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Emotion suppression: Difference between revisions

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Refs: Better sources, sources for different drugs causing this effect. Replaced example with one from paper.
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'''Emotion suppression''' (also known as '''flat affect''', '''apathy''', or '''emotional blunting''') is a flattening or decrease in the intensity of one's current emotional state below normal levels.<ref name="Ueda2016">Ueda, S., Sakayori, T., Omori, A., Fukuta, H., Kobayashi, T., Ishizaka, K., ... & Okubo, Y. (2016). Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome in bipolar disorder with psychosis. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 12, 265. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S99577</ref><ref>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 607. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm17</ref><ref>Gur, R. E., Kohler, C. G., Ragland, J. D., Siegel, S. J., Lesko, K., Bilker, W. B., & Gur, R. C. (2006). Flat affect in schizophrenia: relation to emotion processing and neurocognitive measures. Schizophrenia bulletin, 32(2), 279-287. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbj041</ref> This dulls or suppresses the genuine emotions that a person was already feeling prior to ingesting the drug. For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may begin to feel very apathetic, neutral, uncaring, and emotionally blank. This also impacts the degree to which the person will express their emotional state through body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions.
'''Emotion suppression''' (also known as '''flat affect''', '''apathy''', or '''emotional blunting''') is a flattening or decrease in the intensity of one's current emotional state below normal levels.<ref name="UedaSakayori2016">{{cite journal|last1=Ueda|first1=Satoshi|last2=Sakayori|first2=Takeshi|last3=Omori|first3=Ataru|last4=Fukuta|first4=Hajime|last5=Kobayashi|first5=Takashi|last6=Ishizaka|first6=Kousuke|last7=Saijo|first7=Tomoyuki|last8=Okubo|first8=Yoshiro|title=Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome in bipolar disorder with psychosis|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|year=2016|pages=265|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S99577}}</ref><ref name="DSM5NeurocognitiveDisorders">{{cite journal|title=Neurocognitive Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=609|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm17}}</ref><ref name="GurKohler2006">{{cite journal|last1=Gur|first1=R. E|last2=Kohler|first2=C. G|last3=Ragland|first3=J D.|last4=Siegel|first4=S. J|last5=Lesko|first5=K.|last6=Bilker|first6=W. B|last7=Gur|first7=R. C|title=Flat Affect in Schizophrenia: Relation to Emotion Processing and Neurocognitive Measures|journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin|volume=32|issue=2|year=2006|pages=279–287|issn=0586-7614|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbj041}}</ref> This dulls or suppresses the genuine emotions that a person was already feeling prior to ingesting the drug. For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may begin to feel very apathetic, neutral, uncaring, and emotionally blank. This also impacts the degree to which the person will express their emotional state through body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions.


It is worth noting that although a reduction in the intensity of one's emotions may be beneficial at times (e.g., the blunting of an anger response in a volatile patient), it may be detrimental at other times (e.g., emotional indifference at the funeral of a close family member).<ref name="Sansone2010">Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). SSRI-induced indifference. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(10), 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989833/</ref>
It is worth noting that although a reduction in the intensity of one's emotions may be beneficial at times (e.g., the blunting of an anger response in a volatile patient), it may be detrimental at other times (e.g., emotional indifference at the funeral of a close family member).<ref name="Sansone2010">Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). SSRI-induced indifference. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(10), 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989833/</ref>


