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'''25I-NBOMe''' (also known as '''2C-I-NBOMe''', '''Cimbi-5''' and '''N-Bomb''', although this term is used broadly to refer to the entire [[25x-NBOMe]] family) is novel synthetic [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class. It produces an array of visually-dominant and stimulating [[psychedelic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]].
The name 25I-NBOMe, which short-hand for 2C-I-NBOMe, is a derivative of the phenethylamine psychedelic [[2C-I]]. It first synthesized and documented in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin,<ref name="Ralf Heim PhD. (2010-02-28)">Ralf Heim PhD. (2010-02-28) "Synthese und Pharmakologie potenter 5-HT2A-Rezeptoragonisten mit N-2-Methoxybenzyl-Partialstruktur. Entwicklung eines neuen Struktur-Wirkungskonzepts." | http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000001221 (in German). diss.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 2013-05-10.</ref> and subsequently investigated by a team at Purdue University led by [[David E. Nichols|David Nichols]].<ref name="Michael Robert Braden PhD. (2007)">Michael Robert Braden PhD. (2007). "Towards a biophysical understanding of hallucinogen action." | http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=01-23-2014&FMT=7&DID=1417800971&RQT=309&attempt=1&cfc=1 Purdue University. Retrieved 2012-08-08.</ref> It has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174090</ref><ref>http://bitnest.ca/external.php?id=%2518%253A3%25172%251BE%2524K%255BG%2521%2524%257D%2504%2504V</ref>
'''25I-NBOMe''' (also known as '''2C-I-NBOMe''', '''NBOMe-2C-I''', '''Cimbi-5''', '''Smiles''', and one of many drugs referred to as '''N-Bomb''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class that produces an array of visually-dominant and stimulating [[psychedelic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]].
It is worth noting that compounds of the [[25x-NBOMe|NBOMe]] family are not [[orally]] active and should be administered [[sublingual|sublingually]] by placing and holding it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes.
The name 25I-NBOMe, which short-hand for 2C-I-NBOMe, is a derivative of the phenethylamine psychedelic [[2C-I]]. It was first synthesized and documented in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin.<ref name="Ralf Heim PhD. (2010-02-28)">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Heim, R.)) | title=Synthese und Pharmakologie potenter 5-HT2A-Rezeptoragonisten mit N-2 -Methoxybenzyl-Partialstruktur: Entwicklung eines neuen Struktur-Wirkungskonzepts | date= 2004 | url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/11995 | doi=10.17169/refubium-16193 | access-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> It was further researched by a team at Purdue University led by [[David E. Nichols|David Nichols]].<ref name="Michael Robert Braden PhD. (2007)">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Braden, M. R.)) | journal=Theses and Dissertations Available from ProQuest | title=Towards a biophysical understanding of hallucinogen action | pages=1–176 | date=1 January 2007 | url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?Ver=1&Exp=01-23-2014&FMT=7&DID=1417800971&RQT=309&attempt=1&cfc=1 | access-date=8 August 2012}}
</ref> It has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).<ref name="Ettrup2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ettrup, A.)), ((Hansen, M.)), ((Santini, M. A.)), ((Paine, J.)), ((Gillings, N.)), ((Palner, M.)), ((Lehel, S.)), ((Herth, M. M.)), ((Madsen, J.)), ((Kristensen, J.)), ((Begtrup, M.)), ((Knudsen, G. M.)) | journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging | title=Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT (2A) agonist PET tracers | volume=38 | issue=4 | pages=681–693 | date= April 2011 | issn=1619-7089 | doi=10.1007/s00259-010-1686-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hansen, M.)) | date= 2010 | title=Design and synthesis of selective serotonin receptor agonists for positron emission tomography imaging of the brain: PhD thesis | publisher=Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen | isbn=9788792719003}}</ref>
Extremely little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 25I-NBOMe in humans. It had no history of human use before being sold online as a [[designer drug]] in 2010.{{citation needed}}. It has been associated with many deaths and hospitalizations. Anecdotal reports suggest that this substance may be difficult to use safely due to its highly sensitive dose-response and unpredictable effects
It is worth noting that compounds of the [[25x-NBOMe|NBOMe]] family (any of which could be referred to as "N-Bomb", especially 25I-NBOMe and [[25N-NBOMe]]) should be administered [[sublingual|sublingually]] by placing and holding it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes.
Extremely little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 25I-NBOMe in humans. It had no history of human use before being sold online as a [[designer drug]] in 2010.{{citation needed}}. It has been associated with many deaths and hospitalizations. Anecdotal reports suggest that this substance may be difficult to use safely due to its highly sensitive dose-response and unpredictable effects.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
25I-NBOMe has efficacy at the [[serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] where it acts as a potent [[Agonist#Agonists|full agonist]]. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive.
