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'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class.
'''4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''Nexus''', '''Bromo Mescaline''', '''BDMPEA''', '''Venus''', and '''2C-B''') is a novel [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class.
2C-B is the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]] of psychedelic phenethylamines, which are closely related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. It is thought to produce its psychoactive effects by activating [[serotonin]] [[receptors]] in parts of the brain, although the precise mechanism is not fully understood.
It is perhaps the most well-known member of the [[2C-x family]], which are structurally related to the classical psychedelic [[mescaline]]. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although [[serotonin]] [[receptor]] binding activity is thought to be principally involved.
2C-B was first discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who documented its synthesis and subjective effects in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]] ("Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved").<ref name="pihkal2CB">Shulgin, A., & Shulgin, A. (1991).
2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating psychedelic phenethylamines derived from [[mescaline]].<ref name="PiHKAL">{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|title-link=PiHKAL|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|chapter-url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml|chapter=#20. 2C-B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shulgin|first1=A. T.|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|last2=Carter|first2=M. F.|title=Centrally active phenethylamines|journal=Psychopharmacology Communications|year=1975|volume=1|issue=1|pages=93–98|pmid=1223994|issn=0098-616X|oclc=924603662}}</ref>
[https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - #20 2C-B]. Retrieved Oct 26, 2017.</ref><ref>Shulgin A. T., Carter M. F. Centrally active phenethylamines. Psychopharmacology Communications. 1975;1(1):93–98. PMID: 1223994 </ref>
In the 1970s, it first saw use as a therapeutic aid by a small circle of American psychotherapists and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref>{{cite web|title=2C-B: Effects|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml|publisher=Erowid|access-date=February 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2015|date=February 12, 1998}}</ref>
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.<ref>Erowid 2-CB effects | http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_effects.shtml</ref>
It entered into recreational use shortly afterwards and was manufactured and sold commercially under names such as "Eros" and "Nexus" in head/smart shops and adult video stores before becoming federally prohibited by the DEA in 1995.<ref>2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene | http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf</ref>
[[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports typically describe the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, and highly sensual. It is usually described as having a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], with a greater emphasis on visual and tactile effects. Smaller doses can be used as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses produce a distinct classical psychedelic effect.
Recreational use was observed shortly afterward and it was briefly manufactured and sold commercially under such names as "Erox" and "Nexus" in "head" / "smart" shops and adult video stores before being federally scheduled in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001">{{cite web|title=2C-B (Nexus) Reappears on the Club Drug Scene|url=http://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf|work=Information Bulletin|date=May 2001|publisher=Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)|id=2001-L0424-002}}</ref>
2C-B is considered to be physiologically well-tolerated and likely has a safety profile similar to classical psychedelics (known to have low toxicity). However, more research is needed to fully understand the toxicity and health risks of 2C-B. It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
[[Subjective effects]] include [[geometry|open and closed-eye visuals]], [[time distortion]], [[euphoria]], and [[ego loss]]. User reports have described the effects of 2C-B as moderate, warm, colorful, and highly sensual. Similar to [[mescaline]], it is described as possessing a less serious or grandiose headspace than [[tryptamines]] like [[LSD]] or [[psilocybin mushrooms]], placing greater emphasis on the visual and tactile domain.
Smaller doses (under 15 mg) are reported to be useful as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to [[MDMA]]) while larger doses are reported to produce a distinct mind-manifesting psychedelic effect.
While more research is needed, it is generally thought to be physiologically well-tolerated{{Citation needed}}. It likely has a [[Psychedelics#Toxicity and harm potential|safety profile similar to classical psychedelics]], which are known to have low abuse potential and toxicity. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe [[anxiety]], [[paranoia]], [[delusions]], [[psychosis]] are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Strassmann|first=Rick|title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature|journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|volume=172|issue=10|pages=577–595|doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001|pmid=6384428|year=1984|issn=0022-3018|oclc=1754691}}</ref>
It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
==History and culture==
==History and culture==
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was in search of novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of mescaline. His findings were later published in his 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which it was listed among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref>Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=20</ref> The list consists of [[mescaline]], [[DOM]], [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]], and [[2C-T-7]].<ref name="pihkalweb">Shulgin, A., & Shulgin, A. (1991). [https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml Erowid Online Books: "PIHKAL" - The Chemical Story]. Retrieved April 14, 2017.</ref> In interviews, Alexander Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.<ref>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/</ref>
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher [[Alexander Shulgin]], who was investigating novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of [[mescaline]].
