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List of entheogens: Difference between revisions

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This page outlines various [[hallucinogen]]s ([[deliriants]], [[dissociatives]], and [[psychedelics]]) employed in ritual contexts, adhering to the strict definition of [[entheogens]]. Historically, entheogens have played pivotal roles in religious practices, ranging from the use of [[ayahuasca]] in religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal to the modern adoption of the synthetic phenetylamine [[2C-B]] by the Sangoma.
===Animal===
===Animal===


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Common name
!Common name
! Specie
!Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
!Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
!Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
!Regions/Cultures of use
|-
|-
! [[Bufotoxin]]s
![[List of bufotoxins|Bufotoxin]]s
| ''[[Colorado River toad|Bufo alvarius]]'' (and other ''Bufo'' spp.)
|''[[Colorado River toad]]'' (''Incilius alvarius'')
| Secretion: [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[bufotenin]] (et al)
|Secretion: <span style="color:red">'''More research is needed to determine if this specie releases [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufadienolide Bufadienolides], which are cardiac glycosides (e.g., [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotalin bufotalin], bufogenin)'''</span>. Tryptamine-related substances: [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[bufotenin]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.<ref>{{cite journal|title=BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence.|journal=Alberto José Varela|url=http://www.albertojosevarela.com/en/bufo-alvarius/}}</ref> Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
|Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.<ref>{{cite journal|title=BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence.|journal=Alberto José Varela|url=http://www.albertojosevarela.com/en/bufo-alvarius/}}</ref> Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
|-
|-
! Bullet ant venom
!Bullet ant venom
| ''[[Paraponera clavata]]''
|''[[Paraponera clavata]]''
| Secretion: [[Poneratoxin]]
|Secretion: [[Poneratoxin]]
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/travel/Holidays/Wildlife/article77936.ece |publisher=The Sunday Times | location=London | title=Bitten by the Amazon | first=Steve | last=Backshall | date=6 January 2008 | accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref>
|The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/travel/Holidays/Wildlife/article77936.ece |publisher=The Sunday Times | location=London | title=Bitten by the Amazon | first=Steve | last=Backshall | date=6 January 2008 | accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref>
|}
|}


===Mushroom===
===Mushroom===


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Common name
!Common name
! Specie
!Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
!Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
!Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
!Regions/Cultures of use
|-
|-
! ''Dictyonema huaorani''
!''Dictyonema huaorani''
| ''[[Dictyonema huaorani (mycology)|Dictyonema huaorani]]''
|''[[Dictyonema huaorani (mycology)|Dictyonema huaorani]]''
| [[5-MeO-DMT]], [[DMT]], [[psilocybin]]
|[[5-MeO-DMT]], [[DMT]], [[psilocybin]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Confirmed used by shamans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://psilosybiini.info/paperit/Dictyonema%20huaorani%20(Agaricales%3B%20Hygrophoraceae),%20a%20new%20lichenized%20basidiomycete%20from%20Amazonian%20Ecuador%20with%20presumed%20hallucinogenic%20properties%20(Schmull%20et%20al.,%202014).pdf}}</ref> Decoction of this lichen has been used by people in Iceland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychedelic Lichen - Psychedelic Press UK |url=http://psypressuk.com/2012/12/03/psychedelic-lichen/ |website=Psychedelic Press UK |date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
|Confirmed used by shamans.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://psilosybiini.info/paperit/Dictyonema%20huaorani%20(Agaricales%3B%20Hygrophoraceae),%20a%20new%20lichenized%20basidiomycete%20from%20Amazonian%20Ecuador%20with%20presumed%20hallucinogenic%20properties%20(Schmull%20et%20al.,%202014).pdf}}</ref> Decoction of this lichen has been used by people in Iceland.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychedelic Lichen - Psychedelic Press UK |url=http://psypressuk.com/2012/12/03/psychedelic-lichen/ |website=Psychedelic Press UK |date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Fly agaric]]
![[Fly agaric]]
| ''[[Amanita muscaria (mycology)|Amanita muscaria]]''
|''[[Amanita muscaria (mycology)|Amanita muscaria]]''
| [[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
|[[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
| [[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
|[[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
| Siberian shamans.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nyberg, H.|year=1992|title=Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures|journal=Karstenia |volume=32|issue=71–80}}</ref> Scandinavia. The [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] drink of India.
|Siberian shamans.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nyberg, H.|year=1992|title=Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures|journal=Karstenia |volume=32|issue=71–80}}</ref> Scandinavia. The [[Soma (drink)|Soma]] drink of India.
|-
|-
! [[Panther cap]]
![[Panther cap]]
| ''[[Amanita pantherina]]''
|''[[Amanita pantherina]]''
| [[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
|[[Muscimol]], [[ibotenic acid]]
| [[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
|[[Depressant]], and [[dissociative]]
|  
|
|-
|-
! [[Psilocybin mushroom]]
![[Psilocybin mushroom]]
| ''[[Psilocybe]]'' spp. (etc)
|''[[Psilocybe]]'' spp. (etc)
| [[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]];<br />[[baeocystin]] and [[norbaeocystin]] (some species)
|[[Psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]];<br />[[baeocystin]] and [[norbaeocystin]] (some species)
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Mazatec<ref name="Wasson 1980">{{cite book |author=Wasson RG. |title=The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica |year=1980 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-07-068443-0}}</ref>
|Mazatec<ref name="Wasson 1980">{{cite book |author=Wasson RG. |title=The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica |year=1980 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-07-068443-0}}</ref>
|}
|}