25I-NBOMe has efficacy at the [[serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] where it acts as a Full [[Agonist#Agonists|agonist]].<ref name="Ettrup2011" /> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive.
This compound is pharmacologically unique when compared to other psychedelics through its action on [[serotonin]] receptors. It is one of the only [[Agonist#Agonists|full agonists]] for the human [[Serotonin#The 5-HT system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor]] receptor in existence.<ref name="pmid21174090">Ettrup, A. E. A.; Hansen, M.; Santini, M. A.; Paine, J.; Gillings, N.; Palner, M.; Lehel, S.; Herth, M. M.; Madsen, J. (2010). "Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT2A agonist PET tracers". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 38 (4): 681–693. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174090</ref> In comparison, classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]], [[DMT]] and [[psilocin]] can only be considered [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonists]].
Among psychedelics, this compound is considered to be pharmacologically unique in terms of the high potency, affinity, and selectivity with which it binds to the 5-HT2a receptor.<ref name="Ettrup2011" /> Contrary to popular belief, it is not a "full agonist"{{citation needed}}, although questions have been raised about how the effects it produces differ from other 5-HT2a partial agonists, which include the range of traditional psychedelics.
The Ki values of the following targets were greater than 500 Ki: 5-HT1A, D3, H2, 5-HT1D, α1A adrenergic, δ opioid, serotonin reuptake transporter, 5-HT5A, 5-HT1B, D2, 5-HT7, D1, 5-HT3, 5-HT1E, D5, muscarinic M1-M5, H3, and the dopamine reuptake transporter.<ref name="high specific">High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18468904</ref>
The Ki values of the following targets were greater than 500 Ki: 5-HT1A, D3, H2, 5-HT1D, α1A adrenergic, δ opioid, serotonin reuptake transporter, 5-HT5A, 5-HT1B, D2, 5-HT7, D1, 5-HT3, 5-HT1E, D5, muscarinic M1-M5, H3, and the dopamine reuptake transporter.<ref name="high specific">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nichols, D. E.)), ((Frescas, S. P.)), ((Chemel, B. R.)), ((Rehder, K. S.)), ((Zhong, D.)), ((Lewin, A. H.)) | journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry | title=High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand | volume=16 | issue=11 | pages=6116–6123 | date=1 June 2008 | issn=1464-3391 | doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.050}}</ref>
|+ Ki-values<ref>Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT (2A) agonist PET tracers. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174090</ref><ref name="high specific" />
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" itself can be described as a mild, all-encompassing, soft but euphoric tingling sensation. This tingling sensation is also accompanied by spontaneous rushes of [[Physical euphoria|euphoria]] that become longer and more drawn out proportional to the dosage consumed.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" itself can be described as a mild, all-encompassing, soft but euphoric tingling sensation. This tingling sensation is also accompanied by spontaneous rushes of [[Physical euphoria|euphoria]] that become longer and more drawn out proportional to the dosage consumed.
*'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' - Assuming the substance has been taken [[sublingual]]ly, the very first physical effect which a person will notice immediately after sublingual absorption is a strong, unpleasant metallic chemical taste. This is accompanied by a very distinct feeling of general numbness of the tongue and mouth which can stay for up to an hour after the blotter paper has been consumed.
*'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' - Assuming the substance has been taken [[sublingual]]ly, the very first physical effect which a person will notice immediately after sublingual absorption is a strong, unpleasant metallic chemical taste. This is accompanied by a very distinct feeling of general numbness of the tongue and mouth which can stay for up to an hour after the blotter paper has been consumed.
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - As the user begins to come up, nausea is not uncommon and can sometimes result in initial vomiting, although nausea usually disappears when the user has vomited or the trip fully set in. In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[psilocin]], [[LSD]], [[2C-E]] and [[2C-I]], this could actually be considered very mild in its intensity.
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - As the user begins to come up, nausea is not uncommon and can sometimes result in initial vomiting, although nausea usually disappears when the user has vomited or the trip fully set in. In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[psilocin]], [[2C-E]] and [[2C-I]], this could actually be considered very mild in its intensity.
*'''[[Effect::Seizures]]'''- This effect is far more common in doses exceeding a heavy dose and may manifest as status epilepticus wherein seizures last more than 5 minutes or do not stop without medical intervention
*'''[[Effect::Rhabdomyolysis]]'''
}}
}}
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====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
The visual geometry produced by this substance is similiar to [[LSD]] and can be comprehensively described as algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, fine and zoomed out in detail, fast and smooth in motion, structured in shape, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp around the edges and equally angular as well as rounded across their corners. In comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics they can be described as significantly more intricate than the visual geometry found within [[2C-I]] and most of the [[2C-x]] family in general as well as completely on par with [[LSD]], [[Psilocin]] and [[DMT]] at appropriately high dosages.
