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m Add legality + citation for Netherlands, with a focus on a recent law that is a blanket ban
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'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine''' (also known as '''2C-M''', '''LE-25''' and more commonly as '''2C-D''') is a synthetic [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] of the [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class that produces short-lived [[psychedelic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. Its sensory and cognitive effects profile has been described as being the most similar to that of [[mescaline]] among members of the [[2C-x family]], albeit with a significantly shorter duration.
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine''' (also known as '''2C-M''', '''LE-25''' and more commonly as '''2C-D''') is a synthetic [[Psychoactive class::psychedelic]] of the [[Chemical class::phenethylamine]] chemical class that produces short-lived [[psychedelic]] effects when [[routes of administration|administered]]. Its sensory and cognitive effects profile has been described as being the most similar to that of [[mescaline]] among members of the [[2C-x family]], albeit with a significantly shorter duration.
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences.<ref>Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5412084</ref> Initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses in humans were carried out in 1964.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander. "Pharmacology Lab Notes #1". Lafayette, CA. (1960-1976). p94, p175 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf</ref>
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences.<ref name="Ho1970">{{cite journal|title=Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines|pmid=5412084|doi=10.1021/jm00295a034|year=1970|volume=13|issue=1|pages=134-135|first1=B. T.|last1=Ho|first2=L. W.|last2=Tansey|first3=R. L.|last3=Balster|first4=R.|last4=An|first5=W. M.|last5=McIsaac|first6=R. T.|last6=Harris|journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry|issn=0022-2623|eissn=1520-4804|oclc=39480771}}</ref> Initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses in humans were carried out in 1964.<ref name="Shulgin1976">{{cite book|author=Alexander Shulgin|author-link=Alexander Shulgin|title=Pharmacology Notes I (The Shulgin Lab Books)|publisher=Erowid|url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf|page=176|place=Lafayette, CA|year=1976}}</ref>
Many anecdotal reports suggest that it is calmer, easier to handle and more comfortable on the body than other closely related [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]]. While not especially visual or physically euphoric at common doses, it is reported to be very lucid, analytical and unimpaired in its headspace - a quality it retains even as the dose is increased.
Many anecdotal reports suggest that it is calmer, easier to handle and more comfortable on the body than other closely related [[psychedelic]] [[phenethylamines]]. While not especially visual or physically euphoric at common doses, it is reported to be very lucid, analytical and unimpaired in its headspace - a quality it retains even as the dose is increased.
Lower doses of 2C-D (generally 10 mg or less) have been explored for its use as a potential [[nootropic]], albeit with mixed results.<ref>Lemaire, D. (1990). Erowid 2C-D Vault: Smart Pills, by Hosten & Lazar. Retrieved from https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cd/2cd_smartpills1.shtml</ref>
Lower doses of 2C-D (generally 10 mg or less) have been explored for its use as a potential [[nootropic]], albeit with mixed results.<ref>{{cite web|author=Darrell Lemaire|year=1990|orig-year=Updated 2015|publisher=Erowid|url=https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cd/2cd_smartpills1.shtml|title=Certain Exotic Transmitters as Smart Pills or Compounds that Increase the Capacity for Mental Work in Humans|access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref>
Today, 2C-D is used both recreationally and as an [[entheogen]]. It is rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively distributed as a gray area [[research chemical]] by online vendors.
Today, 2C-D is used both recreationally and as an [[entheogen]]. It is rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively distributed as a gray area [[research chemical]] by online vendors.
==History and culture==
==History and culture==
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences,<ref>Amphetamine analogs. II. Methylated phenethylamines (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5412084</ref>, but initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses were carried out in 1964. Further investigations at higher doses were carried out by Shulgin and his fellow researchers between 1974 and 1978.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander. "Pharmacology Lab Notes #1". Lafayette, CA. (1960-1976). p94, p175 (Erowid.org) | https://erowid.org/library/books_online/shulgin_labbooks/shulgin_labbook1_searchable.pdf</ref> The name '2C-D' derives from the chemical's structure - it is the 2-Carbon analogue of [[DOM]].
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences,<ref name="Ho1970"/>, but initial trials by [[Alexander Shulgin]] at sub-threshold doses were carried out in 1964. Further investigations at higher doses were carried out by Shulgin and his fellow researchers between 1974 and 1978.<ref name="Shulgin1976"/> The name '2C-D' derives from the chemical's structure - it is the 2-Carbon analogue of [[DOM]].