===Plant===
===Plant===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Common name
!Common name
! Specie
!Specie
! Specie, phytochemical(s)
!Specie, phytochemical(s)
! Substance effect class
!Substance effect class
! Regions/Cultures of use
!Regions/Cultures of use
|-
|-
! [[African dream herb]]
![[Angel's trumpet]]
| ''[[Entada rheedii]]''
|''[[Brugmansia]]'' [[Species pluralis|spp.]]
| Seed
|Seed, flower, leaf: [[Tropane alkaloid]]s
| [[Oneirogen]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| The species is employed in African traditional medicine to induce vivid dreams, enabling communication with the spirit world. The inner meat of the seed would be either consumed directly, or the meat would be chopped, dried, mixed with other herbs like tobacco and smoked just before sleep to induce the desired dreams.<ref>[http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=384 "Entada rheedii - African Dream Herb"], www.entheology.org</ref>
|South America,<ref name="The Way of the Shaman">{{cite book |last= Harner|first= Michael|date= 1980|title= The Way of the Shaman| location= New York |publisher= Harper & Row |accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> sometimes used as part of [[ayahuasca]].
|-
|-
! [[African dream root]]
![[Ayahuasca]]
| ''[[Silene undulata]]''
|''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]''
| Root: Possibly triterpenoid saponins
|Bark: [[Harmine]] 0.31-0.84%,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Callaway | first1 = JC | last2 = Brito | first2 = GS | last3 = Neves | first3 = ES | year = 2005 | title = Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis | url = | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 145–150 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795 | pmid=16149327}}</ref>  [[tetrahydroharmine]], [[telepathine]], [[dihydroshihunine]],<ref name="glasby">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA124&lpg=RA1-PA124&dq=erythrina+alkaloids&source=web&ots=e5SBqn4GS7&sig=JdEQoIKcYwAM7N_cTUtCQNhl6Hc|title=Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> 5-MeO-DMT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql |title=Chemical Information |publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=2008-04-11 |last= |first= }}</ref>
| [[Oneirogen]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Xhosa people of South Africa.<ref name="Sobiecki">{{cite journal | author = J. F. Sobiecki | url = http://www.sahumanities.org.za/uploads/41553940-4b19-4e56-b576-4353a5485138/sobiecki.pdf | title = A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects | journal = Southern African Humanities | volume = 20 | pages = 333–351 | date = 2008}}</ref>
|South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Brazil and United States.
|-
|-
! [[Angel's trumpet]]
![[Bolivian torch cactus]]
| ''[[Brugmansia]]'' [[Species pluralis|spp.]]
|''[[Echinopsis lageniformis]]''
| Seed, flower, leaf: [[Tropane alkaloid]]s
|Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| South America,<ref name="The Way of the Shaman">{{cite book |last= Harner|first= Michael|date= 1980|title= The Way of the Shaman| location= New York |publisher= Harper & Row |accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> sometimes used as part of [[ayahuasca]].
|South America
|-
|-
! [[Ayahuasca]]
![[Cannabis]] (marijuana, [[hashish]], [[kief]])
| ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]''
|''[[Cannabis]]'' spp.
| Bark: [[Harmine]] 0.31-0.84%,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Callaway | first1 = JC | last2 = Brito | first2 = GS | last3 = Neves | first3 = ES | year = 2005 | title = Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis | url = | journal = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | volume = 37 | issue = 2| pages = 145–150 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795 | pmid=16149327}}</ref>  [[tetrahydroharmine]], [[telepathine]], [[dihydroshihunine]],<ref name="glasby">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te53VV5u8YMC&pg=RA1-PA124&lpg=RA1-PA124&dq=erythrina+alkaloids&source=web&ots=e5SBqn4GS7&sig=JdEQoIKcYwAM7N_cTUtCQNhl6Hc|title=Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> 5-MeO-DMT<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/chemdisp.xsql |title=Chemical Information |publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=2008-04-11 |last= |first= }}</ref>
|Flower: [[Cannabinoid]]s ([[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], and [[CBD]])
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Brazil and United States.
|Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups.
|-
|-
! [[Bitter-grass]]
![[Chacruna]]
| ''[[Calea ternifolia]]''
|''[[Psychotria viridis]]''
| Leaf: Caleicines and caleochromenes
|Leaf: DMT
| [[Oneirogen]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| The Chontal people of Oaxaca reportedly use the plant, known locally as ''thle-pela-kano'', during divination.
|[[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. [[Santo Daime]] have used it as part of ayahuasca.
|-
|-
! [[Bolivian torch cactus]]
![[Chaliponga]]
| ''[[Echinopsis lageniformis]]''
|''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
|Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| South America
|Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of [[ayahuasca]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Black Henbane – the Witches’ Favourite|url=https://www.europeana.eu/pl/exhibitions/magical-mystical-and-medicinal/henbane}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Cannabis]] (marijuana, [[hashish]], [[kief]])
![[Chili pepper]]
| ''[[Cannabis]]'' spp.
|''[[Capsicum]]'' spp.
| Flower: [[Cannabinoid]]s ([[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]], and [[CBD]])
|Fruit: [[Capsaicin]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups.
|"While the Inca may have recognized chili’s potent spiritual medicine, they weren’t the only culture to do so. Chilies were mixed with tobacco and other plants by shamans and medicine people in pre-Columbian Central America  to aid in journeys to the upper and lower worlds on behalf of mankind."<ref>{{cite web|title=Magical and Historical Uses for Chili Pepper and Cayenne|url=https://www.thepracticalherbalist.com/holistic-medicine-library/chili-pepper-historys-hot-pepper/|website=The Practical Herbalist|date=3 November 2015}}</ref>
 