The visual geometry produced by this substance is similar to [[LSD]] and can be comprehensively described as algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, fine and zoomed out in detail, fast and smooth in motion, structured in shape, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp around the edges and equally angular as well as rounded across their corners. In comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics they can be described as significantly more intricate than the visual geometry found within [[2C-I]] and most of the [[2C-x]] family in general as well as completely on par with [[LSD]], [[Psilocin]] and [[DMT]] at appropriately high dosages.
25I-NBOMe’s geometry leads reliably leads to [[Effect::8A Geometry|Level 8A]] visual geometry with [[Level 8B]] remaining so far unconfirmed. It seems to consistently be able to build up in visual intensity when the user stares at a central point. This eventually envelops the visual field and creates the sensation that the tripper has broken through into a continuously shifting geometric landscape or structure with a vast sense of immersive physical size attributed to it.
25I-NBOMe’s geometry leads reliably leads to [[Effect::8A Geometry|Level 8A]] visual geometry with [[Level 8B]] remaining so far unconfirmed. It seems to consistently be able to build up in visual intensity when the user stares at a central point. This eventually envelops the visual field and creates the sensation that the tripper has broken through into a continuously shifting geometric landscape or structure with a vast sense of immersive physical size attributed to it.
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*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]''' - This component is an uncommon effect that typically only occurs at very strong to heavy doses. It also tends to be accompanied by overwhelming if not dangerous physical and cognitive effects.
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]''' - This component is an uncommon effect that typically only occurs at very strong to heavy doses. It also tends to be accompanied by overwhelming if not dangerous physical and cognitive effects.
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' - (''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]''). These are more common within dark environments and can be described as lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - (''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]''). These are more common within dark environments and can be described as lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
}}
}}
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*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotionality enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::HPPD]]'''
}}
}}
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}}
}}
}}
}}
==Experience reports==
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] has not yet been determined although it is [[Toxicity::potentially fatal at heavy dosages]].<ref>"Fatalities / Deaths". Erowid. April 26 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013. | http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml</ref> [[PsychonautWiki]] advises that due to 25I-NBOMe's extreme potency it should not be insufflated as this method of administration appears to have led to several deaths in the past year.<ref>http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome.shtml/</ref>
'''Short-term as well as long-term damage of NBOMes have been occasionally tied to serious physical and mental problems on seemingly random people, including memory and speech difficulties, heart problems, HPPD and in some cases Anxiety and PTSD, from particularly difficult experiences.'''
25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The [[LD50|LD<sub>50</sub>]] has not yet been determined although it is [[Toxicity::potentially fatal at heavy dosages]].<ref name="25Ifatal">{{Citation | title=Erowid 25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Vault : Fatalities / Deaths | url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2ci_nbome/2ci_nbome_death.shtml}}</ref> [[PsychonautWiki]] advises that due to 25I-NBOMe's extreme potency it should not be insufflated as this method of administration appears to have led to several deaths in the past year.
This substance came to media attention in early 2012 after a cluster of seven non-fatal [[overdose]]s with the drug were reported in or around Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="Kids overdosing on new drug"> "Kids overdosing on new drug. Laura Geller, WWBT NBC12, Feb 18, 2012 | http://www.nbc12.com/story/16964534/kids-overdosing-on-new-drug</ref><ref name="New street drug"> New street drug causing concern among medics. Vanessa Araiza, WBRC, Feb 28, 2012 | http://www.wsfa.com/story/16977573/new-street-drug-causing-concern-among-medics</ref> As of May 2013, 25I-NBOMe has reportedly led to five overdose deaths in the United States.<ref> New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops | http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-synthetic-hallucinogen-n-bomb-killing-users-cops-article-1.1336327</ref> In June 2012, two teens in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota fatally overdosed on a substance that was allegedly 25I-NBOMe, resulting in lengthy sentences for two of the parties involved and a Federal indictment against the Texas-based online vendor.<ref> Breaking Bad: Digital Drug Sales, Analog Drug Deaths. Craig Malisow, Houston Press, March 13, 2013 | http://www.houstonpress.com/2013-03-14/news/motion-research-charles-carlton/</ref>
