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{{Headerpanel|{{Headerpanel|}}<nowiki>Warning/Datura is highly dysphoric, confusing and unpredictable and commonly lends itself to accidents and harming external reality. Its use is strongly linked to psychosis, senility, capriciousness, severe injury, poisonings and death. Please see the sections below for more details.}}</nowiki>}}
{{Headerpanel|{{Warning/Datura}}}}
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{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/Datura}}
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'''''Datura''''' (also known as '''devil's trumpet''', '''moonflower''', '''sacred datura''', '''jimsonweed''', '''devil's weed''', '''devil’s apple''', '''thorn-apple''', and many others) are endemic to North America and are fairly pervasive throughout the Southwestern United States. Its utilization by native peoples for ritualistic purposes supposedly traces back much farther than for instance; the native use of peyote within the Rio Grande Valley of southern Texas.
'''''Datura''''' (also known as '''devil's trumpet''', '''moonflower''', '''jimsonweed''', '''devil's weed''', '''hell's bells''', '''thorn-apple''', and many others) is a genus of [[Datura#Natural_plant_sources|nine species]] of poisonous flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Datura is known as a powerful and dangerous [[psychoactive class::deliriant|deliriant]], used for shamanic and medical purposes, as well as poisons. They contain the potent [[anticholinergic]] substances [[Datura#Scopolamine|scopolamine]], [[Datura#Hyoscyamine|hyoscyamine]], and [[Datura#Atropine|atropine]] primarily in their seeds and flowers.<ref name="Freye">{{cite book | vauthors=((Freye, E.)) | veditors=((Freye, E.)) | date= 2010 | chapter=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication | title=Toxicity of Datura Stramonium | publisher=Springer Netherlands | pages=217–218 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34 | doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34 | isbn=9789048124480}}</ref>
The plant genus supposedly consists of nine separate species for the flower and belongs to the Solanaceae (Nightshade) family. Datura is known by indigenous peoples, ethnographies and the “drug community” as an infamously powerful, dark and dangerous [[psychoactive class::deliriant|deliriant.]] But one that is used in shaman is him, occultism and rituals or divination. And along with the magical practices and coming-of-age rituals, approved for them to be useful in medicine as well. The plant also has a long history of use wela l as practical weapons in tea poisons, similarly to other nightshades. All daturas contain the potent [[anticholinergic]] substances [[Datura#Scopolamine|scopolamine]], [[Datura#Hyoscyamine|hyoscyamine]], and [[Datura#Atropine|atropine]] primarily in their seeds and flowers.<ref name="Freye">{{cite book | vauthors=((Freye, E.)) | veditors=((Freye, E.)) | date= 2010 | chapter=Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication | title=Toxicity of Datura Stramonium | publisher=Springer Netherlands | pages=217–218 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34 | doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34 | isbn=9789048124480}}</ref> They elicit their hallucinogenic effects and delirium after administration by antagonizing the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, specifically the M1 receptor.
Datura's precise and natural distribution seem to be throughout most of the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization. The two most well-known species are ''Datura inoxia'' and ''Datura stramonium''. Both have been used in a shamanic context for religious purposes on most continents since before recorded history throughout the ancient Americas, Europe, and India.{{citation needed}}
The strength (and therefore relative risk) of each individual Datura plant is highly variable, as the potency varies depending on mother plant as well. There is no “set” or predictable dosage amount that can be realistically quantified or even “averaged out” and made into a “rule of thumb” for 'Datura or any of the other classic antimuscarinic nightshades since alkaloid levels and the chemical compositions/ratios differ wildly between each Datura plant, even of the same species or “variety” (sub-subspecies), and often dramatically too. The supposed factors which influence these risky variables and uncertainties are mainly due to seasonal variations, weather/growing conditions, geographical proximity and ecological surroundings (such as nearby plants being locally competitive), physical age of the plant, level of shade, soil composition, level or degree of (UV) sunlight exposure, temperature, the users’ own personal genetic traits and health situation, users’ relationships or reactions to other cholinergic drugs or supplements, the user’s age (elderly most at risk for senility, children most at risk for physical toxidrome and death), also the specific part(s) of the plant used, the method of administration, and the formal preparation it’s made into prior to administration such as through an aqueous solution/concoction, brew or topical ointment. All these unknown variables in regards to individual plant potency/toxicity when thinking about consuming a highly noxious plant with substantial cytotoxicity, that has a long track record for focalized mental damage and genuine physical mortality; this has, overtime, naturally lead to <nowiki>''</nowiki>datura<nowiki>''</nowiki> (and other nightshades) to now almost never being used “recreationally” or at least almost never being taken lightly anymore.