|-
|-
! [[Chacruna]]
![[Christmas vine]]
| ''[[Psychotria viridis]]''
|''[[Turbina corymbosa (botany)|Turbina corymbosa]]''
| Leaf: DMT
|Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html |title=Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com |publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last= |first= }}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| [[União do Vegetal|UDV]] of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. [[Santo Daime]] have used it as part of ayahuasca.
|[[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS" />
|-
|-
! [[Chaliponga]]
![[Harmal]] (espand)
| ''[[Diplopterys cabrerana]]''
|''[[Peganum harmala]]''
| Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT
|Seed: [[Harmaline]] and other [[harmala alkaloid]]s
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of [[ayahuasca]].
|Iran and the Middle East.
|-
|-
! [[Christmas vine]]
![[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]
| ''[[Turbina corymbosa (botany)|Turbina corymbosa]]''
|''[[Argyreia nervosa (botany)|Argyreia nervosa]]''
| Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html |title=Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com |publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last= |first= }}</ref>
|Seed: 0.325% [[ergoline derivative]]s of dry weight.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH |year=1973 |title=Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer |journal=J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=588–91 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600620409}}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS"/>
|Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge|url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=28|website=www.entheology.org}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Harmal]] (espand)
![[Henbane]]
| ''[[Peganum harmala]]''
|''[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]''
| Seed: [[Harmaline]] and other [[harmala alkaloid]]s
|Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Iran and the Middle East.
|Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
|-
|-
! [[Hawaiian baby woodrose]]
![[Iboga]]
| ''[[Argyreia nervosa (botany)|Argyreia nervosa]]''
|''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]''
| Seed: 0.325% [[ergoline derivative]]s of dry weight.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH |year=1973 |title=Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer |journal=J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=588–91 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600620409}}</ref>
|Root bark: [[Ibogaine]]<ref name="ibogaine-tihkal">{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal25.shtml|title=Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.<ref>{{cite web|title=Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge|url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=28|website=www.entheology.org}}</ref>
|Bwiti] religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
|-
|-
! [[Henbane]]
![[Jimson weed]]
| ''[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany)|Hyoscyamus niger]]''
|''[[Datura stramonium]]''
| Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids
|Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/601?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
|Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.<ref name="Biaggioni-2011-p77">{{cite book|authors=Biaggioni, Italo|title=Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System|publisher=Academic Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-12-386525-0|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FycmOkb-T1gC&pg=PA77|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Pennachio-2010-pp82-83">{{Cite book|authors=Pennachio, Marcello|title=Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-537001-0|pages=82–83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pr9fgQIr5LkC&pg=PA82|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Davis, Wade|title=The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1997|isbn=978-0-684-83929-5|page={{page needed|date=July 2012}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAs-JZ1MhoMC}}</ref> It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
|-
|-
! [[Iboga]]
![[Jurema]]
| ''[[Tabernanthe iboga]]''
|''[[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)|Mimosa tenuiflora]]'' syn. '''Mimosa hostilis'''
| Root bark: [[Ibogaine]]<ref name="ibogaine-tihkal">{{cite web|url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/tihkal/tihkal25.shtml|title=Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>
|Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |authorlink=Christian Rätsch |title=Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. |publisher=AT-Verl. |location=Aarau |url= |id= |isbn=978-3-85502-570-1 |page=15}}</ref> and [[yuremamine]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Bwiti] religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
|Used by the Jurema Cult (''O Culto da Jurema'') in the Northeastern Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil|url=https://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n3/08327yat.html|website=www.maps.org}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Jimson weed]]
![[Labrador tea]]
| ''[[Datura stramonium]]''
|''[[Rhododendron (botany)|Rhododendron]]'' spp.
| Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/601?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref>
|Leaf: [[Ledol]], some [[grayanotoxin]]s
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.<ref name="Biaggioni-2011-p77">{{cite book|authors=Biaggioni, Italo|title=Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System|publisher=Academic Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-12-386525-0|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FycmOkb-T1gC&pg=PA77|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Pennachio-2010-pp82-83">{{Cite book|authors=Pennachio, Marcello|title=Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-537001-0|pages=82–83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pr9fgQIr5LkC&pg=PA82|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Davis, Wade|title=The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1997|isbn=978-0-684-83929-5|page={{page needed|date=July 2012}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAs-JZ1MhoMC}}</ref> It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
|Caucasian peasants used ''[[Rhododendron]]'' plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Steve |author-link1=Steve Andrews |last2=Rindsberg |first2=Katrina |date=April 2001  |title=Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere |language=English |publisher=Loompanics Unlimited |publication-date=April 2001 |asin=1559502118 |isbn=9781559502115 |oclc=780276732 }}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Jurema]]
![[Mad honey]]
| ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany)|Mimosa tenuiflora]]'' syn. '''Mimosa hostilis'''
|''[[Rhododendron ponticum]]''
| Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book |last=Rätsch |first=Christian |authorlink=Christian Rätsch |title=Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. |publisher=AT-Verl. |location=Aarau |url= |id= |isbn=978-3-85502-570-1 |page=15}}</ref> and [[yuremamine]]
|Nectar: [[Grayanotoxin]]s
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Used by the Jurema Cult (''O Culto da Jurema'') in the Northeastern Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil|url=https://www.maps.org/news-letters/v08n3/08327yat.html|website=www.maps.org}}</ref>
|In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/hallucinogen-honey-hunters/ |title=Hallucinogen honey hunters |last1=Treza |first1=Raphael |last2= |first2= |date=2011 |website=topdocumentaryfilms.com |publisher= |access-date=20 October 2015 |quote=}}</ref><ref>Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., & van der Heyden, M. A. (2012). Grayanotoxin Poisoning:‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 12(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Labrador tea]]
![[Mexican morning glory]]
| ''[[Rhododendron (botany)|Rhododendron]]'' spp.
|''[[Ipomoea tricolor (botany)|Ipomoea tricolor]]''
| Leaf: [[Ledol]], some [[grayanotoxin]]s
|Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Caucasian peasants used ''[[Rhododendron]]'' plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.<ref name=Andrews>{{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Steve |author-link1=Steve Andrews |last2=Rindsberg |first2=Katrina |date=April 2001  |title=Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere |language=English |publisher=Loompanics Unlimited |publication-date=April 2001 |asin=1559502118 |isbn=9781559502115 |oclc=780276732 }}</ref>
|[[Zapotec peoples|Zapotecs]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Mad honey]]
![[Beach moonflower]]
| ''[[Rhododendron ponticum]]''
|''[[Ipomoea violacea (botany)|Ipomoea violacea]]''
| Nectar: [[Grayanotoxin]]s
|Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/hallucinogen-honey-hunters/ |title=Hallucinogen honey hunters |last1=Treza |first1=Raphael |last2= |first2= |date=2011 |website=topdocumentaryfilms.com |publisher= |access-date=20 October 2015 |quote=}}</ref><ref>Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., & van der Heyden, M. A. (2012). Grayanotoxin Poisoning:‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 12(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2</ref>
|[[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS">http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Mexican morning glory]]
![[Myristica sebifera]]
| ''[[Ipomoea tricolor (botany)|Ipomoea tricolor]]''
|''[[Virola sebifera]]''
| Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
|Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| [[Zapotec peoples|Zapotecs]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300}}</ref>
|The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.<ref name="Rätsch">Christian Rätsch: ''Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen''. AT Verlag, 2007, 8. Auflage, {{ISBN|978-3-03800-352-6}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Beach moonflower]]
![[Nyakwána]]
| ''[[Ipomoea violacea (botany)|Ipomoea violacea]]
|''[[Virola elongata]]''
| Seed: [[Ergoline derivative]]s<ref>{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov|language=en}}</ref> (LSA disputed)
|Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| [[Mazatec people|Mazatec]]<ref name="THE LEAVES OF THE SHEPHERDESS">http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html</ref>
|The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an [[entheogen]] known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid =  5806312 | year =  1969 | last1 =  Agurell | first1 =  S | last2 =  Holmstedt | first2 =  B | last3 = Lindgren | first3 = JE | last4 = Schultes | first4 = RE | title = Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages =  903–16 | journal =  Acta Chemica Scandinavica | doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Myristica sebifera]]
![[Peruvian torch cactus]]
| ''[[Virola sebifera]]''
|''[[Echinopsis peruviana]]''
| Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
|Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.<ref name="Rätsch">Christian Rätsch: ''Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen''. AT Verlag, 2007, 8. Auflage, {{ISBN|978-3-03800-352-6}}</ref>
|Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
|-
|-
! [[Nyakwána]]
![[Peyote]]
| ''[[Virola elongata]]''
|''[[Lophophora williamsii]]''
| Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT
|Stem: Mescaline
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an [[entheogen]] known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of [[5-MeO-DMT]] and [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 5806312 | year =  1969 | last1 =  Agurell | first1 =  S | last2 =  Holmstedt | first2 =  B | last3 =  Lindgren | first3 =  JE | last4 =  Schultes | first4 =  RE | title = Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 903–16 | journal =  Acta Chemica Scandinavica | doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903}}</ref>  
|Native American Church is known as peyotism.<ref name="altreligion">{{cite web|url=http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/p/Peyote-And-The-Native-American-Church.htm|title=Peyote and the Native American Church|author=Catherine Beyer|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf</ref> Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
|-
|-
! [[Peruvian torch cactus]]
![[Salvia]]
| ''[[Echinopsis peruviana]]''
|''[[Salvia divinorum]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
|Leaf: [[Salvinorin A]] and other [[salvinorin]]s
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Dissociative]]
| Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
|Mazatec<ref name="Valdés1983p287">[[#refValdes1983|Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983]], p.&nbsp;287.</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Peyote]]
![[San Pedro cactus]]
| ''[[Lophophora williamsii]]''
|''[[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|Echinopsis pachanoi]]''
| Stem: Mescaline
|Stem: [[Mescaline]]
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Native American Church is known as peyotism.<ref name=altreligion>{{cite web|url=http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/p/Peyote-And-The-Native-American-Church.htm|title=Peyote and the Native American Church|author=Catherine Beyer|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf</ref> Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
|South America
|-
|-
! [[Salvia]]
![[Vilca]]
| ''[[Salvia divinorum]]''
|''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]''
| Leaf: [[Salvinorin A]] and other [[salvinorin]]s
|Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Ott J |title=Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine |journal=J Psychoactive Drugs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=273–81 |year=2001 |pmid=11718320 |url=http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref>  DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Mazatec<ref name="Valdés1983p287">[[#refValdes1983|Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983]], p.&nbsp;287.</ref>
|There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name ''hatáj''.<ref name="ott1">{{cite book |author =Ott, Jonathan |author-link =Jonathan Ott |title=Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines |publisher=EthnoBotanica |location= |year=2001 |page=90 |isbn=1-888755-02-4 |url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books/shamanic_snuffs.shtml}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[San Pedro cactus]]
![[Yopo]]
| ''[[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|Echinopsis pachanoi]]''
|''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]''
| Stem: [[Mescaline]]
|Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref>[http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine] by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| South America
|Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Juan P. Ogalde |author2=Bernardo T. Arriaza |author3=Elia C. Soto | title = Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.) | journal = Latin American Antiquity | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | year = 2010 | pages = 441–450}}</ref>
|-
! [[Vilca]]
| ''[[Anadenanthera colubrina]]''
| Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.<ref>{{cite journal |author =Ott J |title=Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine |journal=J Psychoactive Drugs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=273–81 |year=2001 |pmid=11718320 |url=http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574}}</ref>  DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name ''hatáj''.<ref name="ott1">{{cite book |author =Ott, Jonathan |author-link =Jonathan Ott |title=Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines |publisher=EthnoBotanica |location= |year=2001 |page=90 |isbn=1-888755-02-4 |url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books/shamanic_snuffs.shtml}}</ref>
|-
! [[Yopo]]
| ''[[Anadenanthera peregrina]]''
| Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% [[bufotenin]].<ref>[http://entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=9&z=8 Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine] by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001</ref> DMT
| [[Psychedelic]]
| Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Juan P. Ogalde |author2=Bernardo T. Arriaza |author3=Elia C. Soto | title = Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.) | journal = Latin American Antiquity | volume = 21 | issue = 4 | year = 2010 | pages = 441–450}}</ref>
|}
|}


