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'''Isopropylphenidate''' (also known as '''IPH''', '''IPPH''', and '''IPPD''') is synthetic [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] of the [[chemical class::piperidine]] chemical class that produces [[stimulating]], [[Motivation enhancement|motivating]], and [[Focus enhancement|focus enhancing]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]]. It is a structural analog of the widely-prescribed ADHD medication [[methylphenidate]] and is reported to produce near identical cognitive and physical effects, albeit with less of a [[euphoria|euphoric]] "rush" component and a drawn-out [[duration|duration of action]], properties that many find preferable for use as a study-aid or productivity enhancer.<ref name="IPPH">Markowitz, J. S., Zhu, H. J., & Patrick, K. S. (2013). Isopropylphenidate: An ester homolog of methylphenidate with sustained and selective dopaminergic activity and reduced drug interaction liability. ''Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology'', 23(10), 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0074</ref><ref name="IPPHadhd">John S. Markowitz; Kennerly S. Patrick; Haojie Zhu (Sep 27, 2012). "Patent US20120245201 - Isopropylphenidate for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Fatigue-Related Disorders and Conditions". Retrieved 15 August 2014.</ref>
'''Isopropylphenidate''' (also known as '''IPH''', '''IPP''', '''IPPH''', '''IPD''' and '''IPPD''') is a novel lesser-known [[psychoactive class::stimulant]] of the [[chemical class::phenidate]] chemical class. It is a structural analog of the widely-prescribed ADHD medication [[methylphenidate]]. It is a [[norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] ('''NDRI''').
Isopropylphenidate has been investigated for its potential use as a replacement for [[methylphenidate]] in the treatment of ADHD and related disorders.<ref name="IPPHadhd" /> One study found that it displayed the same basic activity as a [[norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] ('''NDRI'''), possessing, along with both [[methylphenidate]] and [[ethylphenidate]], an appreciably high affinity for the dopamine transporter and effects on its cellular reuptake. It displayed comparably minor effects on [[norepinephrine]], however, which was theorized to mean it may possess a more desirable safety and toxicity profile.<ref name="IPPH" />
Isopropylphenidate has been investigated for its potential use as a replacement for [[methylphenidate]] in the treatment of ADHD and related disorders.<ref name="IPPHadhd" /> One study found that it displayed the same basic activity as a [[norepinephrine]]-[[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] ('''NDRI'''), possessing, along with both [[methylphenidate]] and [[ethylphenidate]], an appreciably high affinity for the dopamine transporter and effects on its cellular reuptake. It displayed comparably minor effects on [[norepinephrine]], however, which was theorized to mean it may possess a more desirable safety and toxicity profile.<ref name="IPPH" />
Isopropylphenidate has an extremely short history of [[recreational drug use|recreational use]] in human and has yet to be documented being sold on the streets. It was initially released following the banning of [[ethylphenidate]], which on April 2015 became illegal in the United Kingdom following a temporary-then-permanent blanket ban. Shortly after, it became made available for sale on the online gray market as a [[research chemical]] for global distribution.
[[Subjective effects]] include [[stimulation]], [[motivation enhancement]], [[appetite suppression]], and [[euphoria]]. Its cognitive and physical effects are reported to be similar to methylphenidate, albeit with less of a [[euphoria|euphoric]] "rush" component and a drawn-out [[duration|duration of action]]. These properties have led some to claim it may be preferable for use as a study-aid or productivity enhancer.<ref name="IPPH">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Markowitz, J. S.)), ((Zhu, H.-J.)), ((Patrick, K. S.)) | journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | title=Isopropylphenidate: An Ester Homolog of Methylphenidate with Sustained and Selective Dopaminergic Activity and Reduced Drug Interaction Liability | volume=23 | issue=10 | pages=648–654 | date= December 2013 | url=http://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/cap.2013.0074 | issn=1044-5463 | doi=10.1089/cap.2013.0074}}</ref><ref name="IPPHadhd">{{Citation | vauthors=((Markowitz, J. S.)), ((Patrick, K. S.)), ((Zhu, H.)) | title=Isopropylphenidate for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Fatigue-Related Disorders and Conditions | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20120245201A1/en}}</ref>
As of 2017, isopropylphenidate continues to remain available and ambiguously legal in many parts of the world, distributed almost exclusively by online [[research chemical]] vendors.