Shulgin's findings were later published in the 1991 book [[PiHKAL]], in which he listed 2C-B among the "magical half-dozen" of [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]] that he deemed most important.<ref name="PiHKAL" /> The list consists of [[mescaline]], [[DOM]], 2C-B, [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]], and [[2C-T-7]].<ref>{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml}}</ref> In interviews, Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/self-experimenter-chemist-explores-new-psychedelics/|title=Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time|author=David Biello|date=March 20, 2008|issn=0036-8733|eissn=1946-7087|magazine=Scientific American|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus|title=2C-B (Nexus)|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>
In the 1970s, 2C-B was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories.<ref>http://www.encyclopedia.com/science/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/2c-b-nexus</ref> The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.
Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. It was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and club parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace.
Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. 2C-B was well-liked as a [[MDMA]] substitute in raves and parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace. In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legitimately manufactured 2C-B under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida as yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.{{citation needed}}
In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legally manufactured the substance under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida in the form of yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/665p.pdf</ref>
In the United States, 2C-B gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA following its classification as a Schedule I substance in 1985. Its increasing popularity led it to be placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref> https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs0/665/</ref> It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the research chemicals scene and darknet markets.
In the United States, it gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA after the latter was classified as a Schedule I substance in 1985. The increasing popularity of 2C-B led to it also being placed in Schedule I in 1995.<ref name="DEA2001" /> It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the [[research chemicals|"research chemicals"]]/"designer drugs" scene and darknet markets.
2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=History of Nexus|website=Tacethno.com|date=March 27, 2008|access-date=May 15, 2012}}{{Dubious}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml|title=The Nexus Factor: An Introduction to 2C-B|publisher=Erowid|author="Anu"|date=February 1996|access-date=October 10, 2020|orig-year=Modified 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg|title=Ubulawu Nomathotholo Package|publisher=Erowid|year=2002|medium=Picture}}</ref>
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
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2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring.
2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a [[substituted phenethylamine]]. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring.
2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=20</ref>
2C-B belongs to the [[2C-x|2C family]] of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.<ref name="PiHKAL" />
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref>Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C Receptors | http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/321/3/1054</ref> or even full [[antagonist]].<ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722/abstract;jsessionid=7F4731B4EF0AF36C37D0E3CA60319C4E.f03t04 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722/abstract;jsessionid=7F4731B4EF0AF36C37D0E3CA60319C4E.f03t04</ref> This suggests that the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.<ref>http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/321/3/1054.full.pdf</ref> Research also suggests that 2C-B increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.<ref>behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00213-012-2797-7</ref>
Unlike most [[psychedelic]]s, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy [[serotonin]] 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]<ref name="Moya2007">{{cite journal|title=Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> Receptors|first1=P. R.|last1=Moya|first2=K. A.|last2=Berg|first3=M. A.|last3=Gutiérrez-Hernandez|first4=P.|last4=Sáez-Briones|first5=M.|last5=Reyes-Parada|first6=B. K.|last6=Cassels|first7=W. P.|last7=Clarke|journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics|year=2007|volume=321|issue=3|pages=1054-1061|doi=10.1124/jpet.106.117507|issn=0022-3565|eissn=1521-0103|oclc=1606914|pmid=17337633}}</ref> or even full [[antagonist]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=4‐Bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C‐B) and structurally related phenylethylamines are potent 5‐HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonists in Xenopus laevis oocytes|volume=141|issue=7|year=2004|pages=1167-1174|first1=C. A.|last1=Villalobos|first2=P.|last2=Bull|first3=P.|last3=Sáez|first4=B. K.|last4=Cassels|first5=J. P.|last5=Huidobro‐Toro|doi=10.1038/sj.bjp.0705722|pmc=1574890|pmid=15006903|doi-access=free|journal=British Journal of Pharmacology|eissn=1476-5381|issn=0007-1188|oclc=01240522}}</ref> This suggests that the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.<ref name="Moya2007" /> Research also suggests that 2C-B increases [[dopamine]] levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Páleníček|first1=T.|last2=Fujáková|first2=M.|last3=Brunovský|first3=M.|first4=J.|last4=Horáček|first5=I.|last5=Gorman|first6=M.|last6=Balíková|first7=L.|last7=Rambousek|first8=K.|last8=Syslová|first9=P.|last9=Kačer|first10=P.|last10=Zach|first11=V.|last11=Bubeníková-Valešová|first12=F.|last12=Tylš|first13=A.|last13=Kubešová|first14=J.|last14=Puskarčíková|first15=C.|last15=Höschl|title=Behavioral, neurochemical and pharmaco-EEG profiles of the psychedelic drug 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in rats|journal=Psychopharmacology|volume=225|pages=75–93|year=2013|doi=10.1007/s00213-012-2797-7|pmid=22842791|issn=0033-3158|eissn=1432-2072|oclc=2409222}}</ref>
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive.
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the [[psychedelic]] experience continues to remain elusive.
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
{{effects/base
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*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to [[MDMA]]. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is often reported to be one of the most complex compared to other [[psychedelics]], sharing components of [[MDMA]], [[2C-E]], and [[LSD]]. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly [[Effect::physical euphoria|euphoric]].