Notably, Shulgin referred to 2C-D as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning it can extend or potentiate the effect of other substances without overly coloring the experience, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with.{{citation needed}} While some use this as evidence that 2C-D is relatively uninteresting as a psychedelic on its own, others strongly disagree with this assessment and hold that 2C-D is an unusually versatile and fully-fledged [[psychedelic]] in its own right.
Shulgin notably referred to 2C-D as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning it can extend or potentiate the effect of other substances without overly coloring the experience, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with.{{citation needed}} While some use this as evidence that 2C-D is relatively uninteresting as a psychedelic on its own, others strongly disagree with this assessment and hold that 2C-D is an unusually versatile and fully-fledged [[psychedelic]] in its own right.
Despite showing promise as a very functional psychostimulant<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zuba|first1=D.|last2=Sekuła|first2=K.|year=2013|title=Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=5|issue=8|pages=634–645|doi=10.1002/dta.1397|pmid=22936468|issn=1942-7603|eissn=1942-7611|oclc=231680670}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=L. A.|year=2014|title=New phenethylamines in Europe|journal=Drug Testing and Analysis|volume=6|issue=7–8|pages=808–818|doi=10.1002/dta.1570|pmid=24574327|issn=1942-7603|eissn=1942-7611|oclc=231680670}}</ref> with successful studies investigating the use in psychotherapy in Germany,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=U.|first2=D.E.|last2=Dietrich|first3=U.|last3=Gast|year=2004|title=Aspekte des Psychischen: Festschrift anlässlich des 60. Geburtstags von Hinderk M. Emrich|location=Würzbug, Germany|publisher=Königshausen & Neumann|language=de|isbn=3826027299|oclc=55887990}}</ref> 2C-D has not found widespread use. This has been argued to be due to the previously limited diversity of substances on the market - a consumer dynamic which has changed significantly with the advent of the internet - allowing a broader freedom of choice for explorers of psychedelic phenethylamines.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Martin|year=2014|doi=10.1057/9781137399052|title=Drugs on the Dark Net: How Cryptomarkets are Transforming the Global Trade in Illicit Drugs|isbn=978-1-349-48566-6|oclc=903145880|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke, UK|series=Palgrave pivot.}}</ref> Of these, it tends to be substantially harder to find and notably more expensive by weight.{{citation needed}}
Despite showing promise as a very functional psychostimulant<ref>Zuba, D., & Sekula, K. (2013). Analytical characterization of three hallucinogenic N-(2-methoxy)benzyl derivatives of the 2C-series of phenethylamine drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 5(8), 634–645. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1397</ref><ref>King, L. A. (2014). New phenethylamines in Europe. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 808–818. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1570</ref> with successful studies investigating the use in psychotherapy in Germany,<ref>Schneider, U. (2004). Aspekte des Psychischen: Festschrift anlässlich des 60. Geburtstags von Hinderk M. Emrich. Würzbug, Germany: Königshausen & Neumann. '''No complete fulltext was available at the time of writing, please refer to the Google Scholar document: https://books.google.de/books?id=yo45tYQj2-MC&lpg=PA129&ots=tW1EqmhrGF&dq=DMM-PEA&hl=de&pg=PA129&output=embed.'''</ref> 2C-D has not found widespread use. This has been argued to be due to the previously limited diversity of substances on the market - a consumer dynamic which has changed significantly with the advent of the internet - allowing a broader freedom of choice for explorers of psychedelic phenethylamines.<ref>Martin, J. (2014). Drugs on the Dark Net. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137399052</ref> Of these, it tends to be substantially harder to find and notably more expensive by weight.{{citation needed}}
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
[[File:Phenethylamine.png|thumb|right|253px|thumb|right|253px||Generic structure of a phenethylamine molecule]]
[[File:Phenethylamine.png|thumb|right|253px|thumb|right||Generic structure of a phenethylamine molecule]]
2C-D, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine, is a substituted [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-D contains methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a methyl group attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring.
2C-D, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine, is a substituted [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-D contains methoxy functional groups CH<sub>3</sub>O- attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> as well as a methyl group attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring.