Isopropylphenidate has an extremely short history of [[recreational drug use|recreational use]] in humans. It was initially released following the banning of [[ethylphenidate]], which on April 2015 became illegal in the United Kingdom following a temporary-then-permanent blanket ban. Shortly after, it became made available for sale on the online gray market as a [[research chemical]] for global distribution. As of 2022, isopropylphenidate continues to remain available and ambiguously legal in many parts of the world, distributed almost exclusively by online [[research chemical]] vendors.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
Isopropylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted [[phenethylamine]] and [[piperidine]] classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group via an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to [[amphetamine]], featuring a substitution at R<sub>α</sub> which is then incorporated into a piperidine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains an isopropyl acetate bound to R<sub>2</sub> of its molecular structure, a noticeable departure from [[methylphenidate]], which contains a methyl group in this position.
Isopropylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the [[substituted phenethylamine]], [[amphetamine|substituted amphetamines]] and [[phenidate]] classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group via an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to [[amphetamine]], featuring a substitution at R<sub>α</sub> which is then incorporated into a [[piperidine]] ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains an isopropyl acetate bound to R<sub>β</sub> of its molecular structure, a noticeable departure from [[methylphenidate]], which contains a methyl group in this position.
Isopropylphenidate structurally diverges from [[ethylphenidate]] and [[methylphenidate]] by the length of the carbon chain on their acetate group. ''Iso-'' regards the side chain of one carbon atom branching into two bound methyl groups, ''phen-'' indicates the phenyl ring, ''id-'' is contracted from the piperidine ring, and ''-ate'' indicates the acetate group that contains the oxygen atoms. Isopropylphenidate is a chiral compound, and has only been documented as being produced as a racemic mixture.{{citation needed}}
Isopropylphenidate structurally diverges from [[ethylphenidate]] and [[methylphenidate]] by the length of the carbon chain on their acetate group. ''Iso-'' regards the side chain of one carbon atom branching into two bound methyl groups, ''phen-'' indicates the phenyl ring, ''id-'' is contracted from the piperidine ring, and ''-ate'' indicates the acetate group. Isopropylphenidate is a chiral compound, and has been documented as being produced as a racemic mixture and exclusively as either of its enantiomers.<ref name="IPPHSynthesis">{{Citation | vauthors=((Leon, L.)), ((Louis, M.)) | title=Therapeutic lower alkyl esters of alpha-phenyl-alpha-piperidyl-(2)-acetic acid | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3060089A/en}}</ref>
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Although no formal studies on this compound have been carried out, the pharmacology can be speculated based on the [[subjective effects]] of this compound and the pharmacological behavior of isopropylphenidate's parent compounds ([[methylphenidate]] and [[ethylphenidate]]) which possess nearly identical structures.
Formal in-vivo human studies using isopropylphenidate have not been conducted. However, in vivo rat studies have found stimulatory effects; in vitro studies have evaluated the monoamine transporter binding affinities and affinities for various hydrolytic enzymes respectively.<ref name="IPPH" /><ref name="PhenidateHydrolysis">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Portoghese, P. S.)), ((Malspeis, L.)) | journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | title=Relative Hydrolytic Rates of Certain Alkyl (b) dl-α-(2-Piperidyl)-phenylacetates | volume=50 | issue=6 | pages=494–501 | date= June 1961 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022354915331865 | issn=00223549 | doi=10.1002/jps.2600500611}}</ref> The results of these studies suggest that isopropylphenidate has a very similar pharmacology to its parent compound [[methylphenidate]], with the notable differences between the two substances being isopropylphenidate displaying significantly less activity as a [[norepinephrine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] and the CES1 hydrolytic enzyme, which is exclusively responsible for hydrolysing both substances to ritalinic acid, having an 8 times lower affinity for isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate.
It has been speculated that isopropylphenidate most likely acts as both a [[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] and [[norepinephrine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]], meaning that it effectively boosts the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine [[neurotransmitter]]s in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove those monoamines from the synaptic cleft. This allows dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate within the brain, resulting in stimulating and euphoric effects.