This substance came to media attention in early 2012 after a cluster of seven non-fatal [[overdose]]s with the drug were reported in or around Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="Kids overdosing on new drug">{{Citation | vauthors=((Geller, L.)) | year=2012 | title=Kids overdosing on new drug | publisher=WWBT NBC12 | url=https://www.nbc12.com/story/16964534/kids-overdosing-on-new-drug}}</ref><ref name="New street drug"> New street drug causing concern among medics. Vanessa Araiza, WBRC, Feb 28, 2012, | http://www.wsfa.com/story/16977573/new-street-drug-causing-concern-among-medics</ref> As of May 2013, 25I-NBOMe has reportedly led to five overdose deaths in the United States.<ref><nowiki>{{Citation | title=New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops | url=</nowiki>https://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/new-synthetic-hallucinogen-n-bomb-killing-users-cops-article-1.1336327</ref> In June 2012, two teens in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota fatally overdosed on a substance that was allegedly 25I-NBOMe, resulting in lengthy sentences for two of the parties involved and a Federal indictment against the Texas-based online vendor.<ref> Breaking Bad: Digital Drug Sales, Analog Drug Deaths. Craig Malisow, Houston Press, March 13, 2013 | http://www.houstonpress.com/2013-03-14/news/motion-research-charles-carlton/</ref>
A 21-year-old man from Little Rock, Arkansas died in October 2012 after taking a liquid drop of the drug nasally at a music festival. He was reported to have consumed caffeinated alcoholic beverages for "several hours" beforehand. It is unclear what other drugs he may have consumed, as autopsies generally do not test for the presence of research chemicals.<ref name="21 yr old dies"> 21-year-old dies after one drop of new synthetic drug at Voodoo Fest. Naomi Martin, NOLA, November 1, 2012 | http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/11/21-year-old_dies_after_one_dro.html#incart_m-rpt-2/</ref>
A 21-year-old man from Little Rock, Arkansas died in October 2012 after taking a liquid drop of the drug nasally at a music festival. He was reported to have consumed caffeinated alcoholic beverages for "several hours" beforehand. It is unclear what other drugs he may have consumed, as autopsies usually do not test for the presence of research chemicals.<ref name="21 yr old dies">{{Citation | vauthors=((Martin, N.)) | year=2012 | title=21-year-old dies after one drop of new synthetic drug at Voodoo Fest | publisher=NOLA | url=https://www.nola.com/news/crime_police/article_526a4b28-8e79-5b4c-8310-637c946b616c.html}}</ref>
A man in Australia died from injuries sustained by running into trees and power poles while intoxicated by 25I-NBOMe.<ref name="Australia death"> New hallucinogenic drug 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe led to South Australian man's bizarre death | http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/new-hallucinogenic-drug-25b-nbome-and-25i-nbome-led-to-south-australian-mans-bizarre-death/story-e6frea83-1226472672220/</ref>
A man in Australia died from injuries sustained by running into trees and power poles while intoxicated by 25I-NBOMe.<ref name="Australia death"> New hallucinogenic drug 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe led to South Australian man's bizarre death | http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/new-hallucinogenic-drug-25b-nbome-and-25i-nbome-led-to-south-australian-mans-bizarre-death/story-e6frea83-1226472672220/</ref>
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25I-NBOMe is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
25I-NBOMe is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of 25I-NBOMe are built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::1 week]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 25I-NBOMe presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of 25I-NBOMe all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to the effects of 25I-NBOMe is built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::1 week]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 25I-NBOMe presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of 25I-NBOMe all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
===Overdose===
{{NBOMeOD}}
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/NBOMe}}
Although many substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be relatively harmless in low doses of each but can still increase the risk of unpredictable injury or death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
==Legal status==
In September 2014, the European Council decided that 25I-NBOMe shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties by October 2, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://op.europa.eu/o/opportal-service/download-handler?identifier=025bb164-4937-11e4-a0cb-01aa75ed71a1&format=pdfa1a&language=en&productionSystem=cellar&part=|title=Council Implementing Decision on subjecting 25I-NBOMe, AH-7921, MDPV and methoxetamine to control measures|date=September 25, 2014|publication-date=October 1, 2014|work=Official Journal of the European Union|pages=22-26|id=L 287|publisher=Office for Official Publications of the European Communites|oclc=52224955}}</ref>
*'''[[Tramadol]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>Talaie, H., Panahandeh, R., Fayaznouri, M. R., Asadi, Z., & Abdollahi, M. (2009). Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol. Journal of medical toxicology, 5(2), 63-67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160602092257/https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534/Html/Text#_Toc420496379</ref>
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable [[anxiety]], [[Panic attacks|panic]], [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria''': Since June 26, 2019, 25I-NBOMe is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG. (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich)<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2019_II_167/BGBLA_2019_II_167.pdfsig</ref>
*'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(medication) Lithium]''' - Lithium is often used as treatment for bipolar disorder. It may possibly cause elevated risk of seizures and psychosis due to its [[Glutamate|glutaminergic]] and [[GABA|GABAergic]] effects.{{citation needed}}
*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Canada''': 25I-NBOMe would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html}}</ref>
*'''China''': As of October 2015 25I-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China.<ref>http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | 关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 </ref>