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 2C-B is reported to be one of the most complex among [[psychedelics]], exhibiting aspects of [[MDMA]], [[2C-E]], and [[LSD]]. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly [[Effect::physical euphoria|euphoric]].
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]''' - While not as intense as stimulants such as [[MDMA]], most doses can cause a decrease in appetite.
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]'''{{citation needed}} - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
}}
}}
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====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
The visual geometry of 2C-B is more similar in appearance to that of [[LSD]] than that of [[2C-E]], [[psilocin]], or [[ayahuasca]]. They can be comprehensively described as unstructured in their organization, algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large, fast and smooth in motion, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp in their edges and angular in their corners. They seem high in algorithmic visuals such as fractals and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].
The visual geometry of 2C-B is reported to be more similar in appearance to that of [[LSD]] than that of [[2C-E]], [[psilocin]], or [[ayahuasca]]. It can be comprehensively described as unstructured in organization, algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large, fast and smooth in motion, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp in its edges and angular in its corners. It seems high in algorithmic visuals such as fractals and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].
====Hallucinatory states====
====Hallucinatory states====
Like [[LSD]], while 2C-B is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states, this is extremely rare and inconsistent at higher levels but common at lower and generally includes the following effects:
Like [[LSD]], while 2C-B is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states, they are comparatively rare and inconsistent at higher levels while common at lower levels. They generally include the following effects:
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects.
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement]]''' - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] but still prove stronger and more consistent than other [[psychedelic]]s of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects.
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone.
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]''' - This [[introspection]] dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]] & [[Paranoia]]''' - while possible at most doses, this effect generally occurs at a considerably lower intensity compared to classical psychedelics such as [[LSD]] and [[psilocybin mushrooms]].
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - Combined with the increased bodily sensations and stimulation, 2C-B is capable of making sexual activity extremely pleasurable.
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]''' -
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter.
*'''[[Laughter fits]]''' - Anecdotal reports and literature suggest that 2C-B is capable of producing sudden fits of mild to intense laughter.
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
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{{effects/multisensory|
{{effects/multisensory|
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of synesthesia, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
}}
}}
{{effects/transpersonal|
{{effects/transpersonal|
While 2C-B has been reported as having the potential to produce transpersonal states, it is reported to occur less consistently or with less of a lasting impact than with classic psychedelics such as [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], or [[DMT]].
While 2C-B has been reported as having the potential to produce transpersonal states, they are reported to occur less consistently or intensely than with classic psychedelics such as [[psilocybin mushrooms]], [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], or [[DMT]].
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
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}}
}}
}}
}}
===Combinational effects===
===Combination effects===
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis.
*'''[[Cannabis]]''' - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the [[anxiety]], [[confusion]] and [[psychosis]] risk of cannabis.
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]].
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation, and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced [[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|holes, spaces, and voids]] while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense [[internal hallucinations]] and corresponding [[confusion]] which can develop into [[delusions]] and [[psychosis]].
*'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs is very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]].
*'''[[Nitrous]]''' - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an [[ego death|"ego death"]] state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs are very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to [[compulsive redosing|compulsively redose]].
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - When combined with MDMA, the physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B become strongly amplified. The visual, physical and cognitive effects of 2C-B are also intensified with strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs and headspaces, and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is best to start with markedly lower dosages than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>Armstrong, B. D., Paik, E., Chhith, S., Lelievre, V., Waschek, J. A., & Howard, S. G. (2004). Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptior partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939. Neuroscience Research Communications, 35(2), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/nrc.20023</ref>
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - MDMA strongly amplifies the physical, visual, and cognitive effects of 2C-B. This combination is reported to produce strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs, headspaces and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA, based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=B. D.|last2=Paik|first2=E.|last3=Chhith|first3=S.|last4=Lelievre|first4=V.|last5=Waschek|first5=J. A.|last6=Howard|first6=S. G.|date=October 26, 2004|title=Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptor partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939|journal=Neuroscience Research Communications|volume=35|issue=2|pages=83-95|doi=10.1002/nrc.20023|eissn=1520-6769}}</ref>
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B which lends to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a fashion somewhat similar to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to black outs and unpredictable behavior.
*'''[[Alcohol]]''' - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B, lending to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a manner comparable to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause [[dehydration]] and [[nausea]] and [[physical fatigue]] which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to blackouts and unpredictable behavior.
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Benzodiazepines can, depending on the dosage, slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their very high abuse and addiction potential.
*'''[[Benzodiazepines]]''' - Depending on the dose, benzodiazepines can slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical, and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping [[bad trip|"bad trips"]] at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their high abuse and addiction potential.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.
Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.