These differences result in the substance having more notable [[dopaminergic]] activity than [[norepinephrine|adrenergic]] activity compared to methylphenidate at equivalent effective dosages, and in the substance having a longer duration than methylphenidate and a greater potency than methylphenidate at a given dosage. The greater potency of isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate is most significant with oral administration as the difference in potency is a result of the lower affinity of CES1 increasing the bioavailability of isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate, which is notably low for methylphenidate when administered orally due to first-pass metabolism in the liver by CES1.<ref name="MPHBioavailability">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kimko, H. C.)), ((Cross, J. T.)), ((Abernethy, D. R.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics | title=Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Effectiveness of Methylphenidate: | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=457–470 | date= 1999 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002 | issn=0312-5963 | doi=10.2165/00003088-199937060-00002}}</ref>
Despite the notable differences between the two substances, isopropylphenidate is still thought to act primarily as both a [[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]] and a [[norepinephrine]] [[reuptake inhibitor]], meaning that it effectively boosts the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine [[neurotransmitters]] in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove those monoamines from the synaptic cleft. This allows dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate within the brain, resulting in stimulatory effects.
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
===Physical effects===
The physical effects of isopropylphenidate are often described as less uncomfortable and euphoric than [[ethylphenidate]]. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
The physical effects of isopropylphenidate are often described as less uncomfortable and euphoric than [[ethylphenidate]]. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - Isopropylphenidate is usually considered to be energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is distinct but much weaker than that of [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]] and stronger than that of [[modafinil]] and [[caffeine]]. At lower to moderate doses, it encourages general productivity, but at higher dosages it encourages physical activities such as dancing, socializing, running, or cleaning. The particular style of stimulation which isopropylphenidate presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher doses, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in extreme shaking of the entire body, unsteadiness of the hands, and a general lack of motor control.
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - Isopropylphenidate is usually considered to be energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is distinct but much weaker than that of [[amphetamine]] or [[methamphetamine]] and stronger than that of [[modafinil]] and [[caffeine]]. At lower to moderate doses, it encourages general productivity, but at higher dosages it encourages physical activities such as dancing, socializing, running, or cleaning. The particular style of stimulation which isopropylphenidate presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher doses, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in unsteadiness of the hands, shaking of the entire body and a general loss of motor control.
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Dry mouth]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' - When administered [[sublingual]]ly a long lasting numbing sensation occurs.
*'''[[Effect::Mouth numbing]]''' - When administered [[sublingual|sublingually]] a long-lasting numbing sensation has been reported to occur.
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]''' - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of [[MDMA]].
===Cognitive effects===
}}
The cognitive effects of isopropylphenidate can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of isopropylphenidate is described by many as one of mental stimulation, increased focus, and manageable euphoria. It contains a large number of typical [[stimulant]] cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate doses, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
{{effects/aftereffects|
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of isopropylphenidate can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general headspace of isopropylphenidate is described by many as one of mental stimulation, increased focus, and manageable euphoria. It contains a large number of typical [[stimulant]] cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate doses, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
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*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Stamina enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]''' - Time appears to pass by faster than normal.
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - The euphoric rush associated with isopropylphenidate use (as a result of [[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibition]]) is very short-lived and compulsive, similar to that of [[cocaine]].
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - The euphoric rush associated with isopropylphenidate use (as a result of [[dopamine]] [[reuptake inhibition]]) is very short-lived and compulsive, vaguely similar to that of [[cocaine]].
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - This component is generally considered mild compared to that of other stimulants.
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]''' - This component is generally considered mild compared to that of other stimulants.
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]''' - At higher dosage ranges this is often felt during the peak of the experience in addition to during the offset. This can potentially be attributed to the unusually high [[dopamine|dopaminergic]] activity it displays relative to [[noradrenaline|noradrenergic]] activity.<ref name="IPPH" />
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it would while sober.
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it would while sober.
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - This can be attributed to the mild-to-moderate euphoric rush and relatively short half-life of isopropylphenidate possesses, and is especially prominent when it is insufflated. Those who wish to use it for productivity purposes are advised to only take low to moderate doses strictly through [[Routes of administration#Oral|oral administration]]. [[Routes of administration#Insulfattion|insufflation]] can amplify the urge to redose. Many users report that the compulsive redosing aspects of isopropylphenidate are far more tame and controllable than the majority of [[research chemical]] stimulants, such as [[4F-MPH]], [[a-PHP]] or [[Hexen]], likely due to the absence of a pronounced rush and an extended onset.