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===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
*'''Australia:''' Australia has a blanket ban over all substituted phenethylamines including the entire 2C-X family.<ref>New Psychoactive Substances (National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre 2014) | https://comorbidity.edu.au/sites/default/files/cre/page/New%20Psychoactive%20Substances.pdf</ref>
*'''Austria:''' 2C-D is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Australia''': Australia has a blanket ban over all substituted phenethylamines including the entire 2C-X family.<ref>{{cite web|title=Psychoactive Substances|publisher=National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre|year=2014|url=https://comorbidity.edu.au/sites/default/files/cre/page/New%20Psychoactive%20Substances.pdf}}{{dead link|date=October 2020}}</ref>
*'''Brazil:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Austria''': 2C-D is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich). In its Schedule II, the further specifying NPSV (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung Österreich) explicitly bans all substituted phenetylamines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20007642|title=Bundesrecht konsolidiert: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung|date=June 26, 2019|language=de|access-date=January 10, 2021}}</ref>
*'''Canada:''' 2C-D would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.<ref>Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (S.C. 1996, c. 19) |http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-12.html#h-28</ref>
*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7|title=RESOLUÇÃO DA DIRETORIA COLEGIADA - RDC N° 130, DE 2 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2016|publication-date=December 5, 2016|publisher=Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) [Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA)]|language=pt}}</ref>
*'''China:''' 2C-D is a controlled substance in China as of October 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''Canada''': 2C-D would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/schedule.php?schedule=3§ion=ALL&structure=C|title=Schedule III|work=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA)|publisher=Isomer Design|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref>
*'''Denmark:''' 2C-D is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.<ref>Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer | https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169</ref>
*'''China''': 2C-D is a controlled substance in China as of October 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html|title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知|publisher=国家食品药品监督管理总局 [China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA)]|date=September 27, 2015|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906191704/http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html|archive-date=September 6, 2017}}</ref>
*'''Germany:''' On December 13, 2014, 2C-D was added to the controlled substance act ("BtMG"), making it illegal to produce, sell or possess.<ref>Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (28. BtMÄndV)| http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11392/a189949.htm</ref>
*'''Denmark''': 2C-D is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=137169|title=Bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=da|id=BEK Nr. 557|date=May 31, 2011|publisher=Civilstyrelsen [Civil Agency]}}</ref>
*'''Japan:''' 2C-D is controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, making it illegal to possess or sell.<ref>Analytical Data of Designated Substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) Controlled by the Pharmaceutical AŠairs Law in Japan, Part I: GC-MS and LC-MS | https://www.erowid.org/references/texts/show/7395docid7635</ref>
*'''Germany''': 2C-D is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: Anlage I|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2014 Teil I Nr. 57|page=1999-2002|publication-date=December 12, 2014|language=de|oclc=231871244|issn=0341-1095|date=December 5, 2014}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: § 29|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Latvia:''' 2C-D is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (2,5-Dimetoksifeniletānamīni) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
*'''Japan''': 2C-D is controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, making it illegal to possess or sell.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Analytical Data of Designated Substances (Shitei-Yakubutsu) Controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, Part I: GC-MS and LC-MS|url=https://www.erowid.org/references/texts/show/7395docid7635|language=ja|volume=128|issue=6|pages=971-979|journal=Yakugaku Zasshi|eissn=0031-6903|issn=1347-5231|oclc=909890652|year=2008|pmid=18520145|doi=10.1248/yakushi.128.981|first1=N.|last1=Uchiyama|first2=M.|last2=Kawamura|first3=H.|last3=Kamakura|first4=R.|last4=Kikura-Hanajiri|first5=Y.|last5=Goda}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal.<ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20170329020935/https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html</ref>
*'''Latvia''': 2C-D is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086|title=Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem|publisher=VSIA Latvijas Vēstnesis|access-date=January 1, 2020|publication-date=November 10, 2005|language=lv}}</ref>
*'''Sweden:''' 2C-D is classified as a health hazard as of March 1, 2005, in the regulation SFS 2005:26, making it illegal to sell or possess.<ref>Svensk författningssamling | http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20050026.pdf</ref>