The potency of Datura is highly variable, as the potency varies depending on the mother plants age, the weather it was grown in and the location it was growing in. This makes Datura a highly dangerous substance to use as it can lead directly to death, it is highly advised the user does not start with a delirium inducing dosage and uses a scale to measure the dose (Although its never safe, despite the measuring tools you use.)
Thus, to reiterate; Datura is highly dangerous to use as a psychoactive substance or internal medicine and can lead directly to death; usually via the cardiovascular or pulmonary system. It is highly advised the user does not start with a delirium-inducing dosage and uses a scale to measure the dose (though its never safe despite the measuring tools you use.) and/or count individual seeds, rather than whole seed pods and other heuristic methods. And despite all parts of the plant potentially having gravely different potencies and strengths, over the years, and with the help of online tools and discussions and the self-reported data from “dabblers” in both the psychonautic and “drug communities”; a number of people have deductively concluded that despite no guarantee, the seeds of a grown and matured the Datura plant tend to show at least some fair degree of consistency in regards to their strength, Thus starting small with seeds might be the best course of action when beginning rather than going with the seemingly more unpredictable leaves or flowers.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
The alkaloids within datura exert their effects by acting as competitive [[antagonist|antagonists]] at [[acetylcholine|muscarinic acetylcholine]] [[receptors]], primarily muscarinic acetylcholine [[receptor|receptors]] M1 and M2. Although the precise mechanism is not understood, it’s this inhibition of [[acetylcholine]] which leads to delirium, [[sedation]] and intensely realistic hallucinations alongside of extremely uncomfortable and dysphoric physical side effects.
The alkaloids within datura exert their effects by acting as competitive [[antagonist|antagonists]] at [[acetylcholine|muscarinic acetylcholine]] [[receptors]], primarily muscarinic acetylcholine [[receptor|receptors]] M1 and M2. Although the precise mechanism is not understood. This inhibition of [[acetylcholine]] leads to delirium, [[sedation]] and intensely realistic hallucinations, alongside extremely uncomfortable, dysphoric and even dangerous physical side effects.
All parts of ''Datura'' plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects. Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported.
''Each part of the Datura'' plant contains dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects. Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported.
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
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*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]''' and '''[[Effect::Frequent urination]]'''- This can be described as a feeling of concrete blocking the urethra, painfully conflicting with a frequent need to urinate.
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]''' and '''[[Effect::Frequent urination]]'''- This can be described as a feeling of concrete blocking the urethra, painfully conflicting with a frequent need to urinate.
*'''[[Effect::Photosensitivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Photosensitivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - Datura blocks receptors in the muscles of the eye that constrict pupil size.{{citation needed}} This can result in an extreme sensitivity to light which can last for weeks after the experience in certain cases, also it blocks the accommodation reflex causing vision to be unfocused.{{citation needed}} Prolonged usage is reputed to cause blindness.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Wood, G. B.)) | date= 1856 | title=A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology: Or Materia Medica | publisher=Lippincott}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]''' - Datura blocks receptors in the muscles of the eye that constrict pupil size.{{citation needed}} This can result in an extreme sensitivity to light which can last for weeks after the experience in certain cases, it also blocks the accommodation reflex, causing vision to be unfocused.{{citation needed}} Prolonged usage is reputed to cause blindness.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Wood, G. B.)) | date= 1856 | title=A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology: Or Materia Medica | publisher=Lippincott}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{effects/visual|
{{effects/visual|
Datura does not enhance the processing of visual stimuli in the same way [[psychedelics]] do. Instead, it tends to degrade and decrease visual aptitude while increasing hallucinations and perceptual delusions.
Datura does not enhance the processing of visual stimuli in the same way that [[psychedelics]] do, Instead, it tends to degrade and decrease visual aptitude while increasing hallucinations and perceptual delusions.