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - This can be attributed to the mild-to-moderate euphoric rush and relatively short half-life of isopropylphenidate possesses, and is especially prominent when it is insufflated. Those who wish to use it for productivity purposes are advised to only take low to moderate doses strictly through [[Routes of administration#Oral|oral administration]]. [[Routes of administration#Insulfattion|insufflation]] can amplify the urge to redose. Many users report that the compulsive redosing aspects of isopropylphenidate are far more tame and controllable than the majority of [[research chemical]] stimulants, such as [[4F-MPH]], [[a-PHP]] or [[Hexen]], likely due to the absence of a pronounced rush and an extended onset.
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
===After effects===
}}
The effects which occur during the [[offset]] of a [[stimulant]] experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of [[neurotransmitter]] depletion. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motivation suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]].
There are currently anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]].
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational isopropylphenidate use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because isopropylphenidate has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried isopropylphenidate within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational isopropylphenidate use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because isopropylphenidate has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried isopropylphenidate within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
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===Psychosis===
===Psychosis===
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
{{Main|Stimulant psychosis}}
Abuse of compounds within the stimulant class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[delusions]]).<ref name="stimpsychosis">Shoptaw, S. J., Kao, U., & Ling, W. (2009). Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. ''The Cochrane Library''. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="stimpsychosis" /><ref>Hofmann FG (1983). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 329. ISBN 9780195030570.</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="stimpsychosis" />
Abuse of compounds within the stimulant class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., [[paranoia]], [[External hallucinations|hallucinations]], or [[delusions]]).<ref name="stimpsychosis">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Shoptaw, S. J.)), ((Kao, U.)), ((Ling, W.)) | veditors=((Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group)) | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | title=Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | date=21 January 2009 | url=https://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 | issn=14651858 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3}}</ref> A review on treatment for amphetamine, [[dextroamphetamine]], and [[methamphetamine]] abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.<ref name="stimpsychosis" /><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hofmann, F. G.)) | date= 1983 | title=A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=2nd ed | isbn=9780195030563}}</ref> The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, [[antipsychotic]] medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<ref name="stimpsychosis" />
*'''[[MDMA]]''' - The neurotoxic effects of MDMA may be increased when combined with other stimulants.
*'''[[Cocaine]]''' - This combination may increase strain on the heart.
==Legality==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
{{legalStub}}
*'''United Kingdom:''' Isopropylphenidate was made illegal in the UK as a temporary class drug from April 2015 following its sale as a designer drug.<ref>Methylphenidate-based NPS: A review of the evidence of use and harm. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, 31 March 2015 | https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/420983/TCDO_methylphenidate_NPS.pdf</ref>
*'''Germany''': Isopropylphenidate is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 24, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of November 26, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl116s2615.pdf#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl116s2615.pdf%27%5D__1576017393518|title=Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Verbreitung neuer psychoaktiver Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 24, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 24, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Isoprpoylphenidate is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey''': Isopropylphenidate is illegal in Turkey as of February 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/03/20160308-4.pdf|publisher=Resmi Gazete |access-date=January 15, 2020|language=tr|title=Karar Sayısı : 2016/8548}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': Isopropylphenidate is a class B drug in the UK as of 31st May 2017 and is illegal to possess, produce or supply. <ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2017 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/634/made}}</ref>
*'''Canada''': Isopropylphenidate is a Schedule III drug in Canada. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-15.html|title=Controlled Drugs and Substances Act|access-date=April 8, 2021|language=en}}</ref>
* Markowitz, J. S., Zhu, H. J., & Patrick, K. S. (2013). '''''Isopropylphenidate: An ester homolog of methylphenidate with sustained and selective dopaminergic activity and reduced drug interaction liability.''''' ''Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology'', 23(10), 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0074
* John S. Markowitz; Kennerly S. Patrick; Haojie Zhu (Sep 27, 2012). "Patent US20120245201 - Isopropylphenidate for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Fatigue-Related Disorders and Conditions". Retrieved 15 August 2014.
*Markowitz, J. S., Zhu, H., & Patrick, K. S. (2013). Isopropylphenidate: An Ester Homolog of Methylphenidate with Sustained and Selective Dopaminergic Activity and Reduced Drug Interaction Liability. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23(10), 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0074
*John S. Markowitz; Kennerly S. Patrick; Haojie Zhu (Sep 27, 2012). "Patent US20120245201 - Isopropylphenidate for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Fatigue-Related Disorders and Conditions". Retrieved 15 August 2014.