*'''The Netherlands:''' 2C-D is currently legal, but it is part of a substance group that may be banned soon as part of a recently passed law on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). <ref>{{Citation|title= Wijziging van de Opiumwet in verband met het toevoegen van een derde lijst met als doel het tegengaan van de productie van en de handel in nieuwe psychoactieve stoffen en enkele andere wijzigingen (Dutch) | year=2024|url=https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/wetsvoorstellen/detail?id=2022Z14042&dossier=36159}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' 2C-D is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>United Kingdom. (1977). Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (S.I. 1977/1243). London: The Stationery Office Limited. Retrieved July 5, 2017, from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1977/1243/made</ref>
*'''Sweden''': 2C-D is classified as a health hazard as of March 1, 2005, in the regulation SFS 2005:26, making it illegal to sell or possess.<ref>{{cite web|title=Svensk författningssamling Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor|url=http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20050026.pdf|id=SFS 2005:26|language=sv|date=February 3, 2005|publication-date=February 15, 2005|publisher=Läkemedelsverket [Swedish Medical Products Agency]|issn=1101-5225|work=Läkemedelsverkets författningssamling (LVFS)}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' 2C-D is listed in Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act in the United States. This was signed into law as of July 2012 under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act.<ref>S. 3187: Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act, Subtitle D-Synthetic Drugs | http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3187/text</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 2C-D is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' 2C-D is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı Karar Sayısı : 2013/4827 | https://free-ankara.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BKK_2013_4827_28688.pdf</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 2C-D is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule 2: Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
*'''United States''': 2C-D is listed in Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act in the United States. This was signed into law as of July 2012 under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s3187/text|title=S. 3187 (112<sup>th</sup>): Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act|date=June 27, 2012|access-date=October 10, 2020|publisher=GovTrack}}</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine (also known as 2C-M, LE-25 and more commonly as 2C-D) is a synthetic psychedelic of the phenethylamine chemical class that produces short-lived psychedelic effects when administered. Its sensory and cognitive effects profile has been described as being the most similar to that of mescaline among members of the 2C-x family, albeit with a significantly shorter duration.
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences.[1] Initial trials by Alexander Shulgin at sub-threshold doses in humans were carried out in 1964.[2]
Many anecdotal reports suggest that it is calmer, easier to handle and more comfortable on the body than other closely related psychedelicphenethylamines. While not especially visual or physically euphoric at common doses, it is reported to be very lucid, analytical and unimpaired in its headspace - a quality it retains even as the dose is increased.
Lower doses of 2C-D (generally 10 mg or less) have been explored for its use as a potential nootropic, albeit with mixed results.[3]
Today, 2C-D is used both recreationally and as an entheogen. It is rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively distributed as a gray area research chemical by online vendors.
The synthesis of 2C-D was first published in 1970 by a team from the Texas Research Institute of Mental Sciences,[1], but initial trials by Alexander Shulgin at sub-threshold doses were carried out in 1964. Further investigations at higher doses were carried out by Shulgin and his fellow researchers between 1974 and 1978.[2] The name '2C-D' derives from the chemical's structure - it is the 2-Carbon analogue of DOM.
Shulgin notably referred to 2C-D as a “pharmacological tofu,” meaning it can extend or potentiate the effect of other substances without overly coloring the experience, in a manner similar to how tofu absorbs the flavors of sauces or spices it is cooked with.[citation needed] While some use this as evidence that 2C-D is relatively uninteresting as a psychedelic on its own, others strongly disagree with this assessment and hold that 2C-D is an unusually versatile and fully-fledged psychedelic in its own right.
Despite showing promise as a very functional psychostimulant[4][5] with successful studies investigating the use in psychotherapy in Germany,[6] 2C-D has not found widespread use. This has been argued to be due to the previously limited diversity of substances on the market - a consumer dynamic which has changed significantly with the advent of the internet - allowing a broader freedom of choice for explorers of psychedelic phenethylamines.[7] Of these, it tends to be substantially harder to find and notably more expensive by weight.[citation needed]
Chemistry
Generic structure of a phenethylamine molecule
2C-D, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain. 2C-D contains methoxy functional groups CH3O- attached to carbons R2 and R5 as well as a methyl group attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring.
2C-D belongs to the 2C family of phenethylamines which contain methoxy groups on the 2 and 5 positions of the benzene ring.