*'''Denmark''': 25I-NBOMe is controlled by the generic classification of phenethylamines in the Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances.<ref name="EMCDDA">{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/817/TDAS14003ENN_466654.pdf|title=25I-NBOMe: EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 25I-NBOMe (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine)|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|access-date=February 18, 2020|issn=1977-7868|year=2014|isbn=978-92-9168-682-7|doi=10.2810/27828}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': 25I-NBOMe is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl114s1999.pdf%27%5D__1576023093735|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Finland''': 25I-NBOMe is controlled under the Medicines Act (395/87) as of March 15, 2013.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref>
*'''Hungary''': 25I-NBOMe falls within the generic definition of phenethylamines in Schedule C of Government Decree 66/2012.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref>
*'''Israel''': The drug was banned in 2012.<ref>http://www.health.gov.il/LegislationLibrary/25574413.pdf</ref>
*'''Italy''': In Italy 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule 1 controlled substance, meaning it's illegal in this state.<ref>Tabella 1 Stupefacenti dello Stato Italiano |http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>
*'''Japan''': 25I-NBOMe is a narcotic drug in Japan effective November 1st, 2015.<ref>{{Citation | title=新たに４物質を麻薬に指定し、規制の強化を図ります ｜報道発表資料｜厚生労働省 | publisher=厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)] | url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/houdou/0000098723.html}}</ref>
*'''Latvia''': 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands:''' 25I-NBOMe is classified as a Lijst 1 (List 1) controlled substance under the Opiumwet (Opium Law). <ref>https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2024-04-16#BijlageI</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule 2 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 No 116 (as at 07 December 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation | url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html}}</ref>
*'''Norway''': 25I-NBOMe is controlled by the generic scheduling of phenethylamines as of February 14, 2013.<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref>
*'''Poland''': 25I-NBOMe falls under the definition of a ‘substitution drug’ under the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction and the Act on State Sanitary Inspection, 2010. As such its marketing and production is penalised with a fine (administrative sanctions).<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref>
*'''Romania''': In 2011, Romania banned all psychoactive substances,<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Takács, I. G.)) | year=2013 | title=Colored City: Recreational drug use in Belgrade | url=https://drogriporter.hu/en/node2329/}}</ref> no matter what they really are.<ref>http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/legea_194_2011_comba</ref>
*'''Russia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Slovenia''': 25I-NBOMe was included in a Decree amending the classification of illicit drugs (Official Gazette of RS No. 62/2013).<ref name="EMCDDA"></ref>
*'''Sweden''': 25I-NBOMe is classed as Schedule I.<ref>{{Citation | title=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling | url=http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2013-15.pdf}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 25I-NBOMe is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 25I-NBOMe is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the N-benzylphenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Ketamine etc.) (Amendment) Order 2014 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1106/made}}</ref>
*'''United States''': On Nov 15, 2013, the DEA added 25I-NBOMe to Schedule I using their emergency scheduling powers, making it "temporarily" in Schedule I for 2 years.<ref>http://www.justice.gov/dea/divisions/hq/2013/hq111513.shtml</ref>
==Legality==
==See also==
*'''Australia:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.
*'''Brazil''' - Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Israel:''' The drug was banned in 2012.<ref>http://www.health.gov.il/LegislationLibrary/25574413.pdf</ref>
*'''Russia:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.
*'''Sweden:''' 25I-NBOMe is classed as Schedule I.<ref>Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling - http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2013-15.pdf</ref>
*'''UK:''' On 10 June 2014, all NBOMe's became Class A drugs which means that they’re illegal to have, give away or sell. Possession could get one up to seven years in jail and/or an unlimited fine. Supplying someone else, could result in a heavy jail time sentence, between a minimum of eight years and a life sentence and/or an unlimited fine.<ref>http://www.talktofrank.com/drug/n-bomb</ref>
*'''USA:''' On Nov 15, 2013, the DEA added 25I-NBOMe to Schedule I using their emergency scheduling powers, making it "temporarily" in Schedule I for 2 years.<ref>http://www.justice.gov/dea/divisions/hq/2013/hq111513.shtml</ref>
*'''Romania:''' In 2011, Romania banned all psychoactive substances,<ref>http://drogriporter.hu/node/2211</ref> no matter what they really are.<ref>http://www.dreptonline.ro/legislatie/legea_194_2011_comba</ref>
*'''Latvia:''' 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''China''' - As of October 2015 25I-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand:''' 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule 2 controlled substance in New Zealand.<ref>http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1975/0116/latest/whole.html#DLM436576</ref>
*'''Canada:''' 25I-NBOMe would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19) |http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html#h-28</ref>
*[http://disregardeverythingisay.com/post/49302181054/25i-nbome-broken-down-and-described 25I-NBOMe, broken down and described (Disregard Everything I Say)]
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
25I-NBOMe (also known as 2C-I-NBOMe, NBOMe-2C-I, Cimbi-5, Smiles, and one of many drugs referred to as N-Bomb) is a novel psychedelic substance of the phenethylamine chemical class that produces an array of visually-dominant and stimulating psychedelic effects when administered.