{| class="wikitable"
!Marquis
!Mecke
!Mandelin
!Liebermann
!Froehde
!Robadope
|-
|Yellow - Green
|Yellow - Olive brownish
|green
|Yellow - Black
|Yellow - Green
|Slow pink
|-
!Ehrlich
!Hofmann
!Simon’s
!Scott
! colspan="2" |Folin
|-
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
|No reaction
| colspan="2" |(Light) purple
|}
==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
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===Neurotoxicity===
===Neurotoxicity===
2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>Hondebrink, Laura, Anne Zwartsen, and Remco HS Westerink. "Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?." Pharmacology & therapeutics 182 (2018): 193-224. | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817302723</ref> Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC<sub>50</sub> of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.<ref>Zwartsen, Anne, Laura Hondebrink, and Remco HS Westerink. "Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)." Neurotoxicology 66 (2018): 87-97. | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161813X1830086X?via%3Dihub#bib0050</ref> In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range.
2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hondebrink|first1=L.|first2=A.|last2=Zwartsen|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Effect fingerprinting of new psychoactive substances (NPS): What can we learn from in vitro data?|journal=Pharmacology & Therapeutics|issn=0163-7258|eissn=1879-016X|oclc=04981366|volume=182|year=2018|pages=193-224|doi=10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.022|doi-access=free|pmid=29097307|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163725817302723}}</ref> Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC<sub>50</sub> of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zwartsen|first1=A.|first2=L.|last2=Hondebrink|first3=R. H. S.|last3=Westerink|title=Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)|journal=NeuroToxicology|volume=66|year=2018|pages=87-97|issn=0161-813X|oclc=47153737|pmid=29572046|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.007}}</ref> In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range.
===Cardiac risk===
===Cardiac risk===
Users have reported experience hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.<ref>Papaseit, Esther et al. “Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 9 206. 13 Mar. 2018, doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00206| https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5859368/</ref> As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged.
Users have reported experiencing hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study|journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology|volume=9|page=206|year=2018|doi=10.3389/fphar.2018.00206|pmc=5859368|pmid=29593537|issn=1663-9812|doi-access=free|first1=E.|last1=Papaseit|first2=M.|last2=Farré|first3=C.|last3=Pérez-Mañá|first4=M.|last4=Torrens|first5=M.|last5=Ventura|first6=M.|last6=Pujadas|first7=R.|last7=de la Torre|first8=D.|last8=González|oclc=1198838203}}</ref> As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged.
===Lethal dosage===
===Lethal dosage===
There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref> "Shulgin, A (1991) ''PIHKAL''" | http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml</ref>
There is no current data for the LD<sub>50</sub> of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. [[Alexander Shulgin]] reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.<ref name="PiHKAL" />
===Dependence and abuse potential===
===Dependence and abuse potential===
As with other [[serotonergic psychedelic]], 2C-B is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low potential for abuse]].
As with other [[serotonergic psychedelic]], 2C-B is considered to be [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low potential for abuse]].
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B are not built almost immediately after ingestion. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row with no immediate tolerance build up.
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B is not built almost immediately after ingestion. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row (either consecutively or by redosing many many times in a row and tripping continuously for dozens of hours) with no immediate tolerance build up and still building quite slowly even under sustained exposure.
2C-B produces cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics, meaning that after the use of 2C-B all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
2C-B does not produce cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics, although most users report other psychedelics affecting 2C-B tolerance. For example 2C-B followed by LSD will not result in any loss of effects whereas LSD followed by 2C-B will. Others report 2C-B following a completely separate tolerance clock to other psychedelics with no cross tolerance being shared between the two, although this seems to be a rare reaction with that individual's personal body chemistry, with the aforementioned one-way tolerance being the case for the very large majority of the population.
