart rate|elevated heart rate]], [[increased blood pressure|blood pressure]] and [[vasoconstriction]] may occur.{{citation needed}} Severe vasoconstriction typically develops to its peak several hours into the intoxication and may require medical assistance if blood flow is significantly cut off for extended periods of time.
In the event of an overdose, [[benzodiazepines]] can be administered to mitigate the hyperagitative effects.{{citation needed}} A powerful vasodilator may also need to be administered to prevent a hypertensive emergency, or in more serious cases, necrosis, organ failure and death from the resulting hypoxia.{{citation needed}} As a result, emergency medical services should always be sought in the event of a DOB overdose.
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
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*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}}
*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}}
==Legality==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
Internationally, DOB is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20070302130637/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref>
*'''International:''' DOB is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20070302130637/http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdf</ref>
*'''Australia:''' DOB is listed as a Schedule II substance in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia:''' DOB is listed as Schedule II.{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria:''' DOB is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria:''' DOB is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Canada:''' It is listed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=1&structure=C</ref>
*'''Canada:''' DOB is listed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=1&structure=C</ref>
*'''Latvia:''' DOB is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' DOB is Schedule I (Class A) in New Zealand.{{citation needed}} DOB would also qualify as an analogue under New Zealand's catch-all analogues section in Schedule 3 / Class C of their drug laws which would make [[2C-I]], [[2C-E]], [[DOI]], [[DOB]], [[ephedrine]], and [[pseudoephedrine]] Schedule 3 compounds in the country.
*'''New Zealand:''' DOB is Schedule I (Class A) in New Zealand.{{citation needed}} DOB would also qualify as an analogue under New Zealand's catch-all analogues section in Schedule 3 / Class C of their drug laws which would make [[2C-I]], [[2C-E]], [[DOI]], [[DOB]], [[ephedrine]], and [[pseudoephedrine]] Schedule 3 compounds in the country.
*'''Poland:''' DOB is controlled in Poland.<ref>http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20111050614+2011%2406%2408&min=1</ref>
*'''Poland:''' DOB is controlled in Poland.<ref>http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20111050614+2011%2406%2408&min=1</ref>
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*'''United Kingdom:''' DOB is Schedule I/Class A in the U.K., making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess without a license.{{citation needed}}
*'''United Kingdom:''' DOB is Schedule I/Class A in the U.K., making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess without a license.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States:''' DOB is Schedule I in the U.S., making it illegal to sell, buy, gift, produce or possess without a DEA license.{{citation needed}}
*'''United States:''' DOB is Schedule I in the U.S., making it illegal to sell, buy, gift, produce or possess without a DEA license.{{citation needed}}
*'''Latvia:''' DOB is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine (also known as dimethoxybromoamphetamine, brolamfetamine, bromo-DMA, and commonly as DOB) is a psychedelic substance of the amphetamine class that produces unusually long-lived psychedelic effects when administered. It is a member of the DOx family of psychedelic amphetamines.
While DOB had first been synthesized in 1967 and briefly tested in 1971, it took until the 1991 publication of the book PiHKAL ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved") by Alexander Shulgin to be documented in-depth. The entry for it lists the dose range as 1.0 - 3.0 mg with a duration of 18-30 hours, with varying effects reported.[1]
Today, DOB is used as a recreational drug and an entheogen. It is still rarely sold online but is more commonly found in the streets the form of misrepresented LSD due to its ability to fit onto similar-sized blotter paper.[citation needed]
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of DOB in humans. Along with its sensitive dose-response, unusually long and unpredictable duration, many reports also suggest that this substance may be overly difficult to use safely for those who are not already very experienced with using hallucinogens. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
DOB or 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine is a molecule of the amphetamine class. Amphetamines are substituted phenethylamines containing a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain and a methyl group bound to the alpha carbon Rα. DOB contains methoxy functional groups OCH3 attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring. DOB is the amphetamine analogue of the phenethylamine 2C-B.[2]
DOB's psychedelic effects are believed to come from its efficacy at the 5-HT2A receptor as a partial agonist. Due to its selectivity, DOB is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. It has been suggested that DOB is a prodrug metabolized in the lungs.[3][4] DOB is an agonist at the Trace-Amine-Associated-Receptor-1 (TAAR1) which contributes to the Amphetamine-Like stimulation.[5]
Site
Binding Affinity (nM)
5-HT2A
0.6
5-HT2H
0.44
5-HT2L
59
5-HT2C
69
5-HT1A
3,700
5-HT1B
831
TAAR1
Missing Data
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - DOB is usually considered to be extremely stimulating at levels which do not become overwhelming and are encouraged instead of forced. This results in a shakiness and unsteadiness of the hands at high dosages, but encourages the person to move around, run, dance, climb and generally engage in physical activities. The level of stimulation varies between users with some people reporting it to be somewhat similar to amphetamine in its intensity and others reporting that it is extremely subtle even at higher dosages. In comparison, other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocin are generally sedating and relaxed.