====Suppression====
====Suppression====
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]''' - This effect can blur your vision to the point where it can be impossible to read and can last for days after the experience. <ref>{{Citation | title=Datura - Erowid Exp - “Out of Body Delusional Poison” | url=https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=44494}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]''' - This effect can blur the vision to the point where it can be impossible to read. This blurring of the vision can potentially last for days after the experience. <ref>{{Citation | title=Datura - Erowid Exp - “Out of Body Delusional Poison” | url=https://www.erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=44494}}</ref>
*'''Australia:''' Datura is a Schedule I poison in Australia{{citation needed}}, but scopolamine is Schedule 4 (Prescription only) and a scopolamine analogue (hyoscine butylbromide) is available in over the counter drugs (e.g. Buscopan & others) to treat symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain and cramps. Datura and Brugsmansia are legal to process, but are illegal to cultivate without a license.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia:''' Datura is a Schedule I poison in Australia{{citation needed}}, but scopolamine is Schedule 4 (Prescription only) and a scopolamine analogue (hyoscine butylbromide) is available in over the counter drugs (e.g. Buscopan & others) to treat symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain and cramps. Datura and Brugsmansia are legal to process, but are illegal to cultivate without a license.{{citation needed}}
*'''Brazil:''' Datura is illegal to possess and sell in Brazil.{{citation needed}}
*'''Brazil:''' Datura (suaveolens Willd.) is illegal to grow, handle, possess, store, transport, import, export, prescribe, administer, sell and advertise.<ref>[https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2006/lei/l11343.htm#:~:text=Art.%2033.%20Importar,5%2C%20de%202012) Article (''artigo'') 33, ''Lei nº 11.343 of 23/8/2006''], referring to chart E (''lista E'') of the ''Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 of 12/5/1998'', last amended by [https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-835-de-13-de-dezembro-de-2023-531033031 ''Resolução de Diretoria Colegiada - RDC nº 835 of 13/12/2023''], as of 29/2/2024.</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' Datura is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' Datura is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United States''': Datura is legal to produce, supply and import.
*'''United States''': Datura is legal to produce, supply and import.
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Datura (also known as devil's trumpet, moonflower, jimsonweed, devil's weed, hell's bells, thorn-apple, and many others) is a genus of nine species of poisonous flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Datura is known as a powerful and dangerous deliriant, used for shamanic and medical purposes, as well as poisons. They contain the potent anticholinergic substances scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine primarily in their seeds and flowers.[1]
Datura's precise and natural distribution seem to be throughout most of the temperate and tropical regions of the globe, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization. The two most well-known species are Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium. Both have been used in a shamanic context for religious purposes on most continents since before recorded history throughout the ancient Americas, Europe, and India.[citation needed]
The potency of Datura is highly variable, as the potency varies depending on the mother plants age, the weather it was grown in and the location it was growing in. This makes Datura a highly dangerous substance to use as it can lead directly to death, it is highly advised the user does not start with a delirium inducing dosage and uses a scale to measure the dose (Although its never safe, despite the measuring tools you use.)
The principal psychoactive constituents of all datura plants are the tropane alkaloids scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. These constituents are structurally analogous compounds.
These tropane alkaloids contain a substituted tropane ring, a seven-membered ring with an N-methylated nitrogen bridge between R1 and R5. Scopolamine additionally has an oxygen bonded to R6 and R7 of this bicyclic structure to form a three membered oxirane ring. They also contain a propionic acid chain, CH3CH2COOH, which is substituted at R2 with an aromatic phenyl ring and at R3 with a hydroxyl group OH-. The propionic acid chain is linked at R1 through an oxygen atom to R3 of the substituted tropane ring to form an ether.
These compounds are secondary metabolites synthesized naturally by various plants. The ratio of these compounds in datura plants varies greatly depending on location, growing conditions, etc. The datura genus contains other chemical constituents, but limited research has been done on their properties. Scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine have a stereocenter at R2 of their propionic chain. Hyoscyamine is the levorotorary enantiomer of atropine.
Scopolamine
Atropine
Hyoscyamine
Pharmacology
The alkaloids within datura exert their effects by acting as competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholinereceptors, primarily muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M1 and M2. Although the precise mechanism is not understood. This inhibition of acetylcholine leads to delirium, sedation and intensely realistic hallucinations, alongside extremely uncomfortable, dysphoric and even dangerous physical side effects.
Each part of the Datura plant contains dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids, atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics. The risk of fatal overdose is high among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the plant for its psychoactive effects. Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported.