Emotion suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[motivation suppression]], [[thought deceleration]], and [[analysis suppression]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]].<ref name="Ueda2016"/><ref>Moncrieff, J., Cohen, D., & Mason, J. P. (2009). The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic medication: a content analysis of Internet data. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 120(2), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01356.x</ref> However, it can also occur in less consistent form under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>Vollenweider, F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 3(4), 265. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181663/</ref><ref>Micallef, J., Tardieu, S., Gentile, S., Fakra, E., Jouve, E., Sambuc, R., & Blin, O. (2003). Effects of a subanaesthetic dose of ketamine on emotional and behavioral state in healthy subjects. Neurophysiologie clinique= Clinical neurophysiology, 33(3), 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0987-7053(03)00028-5</ref> [[SSRI|SSRI's]],<ref name="Sansone2010"/><ref>Bolling, M. Y., & Kohlenberg, R. J. (2004). Reasons for quitting serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy: paradoxical psychological side effects and patient satisfaction. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 73(6), 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1159/000080392</ref> and [[GABAergic|GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Oscar-Berman, M., & Bowirrat, A. (2005). Genetic influences in emotional dysfunction and alcoholism-related brain damage. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 1(3), 211. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2416753/</ref>.
Emotion suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[motivation suppression]], [[thought deceleration]], and [[analysis suppression]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]], [[haloperidol]], and [[risperidone]].<ref name="UedaSakayori2016"/><ref name="MoncrieffCohen2009">{{cite journal|last1=Moncrieff|first1=J.|last2=Cohen|first2=D.|last3=Mason|first3=J. P.|title=The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic medication: a content analysis of Internet data|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=120|issue=2|year=2009|pages=102–111|issn=0001690X|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01356.x}}</ref> However, it can also occur in less consistent form under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>Vollenweider, F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 3(4), 265. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181663/</ref><ref name="MicallefTardieu2003">{{cite journal|last1=Micallef|first1=J|last2=Tardieu|first2=S|last3=Gentile|first3=S|last4=Fakra|first4=E|last5=Jouve|first5=E|last6=Sambuc|first6=R|last7=Blin|first7=O|title=Évaluation psychocomportementale de l’administration de faible dose de kétamine chez le sujet sain|journal=Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=33|issue=3|year=2003|pages=138–147|issn=09877053|doi=10.1016/S0987-7053(03)00028-5}}</ref> [[SSRI|SSRI's]],<ref name="Sansone2010"/><ref name="BollingKohlenberg2004">{{cite journal|last1=Bolling|first1=Madelon Y.|last2=Kohlenberg|first2=Robert J.|title=Reasons for Quitting Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Therapy: Paradoxical Psychological Side Effects and Patient Satisfaction|journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics|volume=73|issue=6|year=2004|pages=380–385|issn=0033-3190|doi=10.1159/000080392}}</ref> and [[GABAergic|GABAergic]] [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>Oscar-Berman, M., & Bowirrat, A. (2005). Genetic influences in emotional dysfunction and alcoholism-related brain damage. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 1(3), 211. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2416753/</ref>.
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===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===

Revision as of 00:19, 8 September 2018

Emotion suppression (also known as flat affect, apathy, or emotional blunting) is a flattening or decrease in the intensity of one's current emotional state below normal levels.[1][2][3] This dulls or suppresses the genuine emotions that a person was already feeling prior to ingesting the drug. For example, an individual who is currently feeling somewhat anxious or emotionally unstable may begin to feel very apathetic, neutral, uncaring, and emotionally blank. This also impacts the degree to which the person will express their emotional state through body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions.

It is worth noting that although a reduction in the intensity of one's emotions may be beneficial at times (e.g., the blunting of an anger response in a volatile patient), it may be detrimental at other times (e.g., emotional indifference at the funeral of a close family member).[4]

Emotion suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as motivation suppression, thought deceleration, and analysis suppression. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of antipsychotic compounds, such as quetiapine, haloperidol, and risperidone.[1][5] However, it can also occur in less consistent form under the influence of heavy dosages of dissociatives,[6][7] SSRI's,[4][8] and GABAergic depressants[9].

Psychoactive substances

Substances which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ueda, Satoshi; Sakayori, Takeshi; Omori, Ataru; Fukuta, Hajime; Kobayashi, Takashi; Ishizaka, Kousuke; Saijo, Tomoyuki; Okubo, Yoshiro (2016). "Neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome in bipolar disorder with psychosis". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment: 265. doi:10.2147/NDT.S99577. ISSN 1178-2021. 
  2. ↑ "Neurocognitive Disorders". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 609. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm17. 
  3. ↑ Gur, R. E; Kohler, C. G; Ragland, J D.; Siegel, S. J; Lesko, K.; Bilker, W. B; Gur, R. C (2006). "Flat Affect in Schizophrenia: Relation to Emotion Processing and Neurocognitive Measures". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 32 (2): 279–287. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj041. ISSN 0586-7614. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). SSRI-induced indifference. Psychiatry (Edgmont), 7(10), 14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989833/
  5. ↑ Moncrieff, J.; Cohen, D.; Mason, J. P. (2009). "The subjective experience of taking antipsychotic medication: a content analysis of Internet data". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 120 (2): 102–111. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01356.x. ISSN 0001-690X. 
  6. ↑ Vollenweider, F. X. (2001). Brain mechanisms of hallucinogens and entactogens. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 3(4), 265. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181663/
  7. ↑ Micallef, J; Tardieu, S; Gentile, S; Fakra, E; Jouve, E; Sambuc, R; Blin, O (2003). "Évaluation psychocomportementale de l'administration de faible dose de kétamine chez le sujet sain". Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 33 (3): 138–147. doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(03)00028-5. ISSN 0987-7053. 
  8. ↑ Bolling, Madelon Y.; Kohlenberg, Robert J. (2004). "Reasons for Quitting Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Therapy: Paradoxical Psychological Side Effects and Patient Satisfaction". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 73 (6): 380–385. doi:10.1159/000080392. ISSN 0033-3190. 
  9. ↑ Oscar-Berman, M., & Bowirrat, A. (2005). Genetic influences in emotional dysfunction and alcoholism-related brain damage. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 1(3), 211. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2416753/
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