The name 25I-NBOMe, which short-hand for 2C-I-NBOMe, is a derivative of the phenethylamine psychedelic 2C-I. It was first synthesized and documented in 2003 by Ralf Heim at the Free University of Berlin.[3] It was further researched by a team at Purdue University led by David Nichols.[4] It has been studied in its 11C radiolabelled form as a potential ligand for mapping the distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain, using positron emission tomography (PET).[5][6]
It is worth noting that compounds of the NBOMe family (any of which could be referred to as "N-Bomb", especially 25I-NBOMe and 25N-NBOMe) should be administered sublingually by placing and holding it into one's mouth and allowing it to absorb over a period of 15-25 minutes.
Extremely little is known about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 25I-NBOMe in humans. It had no history of human use before being sold online as a designer drug in 2010.[citation needed]. It has been associated with many deaths and hospitalizations. Anecdotal reports suggest that this substance may be difficult to use safely due to its highly sensitive dose-response and unpredictable effects.
25I-NBOMe or 2C-I-NBOMe is a serotonergic N-benzyl derivative of the substituted phenethylamine psychedelic known as 2C-I. 25I-NBOMe is a substituted phenethylamine with methoxy groups CH3O- attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as an iodine atom attached to carbon R4. It differs from 2C-I structurally through a substitution on the amine (NH2) with a 2-methoxybenzyl (BOMe) group. 25I-NBOMe shares this 2-methoxybenzyl substitution with other chemicals of the NBOMe family. This NBOMe addition contains a methoxy ether CH3O- bound to a benzene ring at R2.
25I-NBOMe has efficacy at the 5-HT2A receptor where it acts as a Full agonist.[5] However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
Among psychedelics, this compound is considered to be pharmacologically unique in terms of the high potency, affinity, and selectivity with which it binds to the 5-HT2a receptor.[5] Contrary to popular belief, it is not a "full agonist"[citation needed], although questions have been raised about how the effects it produces differ from other 5-HT2a partial agonists, which include the range of traditional psychedelics.
The Ki values of the following targets were greater than 500 Ki: 5-HT1A, D3, H2, 5-HT1D, α1A adrenergic, δ opioid, serotonin reuptake transporter, 5-HT5A, 5-HT1B, D2, 5-HT7, D1, 5-HT3, 5-HT1E, D5, muscarinic M1-M5, H3, and the dopamine reuptake transporter.[7]
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, 25I-NBOMe is usually considered to be very energetic and stimulating. For most people, this substance induces a unique type of physical stimulation which can be described as feeling extremely energetic but in a way which does not force the tripper to move unless they genuinely choose to do so. For others, however, the stimulation can be quite uncontrollable, occasionally resulting in bodily shakes and a grinding of the teeth comparable to that of MDMA and traditional stimulants such as amphetamine.
Perception of bodily lightness - In terms of the body’s perceived weight, this substance consistently leaves people feeling extremely light, often to the point of total weightlessness.
Spontaneous physical sensations - The "body high" itself can be described as a mild, all-encompassing, soft but euphoric tingling sensation. This tingling sensation is also accompanied by spontaneous rushes of euphoria that become longer and more drawn out proportional to the dosage consumed.
Mouth numbing - Assuming the substance has been taken sublingually, the very first physical effect which a person will notice immediately after sublingual absorption is a strong, unpleasant metallic chemical taste. This is accompanied by a very distinct feeling of general numbness of the tongue and mouth which can stay for up to an hour after the blotter paper has been consumed.
Nausea - As the user begins to come up, nausea is not uncommon and can sometimes result in initial vomiting, although nausea usually disappears when the user has vomited or the trip fully set in. In comparison to other psychedelics such as psilocin, 2C-E and 2C-I, this could actually be considered very mild in its intensity.
Seizures- This effect is far more common in doses exceeding a heavy dose and may manifest as status epilepticus wherein seizures last more than 5 minutes or do not stop without medical intervention
Magnification - At higher doses, users can experience a "fish-eye" effect, where magnification changes based on the direction the user is looking relative to the object.
Drifting(melting, flowing, breathing and morphing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and unrealistic/cartoon-like in style.
The visual geometry produced by this substance is similar to LSD and can be comprehensively described as algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, fine and zoomed out in detail, fast and smooth in motion, structured in shape, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp around the edges and equally angular as well as rounded across their corners. In comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics they can be described as significantly more intricate than the visual geometry found within 2C-I and most of the 2C-x family in general as well as completely on par with LSD, Psilocin and DMT at appropriately high dosages.