Line 240: Line 231:
While synthetic [[DMT]] and [[mescaline]] are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as [[extraction (chemistry)|extracted]] or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated [[THC]] produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as [[cannabidiol]] and [[cannabinol]].  
While synthetic [[DMT]] and [[mescaline]] are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as [[extraction (chemistry)|extracted]] or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated [[THC]] produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as [[cannabidiol]] and [[cannabinol]].  


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! Substance
!Substance
! IUPAC name
!IUPAC name
! Substance effect class
!Substance effect class
! Notes
!Notes
|-
|-
! [[2C-B]]
![[2C-B]]
| 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine
|4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| 2C-B is used as [[entheogen]] by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "''Medicine of the Singing Ancestors''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers. |publisher=Tacethno.com |date=2008-03-27 |access-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B] Erowid</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack] Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org</ref>
|2C-B is used as [[entheogen]] by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "''Medicine of the Singing Ancestors''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacethno.com/info/2cb/2cbhistory.html#South%20Africa |title=2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers. |publisher=Tacethno.com |date=2008-03-27 |access-date=May 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/2cb/2cb_article1.shtml The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B] Erowid</ref><ref>[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/show_image.php?i=2cb/ubulawu_pack.jpg Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack] Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org</ref>
|-
|-
! [[5-MeO-DMT]]
![[5-MeO-DMT]]
| 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine
|2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|See species
|-
|-
! [[Bufotenin]]
![[Bufotenin]]
| 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol
|3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|See species
|-
|-
! [[DMT]]
![[DMT]]
| 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
|2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|See species
|-
|-
! [[Dipropyltryptamine|DPT]]
![[Dipropyltryptamine|DPT]]
| N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine
|N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychede.tripod.com/ |title=Temple of the true inner light |publisher=psychede.tripod.com |accessdate=2013-03-31}}</ref>
|DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psychede.tripod.com/ |title=Temple of the true inner light |publisher=psychede.tripod.com |accessdate=2013-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Harmaline]]
![[Harmaline]]
| 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
|7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Peganum harmala''
|See ''Peganum harmala''
|-
|-
! [[Ibogaine]]
![[Ibogaine]]
| 12-Methoxyibogamine
|12-Methoxyibogamine
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Tabernanthe iboga''
|See ''Tabernanthe iboga''
|-
|-
! [[LSA]]
![[LSA]]
| (8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
|(8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See species
|See species
|-
|-
! [[LSD]]
![[LSD]]
| (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
|(6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
|Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
|-
|-
! [[MDMA]]
![[Muscimol]]
| (RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
|5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol
| [[Entactogen]]
|[[Deliriant]]
| Small doses of [[MDMA]] are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.<ref name="MDMA and Religion">[http://csp.org/practices/entheogens/docs/saunders-ecstasy_rel.html MDMA and Religion]. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011.</ref>
|See ''Amanita'' spp.
|-
|-
! [[Muscimol]]
![[Psilocybin]]
| 5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol
|[3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate
| [[Deliriant]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Amanita'' spp.
|(See also ''Psilocybe'' spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera [[María Sabina]] was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic [[psilocybin]] named Indocybin synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/ott2.html |title=Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A |publisher=Sagewisdom.org |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref>
|-
|-
! [[Psilocybin]]
![[Salvinorin A]]
| [3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate
|methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate
| [[Psychedelic]]
|[[Psychedelic]]
| (See also ''Psilocybe'' spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera [[María Sabina]] was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic [[psilocybin]] named Indocybin synthesized by [[Albert Hofmann]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/ott2.html |title=Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A |publisher=Sagewisdom.org |accessdate=2013-01-13}}</ref>
|See ''Salvia divinorum''
|-
! [[Salvinorin A]]
| methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate
| [[Psychedelic]]
| See ''Salvia divinorum''
|}
|}
==References==
<references />
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_substances_used_in_rituals List of substances used in rituals (Wikipedia)]