2C-D's psychedelic effects are believed to come from its efficacy at the 5-HT2A receptor as a partial agonist. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
Subjective effects
The head space of 2C-D is described by many as being lucid, insightful and relatively normal in its thought processes even at moderate to high doses. The feeling of unaltered consciousness may be unsatisfying to users who want an intense experience because the head space is fairly normal, stable and therefore sometimes uninteresting to those who are new to hallucinogenic experiences.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, the 2C-D experience begins with mild sedation that gives way to moderate stimulation as the experience progresses. It lacks the forceful energetic push associated with most psychedelic phenethylamines.
Spontaneous physical sensations - The "body high" of 2C-D can be described as a pleasurable, all-encompassing comfort sensation. This maintains a consistent presence that steadily rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached.
Bodily control enhancement - Whilst at lower doses one may find that their bodily control is enhanced, at higher dosages it seems to become suppressed.
Nausea - In comparison to other phenethylamines such as 2C-E, 2C-I or 2C-B, any nausea produced by this substance tends to be very mild and dissipates quickly even with higher dosages.
Compared to other members of the 2C-x family like 2C-B, the visual effects of 2C-D have been noted for being understated until heavier doses are reached. After this point, a full spectrum of hallucinatory visual phenomena begin to appear.
Drifting(melting, flowing, breathing and morphing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as low in detail, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and realistic in style.
The visual geometry of 2C-D be described as more similar in appearance to that of DOM or 25D-NBOMe than that of LSD, 2C-B or 2C-I. It can be comprehensively described as structured in its organization, organic in style, intricate in complexity, large in style, slow and smooth in motion, colorful in scheme, bright in color, blurred in its edges and equally rounded and angular in its corners. It gives off a natural feel at higher dosages. While the final level of 2C-D geometry has yet to be formally confirmed, it seems more likely that it would result in states of level 8B visual geometry over level 8A.
Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other psychedelics such as LSD, 2C-D is low in hallucinations embedded within visual geometry. However, when it does occur this particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, and interactive in style.
External hallucination (settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - 2C-D is capable of external hallucinations embedded within visual geometry. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They can be described as external in their manifestation, lucid in believability, and fixed in style.
Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 2C-D use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown. This is because 2C-D is a research chemical with very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal evidence from those within the community who have tried 2C-D suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
2C-D is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of 2C-D is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 3 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 7 days to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 2C-D presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all psychedelics]], meaning that after the consumption of 2C-D all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
[[Wikipedia:Lithium_(medication)|DangerousInteraction::Lithium]] - Lithium is commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. There is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics significantly increases the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination is strictly discouraged.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Cannabis may have an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of 2C-D. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid unintentional overdose.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is well-documented to lower the seizure threshold[8] and psychedelics may act to trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.[citation needed]
Legal status
Australia: Australia has a blanket ban over all substituted phenethylamines including the entire 2C-X family.[9]
Austria: 2C-D is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich). In its Schedule II, the further specifying NPSV (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Verordnung Österreich) explicitly bans all substituted phenetylamines.[10]
Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[11]
Canada: 2C-D would be considered Schedule III as it is a derivative of 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.[12]
China: 2C-D is a controlled substance in China as of October 2015.[13]
Denmark: 2C-D is added to the list of Schedule B controlled substances.[14]
Germany: 2C-D is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I)[15] as of December 13, 2014.[16] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[17]
Japan: 2C-D is controlled by the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in Japan, making it illegal to possess or sell.[18]
Latvia: 2C-D is a Schedule I controlled substance.[19]
The Netherlands: 2C-D is currently legal, but it is part of a substance group that may be banned soon as part of a recently passed law on New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). [20]
Sweden: 2C-D is classified as a health hazard as of March 1, 2005, in the regulation SFS 2005:26, making it illegal to sell or possess.[21]
Switzerland: 2C-D is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[22]
Turkey: 2C-D is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[23]
United Kingdom: 2C-D is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the phenethylamine catch-all clause.[24]
United States: 2C-D is listed in Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act in the United States. This was signed into law as of July 2012 under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act.[25]
↑Schneider, U.; Dietrich, D.E.; Gast, U. (2004). Aspekte des Psychischen: Festschrift anlässlich des 60. Geburtstags von Hinderk M. Emrich (in Deutsch). Würzbug, Germany: Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN3826027299. OCLC55887990.
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN1556-9039.
↑"Schedule III". Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA). Isomer Design. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
↑"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in 中文). 国家食品药品监督管理总局 [China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA)]. September 27, 2015. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017.