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
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==Legal status==
==Legal status==
Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B)|publisher=UNODC|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_2001-03-20_1.html|title=Inclusion of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C -B) in Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)|date=March 20, 2001|access-date=December 10, 2019|id=CND Dec.44/1.}}</ref>
*'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010 Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref>
*'''Argentina''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cicad.oas.org/fortalecimiento_institucional/legislations/PDF/AR/decreto_299.pdf|title=Decreto 299/2010: Actualización de la lista de estupefacientes y demás sustancias químicas que deberán ser incluidas en losalcances de la Ley Nº 23.737.|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Spanish|date=February 3, 2010}}</ref>
*'''Australia''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia''': 2C-B is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.<ref name="Poisons Standard">{{cite web |url= https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01534 |title=Poisons Standard October 2015 |work=Federal Register of Legislation }}</ref> A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.<ref name="Poisons Standard" />
*'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10011053|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Suchtgiftverordnung|access-date=January 10, 2021|language=German|date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
*'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}}
*'''Belgium''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}}
*'''Brazil''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Brazil''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7|title=RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016|publication-date=December 5, 2016|publisher=Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) [Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)]|language=pt}}</ref>
*'''Canada''': 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.<ref> "CDSA Schedule II" | http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=ALL&structure=C</ref>
*'''Canada''': 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=ALL&structure=C|title=Schedule III|work=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)|publisher=Isomer Design|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>
*'''Croatia''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.<ref> "Popis droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga" | https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2016_01_10_258.html</ref>
*'''Croatia''': 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Popis: Droga, psihotropnih tvari i biljaka iz kojih se može dobiti droga te tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga|url=https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2016_01_10_258.html|publication-date=January 29, 2016|language=hr|work=Narodne novine|issn=1331-7725|oclc=299165185}}</ref>
*'''Denmark''': 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=Danish}}</ref>
*'''Czech Republic''': 2-CB is a Schedule II drug.<ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463#f5150333</ref>
*'''Denmark''': 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=da|id=BEK Nr. 557|date=May 31, 2011|publisher=Civilstyrelsen [Civil Agency]}}</ref>
*'''Estonia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Estonia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.{{citation needed}}
*'''European Union''': 2C-B is a Schedule II drug in the EU.{{citation needed}}
*'''Finland''': Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.{{citation needed}}
*'''Finland''': Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.{{citation needed}}
*'''Germany''': 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I) as of January 31, 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*[%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl109s0049.pdf%27]#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl192s2483.pdf%27%5D__1576022525309|title=Vierte Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) Anlage I|trans-title=Narcotics Act (BtMG) Schedule I|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of January 31, 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl192s2483.pdf|title=Vierte Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag [Federal Gazette]|language=de|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 1992 Teil I Nr. 61|page=1058|publication-date=December 31, 1992|date=December 23, 1992|eissn=0344-7634}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=Betäubungsmittelgesetz (BtMG) § 29|trans-title=Narcotics Act (BtMG) § 29|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Italy''': 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy<ref>Italy drug schedule | http://www.salute.gov.it/medicinaliSostanze/paginaInternaMedicinaliSostanze.jsp?id=7&menu=strumenti</ref>
*'''Italy''': 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf|title=Tabella I|publisher=Ministero della Salute [Ministry of Health]|access-date=January 7, 2020|language=it|page=8}}</ref>
*'''Japan''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Japan''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Latvia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''Latvia''': 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref>
*'''Luxembourg''': 2C-B is a prohibited substance since 2001.<ref>Règlement grand-ducal du 14 décembre 2001 modifiant l'annexe du règlement grand-ducal modifié du 4 mars 1974 concernant certaines substances toxiques. | http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/rgd/2001/12/14/n10/jo</ref>
*'''The Netherlands''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''The Netherlands''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Norway''': 2C-B is a Schedule II drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Norway''': 2C-B is a Schedule II drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Poland''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Poland''': 2C-B is illegal to posses since 2015 under "Wykaz środków odurzających i substancji psychotropowych"<ref>https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/2C-B#Stan_prawny_w_Polsce</ref>
*'''Russia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Russia''': Possession, production and sale is illegal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Spain''': 2C-B is a Category 2 drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Spain''': 2C-B is a Category 2 drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Sweden''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf</ref>
*'''Sweden''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web|title=Föreskrifter om ändring i Läkemedelsverkets föreskrifter (LVFS 1997:12) om förteckningar över narkotika|work=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling (LVFS)|oclc=185277860|publisher=Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency]|issn=1101-5225|publication-date=December 8, 2009|date=November 25, 2009|id=LVFS 2009:22|url=http://www.lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916034638/https://lakemedelsverket.se/upload/lvfs/LVFS_2009-22.pdf|archive-date=September 16, 2018|page=1|language=sv}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 2C-B is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 2C-B is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 2C-B is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2011/1310">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/02/20110213-4.htm</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 2C-B is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2011/1310|url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2011/02/20110213-4.htm|publisher=Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Legislation Development and Publication]|publication-date=February 13, 2011|date=January 7, 2011|work=Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 27845|language=tr}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 2C-B is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>United Kingdom. (1977). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (S.I. 1977/1243). London: The Stationery Office Limited. Retrieved July 5, 2017, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1977/1243/made</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 2C-B is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=January 7, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
*'''United States''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>Schedules of Controlled Substances, 21 C.F.R. § 1308 (1995). Retrieved November 5, 2019, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_11.htm</ref>
*'''United States''': 2C-B is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_11.htm|title=Part 1308: Schedules of Controlled Substances: §1308.11 Schedule I.|work=Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations|access-date=November 5, 2019|publisher=Diversion Control Devision}}</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (also known as Nexus, Bromo Mescaline, BDMPEA, Venus, and 2C-B) is a novel psychedelic substance of the phenethylamine class.
It is perhaps the most well-known member of the 2C-x family, which are structurally related to the classical psychedelic mescaline. The mechanism of action is not fully known, although serotoninreceptor binding activity is thought to be principally involved.