[[Category:Substance-related lists]]
[[Category:Substance-related lists]]
{{#set:Featured=true}}

Latest revision as of 22:48, 11 July 2025

This page outlines various hallucinogens (deliriants, dissociatives, and psychedelics) employed in ritual contexts, adhering to the strict definition of entheogens. Historically, entheogens have played pivotal roles in religious practices, ranging from the use of ayahuasca in religions like Santo Daime and União do Vegetal to the modern adoption of the synthetic phenetylamine 2C-B by the Sangoma.

Animal

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Bufotoxins Colorado River toad (Incilius alvarius) Secretion: More research is needed to determine if this specie releases Bufadienolides, which are cardiac glycosides (e.g., bufotalin, bufogenin). Tryptamine-related substances: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin Psychedelic Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.[1] Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.
Bullet ant venom Paraponera clavata Secretion: Poneratoxin Deliriant The Satere-Mawe people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.[2]

Mushroom

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Dictyonema huaorani Dictyonema huaorani 5-MeO-DMT, DMT, psilocybin Psychedelic Confirmed used by shamans.[3] Decoction of this lichen has been used by people in Iceland.[4]
Fly agaric Amanita muscaria Muscimol, ibotenic acid Depressant, and dissociative Siberian shamans.[5] Scandinavia. The Soma drink of India.
Panther cap Amanita pantherina Muscimol, ibotenic acid Depressant, and dissociative
Psilocybin mushroom Psilocybe spp. (etc) Psilocybin and psilocin;
baeocystin and norbaeocystin (some species) 		Psychedelic Mazatec[6]