Cultivation
Datura stramonium prefers rich, calcareous soil. Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil increases the concentration of alkaloids present in the plant. D. stramonium can be grown from seed, which is sown with several feet between plants. It is sensitive to frost, so should be sheltered during cold weather. The plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe, but still green. To harvest, the entire plant is cut down, the leaves are stripped from the plant, and everything is left to dry. When the fruits begin to burst open, the seeds are harvested.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
The physical effects of datura can be described as extremely unpleasant and distressing to the extent that they make enjoying the experience impossible especially at common to heavy dosages.
Perception of bodily heaviness - The first noticeable sensation is having an extremely heavy body as if the gravity one is subject to has increased exponentially. This makes it extremely difficult and uncomfortable to move.
Spontaneous bodily sensations - Users commonly report all-encompassing, sharp and extremely painful jolts of electricity that spontaneously manifest themselves in a similar rhythm to hiccups.
Nausea or Nausea suppression - Datura can be used to treat nausea at low doses. At high, delirium-inducing doses, it can cause significant amounts of nausea, although it rarely leads to vomiting. In some rare cases bile reflux is possible.
Difficulty urinating and Frequent urination- This can be described as a feeling of concrete blocking the urethra, painfully conflicting with a frequent need to urinate.
Pupil dilation - Datura blocks receptors in the muscles of the eye that constrict pupil size.[citation needed] This can result in an extreme sensitivity to light which can last for weeks after the experience in certain cases, it also blocks the accommodation reflex, causing vision to be unfocused.[citation needed] Prolonged usage is reputed to cause blindness.[2]
Visual effects
Datura does not enhance the processing of visual stimuli in the same way that psychedelics do, Instead, it tends to degrade and decrease visual aptitude while increasing hallucinations and perceptual delusions.
Suppression
Visual acuity suppression - This effect can blur the vision to the point where it can be impossible to read. This blurring of the vision can potentially last for days after the experience. [3]
Drifting(melting, breathing, morphing and flowing) - In comparison to other hallucinogens, this effect can be described as intricate in complexity; jittery, slow and rigid in motion; static in permanence; realistic in believability and interactive in plasticity
Datura is extremely efficient at inducing delirious hallucinations which can be broken into the categories described below:
External hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other classes of hallucinogen, this effect occurs more frequently than that of any other at moderate to heavy doses and is the defining feature of the experience. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, autonomous in controllability and solid in style. The most common themes for these hallucinations include those of everyday occurrences such as smoking phantom cigarettes, talking to people who are not there, insects and sinister, nightmarish experiences.
Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other classes of hallucinogen, this effect occurs briefly and spontaneously at moderate doses but becomes progressively extended in its occurrence and duration proportional to dosage before eventually becoming all-encompassing. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as delirious in believability, interactive in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, autonomous in controllability and solid in style.
The cognitive effects of datura are described by many as generally negative and dysphoric, often consisting of extreme paranoia and feelings of impending doom. Like other deliriants, datura is confusing and disorienting, often leading to a complete inability to communicate or understand normal language.
Sleepiness - In terms of its effects on the user's physical energy levels, datura is commonly considered to be extremely tiring.
Wakefulness - Even though datura is a depressant overall and causes sleepiness, it has stimulant effects on the body, which can also keep the user awake. This effect predominates sleepiness at higher dosages.
Motivation suppression - Datura can cause complete loss of motivation to do anything. This is often accompanied by depression and can make the user extremely bored.
Increased libido - Datura stramonium seeds have been known to increase libido and sex drive for a number of its users. Throughout history and still today dried datura seeds have even been boiled or made into ointments with various other ingredients added and occasionally other psychoactive substances which were often applied to the genitals for treating sexual impotency. This however is not recommended due to the plant's unpredictable levels of toxicity.
Amnesia - In some cases this has been known to lead to anterograde amnesia which is a persisting negative effect on the user's memory capacity that occurs even after the experience has ended. This effect causes one to have difficulty forming new memories directly after and as a result of an amnesic episode.
Cognitive dysphoria - The levels of dysphoria experienced, however, vary between people with a very small percentage of users reporting that they do not seem to experience them at all.
Delirium - This possible after effect is not as consistent or as long lasting usually but can be more likely to present itself if taken consecutively or in high dosages. In rare circumstances or when taken too frequently, this can display itself in the form of temporary or even long-term psychosis and a general disconnection from reality.