2C-B was discovered in 1974 by the American chemist Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating psychedelic phenethylamines derived from mescaline.[2][3]
In the 1970s, it first saw use as a therapeutic aid by a small circle of American psychotherapists and was considered one of the best substances for this purpose due to its short duration, relative absence of side effects, and comparably mild nature.[4]
Recreational use was observed shortly afterward and it was briefly manufactured and sold commercially under such names as "Erox" and "Nexus" in "head" / "smart" shops and adult video stores before being federally scheduled in 1995.[5]
Smaller doses (under 15 mg) are reported to be useful as a sensory and aesthetic enhancer (in a manner somewhat similar to MDMA) while larger doses are reported to produce a distinct mind-manifesting psychedelic effect.
While more research is needed, it is generally thought to be physiologically well-tolerated[citation needed]. It likely has a safety profile similar to classical psychedelics, which are known to have low abuse potential and toxicity. However, adverse psychological reactions such as severe anxiety, paranoia, delusions, psychosis are always possible, particularly for those predisposed to mental disorders.[6]
2C-B was first synthesized and tested for psychoactivity in 1974 by the American chemist and psychedelic researcher Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating novel psychedelic compounds based on the chemical structure of mescaline.
Shulgin's findings were later published in the 1991 book PiHKAL, in which he listed 2C-B among the "magical half-dozen" of psychedelicphenethylamines that he deemed most important.[2] The list consists of mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-T-2, and 2C-T-7.[7] In interviews, Shulgin repeatedly declared it his favorite psychedelic trip.[8]
In the 1970s, it was used in patients by a small number of psychotherapists in the United States. These therapists reported that it created a warm, empathetic bond between them and their patients, helping to break down their ego defenses and inner resistances and allowing the patient to get in touch with suppressed emotions and repressed memories. The gentle nature of 2C-B, in addition to its mild side effects and short duration, were found to be desirable traits for a therapeutic setting.[9]
Shortly after gaining traction in the underground psychotherapy community, 2C-B became popular in the recreational drug scene. It was well-liked as a MDMA substitute in raves and club parties due to its minimal comedown and a clear, euphoric headspace.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, several foreign companies legally manufactured the substance under the brand names "Nexus", "Erox", and "Performax" and advertised that it would alleviate impotence, frigidity, and diminished libido. It was sold at adult book and video stores, "head" shops, and some nightclubs. The DEA reported its distribution in Miami, Florida in the form of yellow pills marketed as an aphrodisiac.[10]
In the United States, it gained popularity as an alternative to MDMA after the latter was classified as a Schedule I substance in 1985. The increasing popularity of 2C-B led to it also being placed in Schedule I in 1995.[5] It saw a resurgence in interest in the 2000s, with the advent of the "research chemicals"/"designer drugs" scene and darknet markets.
2C-B was legally sold in Southern Africa from 1993 to early 1996. It was marketed as medicine for Sangomas (traditional healers) under the name "Ubulawu Nomathotholo", which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".[11][12][13]
2C-B, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine. Substituted phenethylamines are a chemical class of organic compounds that are based upon the phenethylamine structure, a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-B possesses methoxy functional groups CH3O- attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as a bromine atom attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring.
2C-B belongs to the 2C family of phenethylamines, all of which possess methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.[2]
Unlike most psychedelics, 2C-B has been shown to be a low efficacy serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist[14] or even full antagonist.[15] This suggests that the 5-HT2C receptor is primarily responsible for mediating the effects experienced by users of 2C-B.[14] Research also suggests that 2C-B increases dopamine levels in the brains of rats which may contribute to its psychoactivity.[16]
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - 2C-B is typically described as very energetic and stimulating in a fashion that draws comparisons to MDMA. At higher doses this effect can become more forced, encouraging users to engage in physical activities such as dancing.
Spontaneous bodily sensations - The "body high" of 2C-B is reported to be one of the most complex among psychedelics, exhibiting aspects of MDMA, 2C-E, and LSD. This is first characterized by an intense soft, warm glow that grows over the body and is capable of becoming highly euphoric.
Nausea - Mild to extreme nausea is reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
Appetite suppression - While not as intense as stimulants such as MDMA, most doses can cause a decrease in appetite.
Drifting(melting, flowing, breathing and morphing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and cartoon-like in style.
The visual geometry of 2C-B is reported to be more similar in appearance to that of LSD than that of 2C-E, psilocin, or ayahuasca. It can be comprehensively described as unstructured in organization, algorithmic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large, fast and smooth in motion, colorful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp in its edges and angular in its corners. It seems high in algorithmic visuals such as fractals and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of level 8A visual geometry over level 8B.