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Isopropylphenidate has been investigated for its potential use as a replacement for methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD and related disorders.[1] One study found that it displayed the same basic activity as a norepinephrine-dopaminereuptake inhibitor (NDRI), possessing, along with both methylphenidate and ethylphenidate, an appreciably high affinity for the dopamine transporter and effects on its cellular reuptake. It displayed comparably minor effects on norepinephrine, however, which was theorized to mean it may possess a more desirable safety and toxicity profile.[2]
Isopropylphenidate has an extremely short history of recreational use in humans. It was initially released following the banning of ethylphenidate, which on April 2015 became illegal in the United Kingdom following a temporary-then-permanent blanket ban. Shortly after, it became made available for sale on the online gray market as a research chemical for global distribution. As of 2022, isopropylphenidate continues to remain available and ambiguously legal in many parts of the world, distributed almost exclusively by online research chemical vendors.
Isopropylphenidate is a synthetic molecule of the substituted phenethylamine, substituted amphetamines and phenidate classes. It contains a phenethylamine core featuring a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group via an ethyl chain. It is structurally similar to amphetamine, featuring a substitution at Rα which is then incorporated into a piperidine ring ending at the terminal amine of the phenethylamine chain. Additionally, it contains an isopropyl acetate bound to Rβ of its molecular structure, a noticeable departure from methylphenidate, which contains a methyl group in this position.
Isopropylphenidate structurally diverges from ethylphenidate and methylphenidate by the length of the carbon chain on their acetate group. Iso- regards the side chain of one carbon atom branching into two bound methyl groups, phen- indicates the phenyl ring, id- is contracted from the piperidine ring, and -ate indicates the acetate group. Isopropylphenidate is a chiral compound, and has been documented as being produced as a racemic mixture and exclusively as either of its enantiomers.[3]
Pharmacology
Formal in-vivo human studies using isopropylphenidate have not been conducted. However, in vivo rat studies have found stimulatory effects; in vitro studies have evaluated the monoamine transporter binding affinities and affinities for various hydrolytic enzymes respectively.[2][4] The results of these studies suggest that isopropylphenidate has a very similar pharmacology to its parent compound methylphenidate, with the notable differences between the two substances being isopropylphenidate displaying significantly less activity as a norepinephrinereuptake inhibitor and the CES1 hydrolytic enzyme, which is exclusively responsible for hydrolysing both substances to ritalinic acid, having an 8 times lower affinity for isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate.
These differences result in the substance having more notable dopaminergic activity than adrenergic activity compared to methylphenidate at equivalent effective dosages, and in the substance having a longer duration than methylphenidate and a greater potency than methylphenidate at a given dosage. The greater potency of isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate is most significant with oral administration as the difference in potency is a result of the lower affinity of CES1 increasing the bioavailability of isopropylphenidate compared to methylphenidate, which is notably low for methylphenidate when administered orally due to first-pass metabolism in the liver by CES1.[5]
Despite the notable differences between the two substances, isopropylphenidate is still thought to act primarily as both a dopaminereuptake inhibitor and a norepinephrinereuptake inhibitor, meaning that it effectively boosts the levels of the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain by binding to and partially blocking the transporter proteins that normally remove those monoamines from the synaptic cleft. This allows dopamine and norepinephrine to accumulate within the brain, resulting in stimulatory effects.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
The physical effects of isopropylphenidate are often described as less uncomfortable and euphoric than ethylphenidate. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
Stimulation - Isopropylphenidate is usually considered to be energetic and stimulating in a fashion that is distinct but much weaker than that of amphetamine or methamphetamine and stronger than that of modafinil and caffeine. At lower to moderate doses, it encourages general productivity, but at higher dosages it encourages physical activities such as dancing, socializing, running, or cleaning. The particular style of stimulation which isopropylphenidate presents can be described as forced. This means that at higher doses, it becomes difficult or impossible to keep still as jaw clenching, involuntarily bodily shakes and vibrations become present, resulting in unsteadiness of the hands, shaking of the entire body and a general loss of motor control.
Mouth numbing - When administered sublingually a long-lasting numbing sensation has been reported to occur.
Teeth grinding - This component can be considered to be less intense when compared with that of MDMA.