Plant

Common name Specie Specie, phytochemical(s) Substance effect class Regions/Cultures of use
Angel's trumpet Brugmansia spp. Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids Deliriant South America,[7] sometimes used as part of ayahuasca.
Ayahuasca Banisteriopsis caapi Bark: Harmine 0.31-0.84%,[8] tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine,[9] 5-MeO-DMT[10] Psychedelic South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. UDV of Brazil and United States.
Bolivian torch cactus Echinopsis lageniformis Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic South America
Cannabis (marijuana, hashish, kief) Cannabis spp. Flower: Cannabinoids (THC, and CBD) Psychedelic Hindu religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups.
Chacruna Psychotria viridis Leaf: DMT Psychedelic UDV of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church. Santo Daime have used it as part of ayahuasca.
Chaliponga Diplopterys cabrerana Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT Psychedelic Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of ayahuasca.[11]
Chili pepper Capsicum spp. Fruit: Capsaicin Deliriant "While the Inca may have recognized chili’s potent spiritual medicine, they weren’t the only culture to do so. Chilies were mixed with tobacco and other plants by shamans and medicine people in pre-Columbian Central America to aid in journeys to the upper and lower worlds on behalf of mankind."[12]
Christmas vine Turbina corymbosa Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids[13] Psychedelic Mazatec[14]
Harmal (espand) Peganum harmala Seed: Harmaline and other harmala alkaloids Psychedelic Iran and the Middle East.
Hawaiian baby woodrose Argyreia nervosa Seed: 0.325% ergoline derivatives of dry weight.[15] Psychedelic Huna shamans used them according to various oral histories.[16]
Henbane Hyoscyamus niger Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids Deliriant Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages.
Iboga Tabernanthe iboga Root bark: Ibogaine[17] Psychedelic Bwiti] religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.
Jimson weed Datura stramonium Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids[18] Deliriant Algonquin, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties.[19][20][21] It has also been used by Sadhus of India, and the Táltos of the Magyar (Hungary).
Jurema Mimosa tenuiflora syn. Mimosa hostilis Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT[22] and yuremamine Psychedelic Used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in the Northeastern Brazil.[23]
Labrador tea Rhododendron spp. Leaf: Ledol, some grayanotoxins Deliriant Caucasian peasants used Rhododendron plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.[24]
Mad honey Rhododendron ponticum Nectar: Grayanotoxins Deliriant In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.[25][26]
Mexican morning glory Ipomoea tricolor Seed: Ergoline derivatives[27] (LSA disputed) Psychedelic Zapotecs[28]
Beach moonflower Ipomoea violacea Seed: Ergoline derivatives[29] (LSA disputed) Psychedelic Mazatec[14]
Myristica sebifera Virola sebifera Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT Psychedelic The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by shamans of the indigenous people of Venezuela in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.[22]
Nyakwána Virola elongata Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT Psychedelic The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an entheogen known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of 5-MeO-DMT and DMT.[30]
Peruvian torch cactus Echinopsis peruviana Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru.
Peyote Lophophora williamsii Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic Native American Church is known as peyotism.[31][32] Alsu used in the Oshara Tradition.
Salvia Salvia divinorum Leaf: Salvinorin A and other salvinorins Dissociative Mazatec[33]
San Pedro cactus Echinopsis pachanoi Stem: Mescaline Psychedelic South America
Vilca Anadenanthera colubrina Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin.[34] DMT Psychedelic There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name hatáj.[35]
Yopo Anadenanthera peregrina Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% bufotenin.[36] DMT Psychedelic Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.[37]

Chemicals

Many modern chemicals with little human history have been recognized to be able to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like 4-AcO-DMT are prodrugs that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens.

While synthetic DMT and mescaline are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated THC produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol.

Substance IUPAC name Substance effect class Notes
2C-B 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine Psychedelic 2C-B is used as entheogen by the Sangoma, Nyanga, and Amagqirha people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "Medicine of the Singing Ancestors".[38][39][40]
5-MeO-DMT 2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine Psychedelic See species
Bufotenin 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-indol-5-ol Psychedelic See species
DMT 2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Psychedelic See species
DPT N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)]ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine Psychedelic DPT is used as a religious sacrament by the Temple of the True Inner Light who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of God.[41]
Harmaline 7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole Psychedelic See Peganum harmala
Ibogaine 12-Methoxyibogamine Psychedelic See Tabernanthe iboga
LSA (8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide Psychedelic See species
LSD (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide Psychedelic Used by League for Spiritual Discovery (LSD), and the Neo-American Church.
Muscimol 5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol Deliriant See Amanita spp.
Psilocybin [3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate Psychedelic (See also Psilocybe spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The Mazatec curandera María Sabina was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic psilocybin named Indocybin synthesized by Albert Hofmann.[42]
Salvinorin A methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphtho[2,1-c]pyran-7-carboxylate Psychedelic See Salvia divinorum