Hallucinatory states
Like LSD, while 2C-B is capable of producing a full range of low and high-level hallucinatory states, they are comparatively rare and inconsistent at higher levels while common at lower levels. They generally include the following effects:
Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - Although 2C-B is technically capable of producing hallucinatory states in a fashion that is on par with psilocin or DMT in its vividness and intensity. In comparison, these effects are extremely rare and inconsistent at common doses, though are usually readily producible at high doses, particularly when taken by rectal or intravenous routes. While traditional psychedelics such as LSA, ayahuasca and mescaline will induce internal hallucinations near consistently at level 5 geometry and above, 2C-B will for most go straight into Level 8A visual geometry. This lack of consistently induced hallucinatory breakthroughs means that for some, 2C-B is simply not as deep of an experience as certain other psychedelics.
The cognitive effects of 2C-B are often described as both insightful and relatively normal in their thought processes even at moderate to high dosages. They are often described as being halfway between LSD and MDMA.
Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement - These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as MDMA but still prove stronger and more consistent than other psychedelics of any class. This has been reported to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects.
Analysis enhancement - This introspection dominant effect is only manifested consistently in the context of a non-social setting in which the user is alone.
Anxiety & Paranoia - while possible at most doses, this effect generally occurs at a considerably lower intensity compared to classical psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms.
Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of synesthesia, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
While 2C-B has been reported as having the potential to produce transpersonal states, they are reported to occur less consistently or intensely than with classic psychedelics such as psilocybin mushrooms, mescaline, LSD, or DMT.
Cannabis - Cannabis majorly intensifies and extends both the sensory and cognitive effects of 2C-B. Extreme caution should be exercised with this combination as it can also elevate the anxiety, confusion and psychosis risk of cannabis.
Dissociatives - When combined with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation, and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced. Dissociative-induced holes, spaces, and voids while under the influence of 2C-B have significantly more vivid visuals than dissociatives alone. It also results in more intense internal hallucinations and corresponding confusion which can develop into delusions and psychosis.
Nitrous - Nitrous oxide is commonly used in combination with psychedelics. The two are known to possess powerful cross-synergistic effects, including the capacity to send the user directly into an "ego death" state. The speed and intensity with which this occurs are very rapid and the euphoria that can result often leads to the urge to compulsively redose.
MDMA - MDMA strongly amplifies the physical, visual, and cognitive effects of 2C-B. This combination is reported to produce strong sensations of euphoric pleasure manifested through distinct body highs, headspaces and uniquely colorful visuals. The synergy between these substances is unpredictable, and it is advised to start with markedly lower doses than one would take for both substances individually. This combination may increase the neurotoxic effects of MDMA, based on its similarity to LSD, which has been found to increase MDMA neurotoxicity.[19]
Alcohol - Alcohol can increase the disinhibiting and euphoric effects of 2C-B, lending to its use in recreational settings. It can be used in light doses to "take the edge off" a trip as well as dull its psychedelic effects in a manner comparable to benzodiazepines. However, this is not typically recommended due to alcohol’s ability to cause dehydration and nausea and physical fatigue which can negatively affect a trip if taken in moderate to high dosages. Heavy drinking is strongly discouraged as it can easily lead to blackouts and unpredictable behavior.
Benzodiazepines - Depending on the dose, benzodiazepines can slightly to completely reduce the intensity of the cognitive, physical, and visual effects of a 2C-B trip. They are very efficient at stopping "bad trips" at the cost of amnesia and reduced trip intensity. Caution is advised when acquiring them for this purpose due to their high abuse and addiction potential.
Psychedelics - When used in combination with other psychedelics, each substance's physical, cognitive and visual effects intensify and synergize strongly. The synergy between those substances is unpredictable, and for this reason generally not advised. If choosing to combine psychedelics, it is recommended to start with significantly lower dosages than one would take for either substance individually.
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.
Marquis
Mecke
Mandelin
Liebermann
Froehde
Robadope
Yellow - Green
Yellow - Olive brownish
green
Yellow - Black
Yellow - Green
Slow pink
Ehrlich
Hofmann
Simon’s
Scott
Folin
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
No reaction
(Light) purple
Toxicity and harm potential
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2C-B use have not been studied in any scientific context, and the exact toxic dose is unknown.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (although nothing can be completely guaranteed).
2C-B at normal doses is unlikely to be neurotoxic.[20] Through rough extrapolations of data from rat cortical cultures, the IC50 of neuronal activity may result from a dose of at least a 330-650mg.[21] In other words, users should avoid a dose that large in order to avoid long term damage, but typical doses should be well within a safe range.
Cardiac risk
Users have reported experiencing hypertension, hyperthermia and tachycardia at higher doses.[22] As such, those with pre-existing heart conditions should avoid using 2C-B, and users monitor their temperature and heart-rate and respond accordingly. Heavy physical exertion while on 2C-B is discouraged.