Spontaneous bodily sensations - The "body high" of DOB is manifested as somewhat intense in comparison to most classical psychedelics such as LSD. The sensation itself can be described as a constantly present yet somewhat mild energetic pins and needles sensation that encompasses a person’s entire body. It is usually static in its position and felt over every square inch of the skin as if it was coming from behind the user's body. Occasionally, however, it manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves.
Nausea - Moderate to extreme nausea is typically reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
Drifting(melting, flowing, breathing and morphing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and unrealistic/cartoon-like in style.
DOB visual geometry can be described as more similar in appearance to that of LSD, 25I-NBOMe or 2C-B than that of ayahuasca, psilocin or DMT. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as intricate in complexity, algorithmic in form, synthetic in feel, brightly lit, multicoloured in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equally rounded and angular in its corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. Higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of Level 8A visual geometry over Level 8B.
Hallucinatory states
DOB is capable of producing a full range of low and high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is significantly less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics. These effects include:
The head space of DOB is described by many as one of mental stimulation and a powerful enhancement of a person's current mental state. Many users report that it may not be as deep as other traditional psychedelics such as LSD or psilocin and that it is comparatively empty regarding its insightfulness.
Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement - This component is inconsistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are much weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as MDMA and 2C-B, but still prove strong enough to provide therapeutic effects.
Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring but seems only to be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
Transpersonal states are reported to be less consistent and reproducible than on other psychedelics like LSD or psilocybin mushrooms. This can perhaps be attributed to the noticeable physical and stimulating effects that this substance produces, which tends to interfere with the ability for the user to immerse themselves in the experience fully.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational DOB use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown. This is because DOB is a research chemical with very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal reports from those who have tried DOB suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
DOB is not habit-forming, and the desire to use it can decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of DOB is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 4-7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 7-10 days to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOB presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all psychedelics]], meaning that after the consumption of DOB all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Overdose
The LD50 for DOB is unknown. Anecdotal reports suggest that serious overdose on DOB can start past the 3.5 milligram mark, although this number may be less for sensitive users. Overdose effects typically include bizzare, delusional and sometimes violent behavior, amnesia, numbness, confusion and anxiety. The user may not be able to communicate and can be severely agitated. At appropriately high doses, more serious side effects such as panic attacks, seizures, dangerously elevated heart rate, blood pressure and vasoconstriction may occur.[citation needed] Severe vasoconstriction typically develops to its peak several hours into the intoxication and may require medical assistance if blood flow is significantly cut off for extended periods of time.
In the event of an overdose, benzodiazepines can be administered to mitigate the hyperagitative effects.[citation needed] A powerful vasodilator may also need to be administered to prevent a hypertensive emergency, or in more serious cases, necrosis, organ failure and death from the resulting hypoxia.[citation needed] As a result, emergency medical services should always be sought in the event of a DOB overdose.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Tramadol - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold[6] and psychedelics may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.[citation needed]
Stimulants - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable anxiety, panic, thought loops and paranoia. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.[citation needed]
Lithium - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its glutaminergic and GABAergic effects.[citation needed]
Legal status
Internationally, DOB is a Schedule I drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[7]
Australia: DOB is listed as a Schedule II substance in Australia.[citation needed]
Austria: DOB is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).[citation needed]
Canada: DOB is listed as a Schedule 1 as it is an analogue of amphetamine.[8]
Latvia: DOB is a Schedule I controlled substance.[9]
New Zealand: DOB is Schedule I (Class A) in New Zealand.[citation needed] DOB would also qualify as an analogue under New Zealand's catch-all analogues section in Schedule 3 / Class C of their drug laws which would make 2C-I, 2C-E, DOI, DOB, ephedrine, and pseudoephedrine Schedule 3 compounds in the country.
↑Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161089
↑Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086