References

  1. ↑ "BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence". Alberto José Varela. 
  2. ↑ Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008). "Bitten by the Amazon". London: The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013. 
  3. ↑ (PDF) https://psilosybiini.info/paperit/Dictyonema%20huaorani%20(Agaricales%3B%20Hygrophoraceae),%20a%20new%20lichenized%20basidiomycete%20from%20Amazonian%20Ecuador%20with%20presumed%20hallucinogenic%20properties%20(Schmull%20et%20al.,%202014).pdf.  Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ↑ "Psychedelic Lichen - Psychedelic Press UK". Psychedelic Press UK. 3 December 2012. 
  5. ↑ Nyberg, H. (1992). "Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures". Karstenia. 32 (71–80). 
  6. ↑ Wasson RG. (1980). The Wondrous Mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-068443-0. 
  7. ↑ Harner, Michael (1980). The Way of the Shaman. New York: Harper & Row. 
  8. ↑ Callaway, JC; Brito, GS; Neves, ES (2005). "Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 37 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795. PMID 16149327. 
  9. ↑ Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  10. ↑ "Chemical Information". sun.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-04-11. 
  11. ↑ Black Henbane – the Witches’ Favourite 
  12. ↑ "Magical and Historical Uses for Chili Pepper and Cayenne". The Practical Herbalist. 3 November 2015. 
  13. ↑ "Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com". www.giftpflanzen.com. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 http://www.sagewisdom.org/shepherdess.html
  15. ↑ Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH (1973). "Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer". J. Pharm. Sci. 62 (4): 588–91. doi:10.1002/jps.2600620409. 
  16. ↑ "Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge". www.entheology.org. 
  17. ↑ "Erowid Online Books : "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE". Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  18. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov. 
  19. ↑ Biaggioni, Italo et al. (2011). Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System. Academic Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-12-386525-0. 
  20. ↑ Pennachio, Marcello et al. (2010). Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-19-537001-0. 
  21. ↑ Davis, Wade (1997). The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic. Simon & Schuster. p. Template:Page needed. ISBN 978-0-684-83929-5. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen. Aarau: AT-Verl. p. 15. ISBN 978-3-85502-570-1.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rätsch" defined multiple times with different content
  23. ↑ "Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil". www.maps.org. 
  24. ↑ Andrews, Steve; Rindsberg, Katrina (April 2001). Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere. Loompanics Unlimited. ASIN 1559502118. ISBN 9781559502115. OCLC 780276732. 
  25. ↑ Treza, Raphael (2011). "Hallucinogen honey hunters". topdocumentaryfilms.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015. 
  26. ↑ Jansen, S. A., Kleerekooper, I., Hofman, Z. L., Kappen, I. F., Stary-Weinzinger, A., & van der Heyden, M. A. (2012). Grayanotoxin Poisoning:‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond. Cardiovascular Toxicology, 12(3), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2
  27. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov. 
  28. ↑ Carod-Artal, FJ (2015). "Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures". Neurologia. 30 (1): 42–9. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003. PMID 21893367. 
  29. ↑ "Show Plant". phytochem.nal.usda.gov. 
  30. ↑ Agurell, S; Holmstedt, B; Lindgren, JE; Schultes, RE (1969). "Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest". Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 23 (3): 903–16. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903. PMID 5806312. 
  31. ↑ Catherine Beyer. "Peyote and the Native American Church". About.com Religion & Spirituality. Retrieved 5 March 2015. 
  32. ↑ http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/jms089/Z-Unpublished%20Work/Shields-Christ%20&%20Cactus.pdf
  33. ↑ Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983, p. 287.
  34. ↑ Ott J (2001). "Pharmañopo-psychonautics: human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine". J Psychoactive Drugs. 33 (3): 273–81. doi:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574. PMID 11718320. 
  35. ↑ Ott, Jonathan (2001). Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines. EthnoBotanica. p. 90. ISBN 1-888755-02-4. 
  36. ↑ Pharmanopo-Psychonautics: Human Intranasal, Sublingual, Intrarectal, Pulmonary and Oral Pharmacology of Bufotenine by Jonathan Ott, The Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, September 2001
  37. ↑ Juan P. Ogalde; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)". Latin American Antiquity. 21 (4): 441–450. 
  38. ↑ "2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers". Tacethno.com. 2008-03-27. Retrieved May 15, 2012. 
  39. ↑ The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B Erowid
  40. ↑ Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org
  41. ↑ "Temple of the true inner light". psychede.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-03-31. 
  42. ↑ "Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A". Sagewisdom.org. Retrieved 2013-01-13. 


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