Lethal dosage
There is no current data for the LD50 of 2C-B, but it is thought to be considerably higher than the active dose. Alexander Shulgin reported a 100 mg oral dose taken without apparent harm.[2]
Dependence and abuse potential
As with other serotonergic psychedelic, 2C-B is considered to be non-addictive with a low potential for abuse.
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-B is not built almost immediately after ingestion. There are many anecdotal reports of people ingesting this substance many days in a row (either consecutively or by redosing many many times in a row and tripping continuously for dozens of hours) with no immediate tolerance build up and still building quite slowly even under sustained exposure.
2C-B does not produce cross-tolerance with other serotonergic psychedelics, although most users report other psychedelics affecting 2C-B tolerance. For example 2C-B followed by LSD will not result in any loss of effects whereas LSD followed by 2C-B will. Others report 2C-B following a completely separate tolerance clock to other psychedelics with no cross tolerance being shared between the two, although this seems to be a rare reaction with that individual's personal body chemistry, with the aforementioned one-way tolerance being the case for the very large majority of the population.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
[[Wikipedia:Lithium_(medication)|DangerousInteraction::Lithium]] - Lithium is commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. There is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics significantly increases the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination is strictly discouraged.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Cannabis may have an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of 2C-B. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid unintentional overdose.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is well-documented to lower the seizure threshold[23] and psychedelics may act to trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.[citation needed]
Legal status
Internationally, 2C-B was added to the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances as a Schedule II substance on March 20, 2001.[24]
Argentina: 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.[25]
Australia: 2C-B is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard.[26] A Schedule 9 substance is a substance which may be abused or misused and the manufacture, possession, sale or use of is prohibited by law except when required for medical or scientific research, or for analytical, teaching or training purposes with approval of Commonwealth and/or State or Territory Health Authorities.[26]
Austria: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Austria under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich). 2C-B is listed in Schedule V of the Suchtgiftverordnung, which further specifies the SMG.[27]
Belgium: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Belgium.[citation needed]
Brazil: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Brazil as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[28]
Canada: 2C-B is a Schedule III drug in Canada.[29]
Croatia: 2C-B is illegal to possess, produce and sell in Croatia as a result of it being a 2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine.[30]
Denmark: 2C-B is a List B controlled substance.[32]
Estonia: 2C-B is a Schedule I drug in Estonia.[citation needed]
Finland: Possession, production and sale of 2C-B is illegal in Finland.[citation needed]
Germany: 2C-B is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)[33] as of January 31, 1993.[34] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[35]
Italy: 2C-B is a Schedule I (tabella I) drug in Italy[36]
Japan: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
Latvia: 2C-B is a Schedule I controlled substance.[37]
Luxembourg: 2C-B is a prohibited substance since 2001.[38]
The Netherlands: Possession, production and sale is illegal.[citation needed]
González, D., Torrens, M., & Farré, M. (2015). Acute Effects of the Novel Psychoactive Drug 2C-B on Emotions. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/643878
Papaseit, E., Farré, M., Pérez-Mañá, C., Torrens, M., Ventura, M., Pujadas, M., ... & González, D. (2018). Acute Pharmacological Effects of 2C-B in Humans: An Observational Study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00206
↑ 14.014.1Moya, P. R.; Berg, K. A.; Gutiérrez-Hernandez, M. A.; Sáez-Briones, P.; Reyes-Parada, M.; Cassels, B. K.; Clarke, W. P. (2007). "Functional Selectivity of Hallucinogenic Phenethylamine and Phenylisopropylamine Derivatives at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A and 5-HT2C Receptors". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 321 (3): 1054–1061. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.117507. eISSN1521-0103. ISSN0022-3565. OCLC1606914. PMID17337633.
↑Armstrong, B. D.; Paik, E.; Chhith, S.; Lelievre, V.; Waschek, J. A.; Howard, S. G. (October 26, 2004). "Potentiation of (DL)‐3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐induced toxicity by the serotonin 2A receptor partial agonist d‐lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and the protection of same by the serotonin 2A/2C receptor antagonist MDL 11,939". Neuroscience Research Communications. 35 (2): 83–95. doi:10.1002/nrc.20023. eISSN1520-6769.
↑Zwartsen, A.; Hondebrink, L.; Westerink, R. H. S. (2018). "Neurotoxicity screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS): Effects on neuronal activity in rat cortical cultures using microelectrode arrays (MEA)". NeuroToxicology. 66: 87–97. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2018.03.007. ISSN0161-813X. OCLC47153737. PMID29572046.
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN1556-9039.
↑"Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2011/1310". Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 27845 (in Türkçe). Başbakanlık Mevzuatı Geliştirme ve Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü [General Directorate of Legislation Development and Publication] (published February 13, 2011). January 7, 2011.
. eISSN 1476-5381. ISSN 0007-1188. OCLC 01240522. PMC 1574890 