Visual acuity suppression - This often consists of a feeling of being temporarily farsighted and often renders one unable to read due to heavily blurred vision.
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
Due to its extensive cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate and tropical regions, datura is found in most areas of the world. There are nine identified species:
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
Datura is known to be extremely unpredictable and has the potential to result in severe consequences, hospitalization or death. The toxicity and long-term health effects of regular datura usage do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because long-term datura usage is very rare and the vast majority of people who try it do not desire to repeat the experience.
In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of datura was critical to minimize harm.[4][5] Many fatal incidents result from modern users ingesting datura. For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media contained stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting datura.[6][7] There are also several reports in the medical literature of deaths from D. stramonium and D. ferox intoxication.[8][9][10] Children are especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning and their prognosis is likely to be fatal.[11][12]
In some parts of Europe and India, datura has been a popular poison for suicide and murder. From 1950 to 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India investigated 2,778 deaths caused by ingesting datura.[4][5][13]
Psychosis
Datura has been reported to cause psychosis and delirium at a significantly higher rate than other hallucinogens like LSD, ketamine, or DMT. There are a large number of experience reports online which describe states of psychotic delirium, amnesia, and other serious consequences after abusing the drug. In many cases, it has resulted in hospitalization and death.
Lethal dosage
There can be a 5:1 potency variation between plants and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. This variation makes datura exceptionally hazardous as a drug and there is no way for the common man to accurately measure the dosage of any given plant. Datura has been used for centuries in some cultures as a poison because of the presence of these substances.[4][5]
The safest way to prevent overdose is to grind the dried plant matter into an extremely fine and even powder so that the active chemicals within them are distributed evenly across itself. From here, one can slowly work their way up in extremely small increments until the correct dose for that particular plant is found.
It is strongly advised that one avoid using datura altogether. Otherwise, extreme caution and harm reduction practices should be used, such as having a sober and prepared trip sitter present throughout the experience.
Tolerance and addiction potential
The use of datura can be considered mildly addictive with a high potential for adverse side effects such as psychosis. Datura is reported to be significantly less addictive than than other substances because the vast majority of people who try it do not wish to repeat the experience.
Tolerance to many of the effects of datura develops with repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Datura presents cross-tolerance with deliriants, meaning that after the consumption of datura, all deliriants will have a reduced effect.
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Datura grows naturally and is legal to grow, sell and consume in most parts of the world. It is, however, restricted within the following countries:
Australia: Datura is a Schedule I poison in Australia[citation needed], but scopolamine is Schedule 4 (Prescription only) and a scopolamine analogue (hyoscine butylbromide) is available in over the counter drugs (e.g. Buscopan & others) to treat symptoms such as nausea, stomach pain and cramps. Datura and Brugsmansia are legal to process, but are illegal to cultivate without a license.[citation needed]
Brazil: Datura (suaveolens Willd.) is illegal to grow, handle, possess, store, transport, import, export, prescribe, administer, sell and advertise.[14]
United Kingdom: Datura is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[15]
United States: Datura is legal to produce, supply and import.
California: Except for legitimate medical purposes, a person may not possess or use the plant known as Datura stramonium
↑Freye, E. (2010). "Pharmacology and Abuse of Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy and Related Designer Drugs: A comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication". In Freye, E. Toxicity of Datura Stramonium. Springer Netherlands. pp. 217–218. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2448-0_34. ISBN9789048124480.
↑Wood, G. B. (1856). A Treatise on Therapeutics, and Pharmacology: Or Materia Medica. Lippincott.
↑Michalodimitrakis, M., Koutselinis, A. (October 1984). "Discussion of "Datura stramonium: a fatal poisoning"". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 29 (4): 961–962. ISSN0022-1198.
↑Boumba, V. A., Mitselou, A., Vougiouklakis, T. (April 2004). "Fatal poisoning from ingestion of Datura stramonium seeds". Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 46 (2): 81–82. ISSN0145-6296.
↑Taha, S. A., Mahdi, A. H. (1984). "Datura intoxication in Riyadh". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 78 (1): 134–135. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90196-2. ISSN0035-9203.
↑Djibo, A., Bouzou, S. B. (November 2000). "[Acute intoxication with "sobi-lobi" (Datura). Four cases in Niger]". Bulletin De La Societe De Pathologie Exotique (1990). 93 (4): 294–297. ISSN0037-9085.
