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'''Delirium''' can be described as a general decrease within various aspects of one's normal levels of cognitive functioning. This typically includes fluctuating [[memory suppression|attentional deficits]] and a generally severe [[thought disorganization|disorganization of behavior]]. It can also involve other symptoms such as changes in energy levels, deficits in perception, an altered sleep-wake cycle, [[external hallucinations|hallucinations]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]].<ref>Delirum definition ( | '''Delirium''' can be described as a general decrease within various aspects of one's normal levels of cognitive functioning. This typically includes fluctuating [[memory suppression|attentional deficits]] and a generally severe [[thought disorganization|disorganization of behavior]]. It can also involve other symptoms such as changes in energy levels, deficits in perception, an altered sleep-wake cycle, [[external hallucinations|hallucinations]], [[delusions]], and [[psychosis]].<ref>Delirum definition (Merriam Webster Dictionary) | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delirium</ref><ref>What is delirium? (Psychology Dictionary) | https://psychologydictionary.org/delirium/</ref><ref>Delirium (PsychologyToday) | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/delirium</ref> | ||
Delirium may present itself in three distinct forms. These are referred to in the scientific literature as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed forms.<ref>Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment ( | Delirium may present itself in three distinct forms. These are referred to in the scientific literature as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed forms.<ref>Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2009). Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nature Reviews Neurology, 5(4), 210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrneurol.2009.24</ref> In its hyperactive form, it is manifested as severe confusion and disorientation, with a sudden onset and a fluctuating intensity.<ref>Delirium (mayoclinic.org) | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/basics/symptoms/con-20033982</ref> In its hypoactive (i.e. underactive) form, it is manifested by an equally sudden withdrawal from interaction with the outside world accompanied by symptoms such as drowsiness and general inactivity.<ref>Hosker, C., & Ward, D. (2017). Hypoactive delirium. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 357. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j2047</ref> Delirium may also occur in a mixed type in which one can fluctuate between both hyper and hypoactive periods. | ||
Delirium is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[deliriant]] compounds, such as [[DPH]],<ref>Acute delirium associated with combined diphenhydramine and linezolid use ( | Delirium is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[deliriant]] compounds, such as [[DPH]],<ref>Serio, R. N. (2004). Acute delirium associated with combined diphenhydramine and linezolid use. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38(1), 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1D018</ref> [[datura]],<ref>Hanna, J. P., Schmidley, J. W., & Braselton, J. W. (1992). Datura delirium. Clinical neuropharmacology, 15(2), 109-113. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1591736</ref> and [[benzydamine]]. However, it can also occur as a result of an extremely wide range of health problems such as urinary tract infections,<ref>Balogun, S. A., & Philbrick, J. T. (2014). Delirium, a symptom of UTI in the elderly: fact or fable? a systematic review. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 17(1), 22. https://dx.doi.org/10.5770%2Fcgj.17.90</ref> influenza,<ref>Manjunatha, N., Math, S. B., Kulkarni, G. B., & Chaturvedi, S. K. (2011). The neuropsychiatric aspects of influenza/swine flu: A selective review. Industrial psychiatry journal, 20(2), 83. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-6748.102479</ref> and alzheimer’s.<ref>Lerner, A. J., Hedera, P., Koss, E., Stuckey, J., & Friedland, R. P. (1997). Delirium in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 11(1), 16-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9071440</ref> | ||
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===Psychoactive substances=== | ===Psychoactive substances=== | ||
Revision as of 20:28, 16 July 2018
Delirium can be described as a general decrease within various aspects of one's normal levels of cognitive functioning. This typically includes fluctuating attentional deficits and a generally severe disorganization of behavior. It can also involve other symptoms such as changes in energy levels, deficits in perception, an altered sleep-wake cycle, hallucinations, delusions, and psychosis.[1][2][3]
Delirium may present itself in three distinct forms. These are referred to in the scientific literature as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed forms.[4] In its hyperactive form, it is manifested as severe confusion and disorientation, with a sudden onset and a fluctuating intensity.[5] In its hypoactive (i.e. underactive) form, it is manifested by an equally sudden withdrawal from interaction with the outside world accompanied by symptoms such as drowsiness and general inactivity.[6] Delirium may also occur in a mixed type in which one can fluctuate between both hyper and hypoactive periods.
Delirium is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of deliriant compounds, such as DPH,[7] datura,[8] and benzydamine. However, it can also occur as a result of an extremely wide range of health problems such as urinary tract infections,[9] influenza,[10] and alzheimer’s.[11]
Psychoactive substances
Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:
- 3-MMC
- 4-FA
- Benzydamine
- Datura
- Desoxypipradrol
- Diphenhydramine
- Eszopiclone
- MDMA
- Promethazine
- Tizanidine
- Zopiclone
See also
- Responsible use
- Psychosis
- Deliriants - Subjective effects
- Dissociatives - Subjective effects
- Psychedelics - Subjective effects
External links
References
- ↑ Delirum definition (Merriam Webster Dictionary) | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/delirium
- ↑ What is delirium? (Psychology Dictionary) | https://psychologydictionary.org/delirium/
- ↑ Delirium (PsychologyToday) | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/delirium
- ↑ Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2009). Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nature Reviews Neurology, 5(4), 210. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrneurol.2009.24
- ↑ Delirium (mayoclinic.org) | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delirium/basics/symptoms/con-20033982
- ↑ Hosker, C., & Ward, D. (2017). Hypoactive delirium. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 357. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j2047
- ↑ Serio, R. N. (2004). Acute delirium associated with combined diphenhydramine and linezolid use. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 38(1), 62-65. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1D018
- ↑ Hanna, J. P., Schmidley, J. W., & Braselton, J. W. (1992). Datura delirium. Clinical neuropharmacology, 15(2), 109-113. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1591736
- ↑ Balogun, S. A., & Philbrick, J. T. (2014). Delirium, a symptom of UTI in the elderly: fact or fable? a systematic review. Canadian Geriatrics Journal, 17(1), 22. https://dx.doi.org/10.5770%2Fcgj.17.90
- ↑ Manjunatha, N., Math, S. B., Kulkarni, G. B., & Chaturvedi, S. K. (2011). The neuropsychiatric aspects of influenza/swine flu: A selective review. Industrial psychiatry journal, 20(2), 83. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-6748.102479
- ↑ Lerner, A. J., Hedera, P., Koss, E., Stuckey, J., & Friedland, R. P. (1997). Delirium in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders, 11(1), 16-20. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9071440