25I-NBOMe’s geometry leads reliably leads to Level 8A visual geometry with Level 8B remaining so far unconfirmed. It seems to consistently be able to build up in visual intensity when the user stares at a central point. This eventually envelops the visual field and creates the sensation that the tripper has broken through into a continuously shifting geometric landscape or structure with a vast sense of immersive physical size attributed to it.
Hallucinatory states
25I-NBOMe is capable of producing a full range of hallucinatory states within the level 1 - 3 range extremely consistently. However, level 4 hallucinatory breakthroughs are reported but very different and inconsistent in comparison to other more commonly used psychedelics such as psilocin, 2C-E and DMT.
Machinescapes - This component is an uncommon effect that typically only occurs at very strong to heavy doses. It also tends to be accompanied by overwhelming if not dangerous physical and cognitive effects.
The cognitive effects of 25I-NBOMe are described by many as notably light in comparison to the classical psychedelics. It is not uncommon for people to report feeling that their thought stream has maintained general normality in its specific style throughout low to moderate dosages. At high dosages, however, strong to overwhelming cognitive alterations become present, which can lead to states of confusion, amnesia, and general sensory overload.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
Conceptual thinking - This effect is considered to be very mild compared to traditional psychedlics.
Anxiety & Paranoia - This effect seems to occur more readily than other psychedelics, perhaps due to its very prominent stimulating properties
Feelings of impending doom - This is generally only experienced during the comedown period or if one has taken a large amount of the substance.
Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement - The entactogenic effects range from mild to powerful, but are inconsistently manifested. Entactogenic effects for people who try this substance usually become prominent in the presence of others. These feelings of increased sociability, love and empathy do not seem to be quite as strong or profound as those found within other entactogens (such as MDMA, 2C-B and AMT)
Dosage independent intensity - While the reasons for this are not understood, many reports suggest that this substance can produce unexpectedly strong or weak effects even when taken at the seemingly same dose in an unpredictable manner.[citation needed] This may contribute to the relative risk it is poses compared to most other psychedelics.
Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
While they are occasionally reported, the transpersonal effects produced by this substance seem to be significantly less consistent and reproducible than other psychedelics, which perhaps corresponds with the notably mild changes to one's perceptual and cognitive processes.
Short-term as well as long-term damage of NBOMes have been occasionally tied to serious physical and mental problems on seemingly random people, including memory and speech difficulties, heart problems, HPPD and in some cases Anxiety and PTSD, from particularly difficult experiences.
25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The LD50 has not yet been determined although it is potentially fatal at heavy dosages.[1]PsychonautWiki advises that due to 25I-NBOMe's extreme potency it should not be insufflated as this method of administration appears to have led to several deaths in the past year.
This substance came to media attention in early 2012 after a cluster of seven non-fatal overdoses with the drug were reported in or around Richmond, Virginia.[8][9] As of May 2013, 25I-NBOMe has reportedly led to five overdose deaths in the United States.[10] In June 2012, two teens in Grand Forks, North Dakota and East Grand Forks, Minnesota fatally overdosed on a substance that was allegedly 25I-NBOMe, resulting in lengthy sentences for two of the parties involved and a Federal indictment against the Texas-based online vendor.[11]
A 21-year-old man from Little Rock, Arkansas died in October 2012 after taking a liquid drop of the drug nasally at a music festival. He was reported to have consumed caffeinated alcoholic beverages for "several hours" beforehand. It is unclear what other drugs he may have consumed, as autopsies usually do not test for the presence of research chemicals.[12]
A man in Australia died from injuries sustained by running into trees and power poles while intoxicated by 25I-NBOMe.[13]
A Brazilian 16-year-old died from overdose in April 2016.[citation needed]
The addition of 5-HTP can greatly increase the effects of 25i-NBOME and should be avoided.[citation needed]
25I-NBOMe is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of 25I-NBOMe is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 1 week for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 25I-NBOMe presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all psychedelics]], meaning that after the consumption of 25I-NBOMe all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Overdose
Due to the very high potency and seemingly unpredictable effects the margin between a normal and an overdose of NBOMe compounds is extremely small when compared to many other substances. The exact toxic dose is unclear since it seems to depend a lot on personal physiology, rather than predominantly dose. However, various anecdotal reports suggest that dangerous side effects begin to appear when exceeding 1000 μg and it possibly becoming lethal for the more sensitive people at roughly 2000 μg. Reports of other people surviving much higher doses, sometimes even without any major side effects have been documented as well.
There is also the uncertainty of dosage on blotter paper since it is rather difficult to lay such an exact dosage. Insufflating, vaporizing or drinking tinctures of this substance is highly discouraged because of this and has been tied to many documented deaths[1][14][2]. One study found that 25I‐NBOMe and 25C‐NBOMe blotter papers contained 'hotspots' with higher quantities of the drug, implying an inherent risk of overdosing.[15]
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Due to the highly unpredictable nature of the NBOMe series, it is generally advised to avoid mixing them with other psychoactive substances.
2C-T-X - The 2C-T-X phenethylamines can be unpredictable in their interactions and the NBOMes are known to be unpredictable even alone. As a result, this combination should be avoided.
5-MeO-xxt - The 5-MeO tryptamines can be unpredictable in their interactions and the NBOMes are known to be unpredictable even alone. As a result, this combination should be avoided.
Amphetamines - Amphetamines and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and, in extreme cases, heart failure. The anxiogenic and focusing effects of stimulants are also not good in combination with psychedelics as they can lead to unpleasant thought loops. NBOMes are known to cause seizures and stimulants can increase this risk.
aMT
Caffeine - Caffeine can bring out the natural stimulation from psychedelic drugs to make it uncomfortable. High doses can cause anxiety which is hard to handle while tripping.
Cannabis - Cannabis has an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of psychedelics. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid over intake.
Cocaine - Cocaine and NBOMes both provide considerable stimulation. When combined they can result in severe vasoconstriction, tachycardia, hypertension, and in extreme cases heart failure.
MAOIs - MAO-B inhibitors can increase the potency and duration of phenethylamines unpredictably.
MDMA
MXE - As an NMDA antagonist, MXE potentiates NBOMes which can be unpleasantly intense.
Tramadol - Tramadol is well known to lower seizure threshold and NBOMes have also shown a tendency to cause severe seizures
Legal status
In September 2014, the European Council decided that 25I-NBOMe shall be subjected by the Member States to control measures and criminal penalties by October 2, 2015.[20]
Australia: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[21]
Austria: Since June 26, 2019, 25I-NBOMe is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG. (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich)[22]
Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[23]
Canada: 25I-NBOMe would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[24]
China: As of October 2015 25I-NBOMe is a controlled substance in China.[25]
Denmark: 25I-NBOMe is controlled by the generic classification of phenethylamines in the Executive Order on Euphoriant Substances.[26]
Germany: 25I-NBOMe is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)[27] as of December 13, 2014.[28] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[29]
Finland: 25I-NBOMe is controlled under the Medicines Act (395/87) as of March 15, 2013.[26]
Hungary: 25I-NBOMe falls within the generic definition of phenethylamines in Schedule C of Government Decree 66/2012.[26]
Italy: In Italy 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule 1 controlled substance, meaning it's illegal in this state.[31]
Japan: 25I-NBOMe is a narcotic drug in Japan effective November 1st, 2015.[32]
Latvia: 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule I controlled substance.[33]
The Netherlands: 25I-NBOMe is classified as a Lijst 1 (List 1) controlled substance under the Opiumwet (Opium Law). [34]
New Zealand: 25I-NBOMe is a Schedule 2 controlled substance in New Zealand.[35]
Norway: 25I-NBOMe is controlled by the generic scheduling of phenethylamines as of February 14, 2013.[26]
Poland: 25I-NBOMe falls under the definition of a ‘substitution drug’ under the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction and the Act on State Sanitary Inspection, 2010. As such its marketing and production is penalised with a fine (administrative sanctions).[26]
Romania: In 2011, Romania banned all psychoactive substances,[36] no matter what they really are.[37]
Russia: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
Slovenia: 25I-NBOMe was included in a Decree amending the classification of illicit drugs (Official Gazette of RS No. 62/2013).[26]
Switzerland: 25I-NBOMe is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[39]
United Kingdom: 25I-NBOMe is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the N-benzylphenethylamine catch-all clause.[40]
United States: On Nov 15, 2013, the DEA added 25I-NBOMe to Schedule I using their emergency scheduling powers, making it "temporarily" in Schedule I for 2 years.[41]
↑ 5.05.15.25.3Ettrup, A., Hansen, M., Santini, M. A., Paine, J., Gillings, N., Palner, M., Lehel, S., Herth, M. M., Madsen, J., Kristensen, J., Begtrup, M., Knudsen, G. M. (April 2011). "Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a series of substituted 11C-phenethylamines as 5-HT (2A) agonist PET tracers". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 38 (4): 681–693. doi:10.1007/s00259-010-1686-8. ISSN1619-7089.
↑Hansen, M. (2010). Design and synthesis of selective serotonin receptor agonists for positron emission tomography imaging of the brain: PhD thesis. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen. ISBN9788792719003.
↑ 7.07.1Nichols, D. E., Frescas, S. P., Chemel, B. R., Rehder, K. S., Zhong, D., Lewin, A. H. (1 June 2008). "High specific activity tritium-labeled N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine (INBMeO): a high-affinity 5-HT2A receptor-selective agonist radioligand". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 16 (11): 6116–6123. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.050. ISSN1464-3391.