After effects
The effects which occur during the offset of a stimulant experience generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and occurs because of neurotransmitter depletion. Its effects commonly include:
The cognitive effects of isopropylphenidate can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general headspace of isopropylphenidate is described by many as one of mental stimulation, increased focus, and manageable euphoria. It contains a large number of typical stimulant cognitive effects. Although negative side effects are usually mild at low to moderate doses, they become increasingly likely to manifest themselves with higher amounts or extended usage. This particularly holds true during the offset of the experience.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
Increased libido - This component is generally considered mild compared to that of other stimulants.
Irritability - At higher dosage ranges this is often felt during the peak of the experience in addition to during the offset. This can potentially be attributed to the unusually high dopaminergic activity it displays relative to noradrenergic activity.[2]
Time distortion - This can be described as the experience of time speeding up and passing much quicker than it would while sober.
Compulsive redosing - This can be attributed to the mild-to-moderate euphoric rush and relatively short half-life of isopropylphenidate possesses, and is especially prominent when it is insufflated. Those who wish to use it for productivity purposes are advised to only take low to moderate doses strictly through oral administration. insufflation can amplify the urge to redose. Many users report that the compulsive redosing aspects of isopropylphenidate are far more tame and controllable than the majority of research chemical stimulants, such as 4F-MPH, a-PHP or Hexen, likely due to the absence of a pronounced rush and an extended onset.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational isopropylphenidate use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because isopropylphenidate has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried isopropylphenidate within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Tolerance and addiction potential
As with other stimulants, the chronic use of isopropylphenidate can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of isopropylphenidate develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Isopropylphenidate presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dopaminergicstimulants]], meaning that after the consumption of isopropylphenidate all stimulants will have a reduced effect.
Abuse of compounds within the stimulant class at high dosages for prolonged periods of time can potentially result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms (e.g., paranoia, hallucinations, or delusions).[6] A review on treatment for amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse-induced psychosis states that about 5–15% of users fail to recover completely.[6][7] The same review asserts that, based upon at least one trial, antipsychotic medications effectively resolve the symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.[6]
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] & "[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - 25x compounds are highly stimulating and physically straining. Combinations with Isopropylphenidate should be strictly avoided due to the risk of excessive stimulation and heart strain. This can result in increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction, panic attacks, thought loops, seizures, and heart failure in extreme cases.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combining alcohol with stimulants can be dangerous due to the risk of accidental over-intoxication. Stimulants mask alcohol's depressant effects, which is what most people use to assess their degree of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the depressant effects will be left unopposed, which can result in blackouts and severe respiratory depression. If mixing, the user should strictly limit themselves to only drinking a certain amount of alcohol per hour.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Combinations with DXM should be avoided due to its inhibiting effects on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. There is an increased risk of panic attacks and hypertensive crisis, or serotonin syndrome with serotonin releasers (MDMA, methylone, mephedrone, etc.). Monitor blood pressure carefully and avoid strenuous physical activity.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Any neurotoxic effects of MDMA are likely to be increased when other stimulants are present. There is also a risk of excessive blood pressure and heart strain (cardiotoxicity).
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Some reports suggest combinations with MXE may dangerously increase blood pressure and increase the risk of mania and psychosis.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Both classes carry a risk of delusions, mania and psychosis, and these risk may be multiplied when combined.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Isopropylphenidate may be dangerous to combine with other stimulants like cocaine as they can increase one's heart rate and blood pressure to dangerous levels.
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is known to lower the seizure threshold[8] and combinations with stimulants may further increase this risk.
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - This combination may increase the amount of neurotransmitters such as dopamine to dangerous or even fatal levels. Examples include syrian rue, banisteriopsis caapi, and some antidepressants.[9]
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Germany: Isopropylphenidate is controlled under the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act)[10] as of November 26, 2016.[11] Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.[12]
Switzerland: Isoprpoylphenidate is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[13]
Turkey: Isopropylphenidate is illegal in Turkey as of February 2016.[14]
United Kingdom: Isopropylphenidate is a class B drug in the UK as of 31st May 2017 and is illegal to possess, produce or supply. [15]
Canada: Isopropylphenidate is a Schedule III drug in Canada. [16]
Markowitz, J. S., Zhu, H., & Patrick, K. S. (2013). Isopropylphenidate: An Ester Homolog of Methylphenidate with Sustained and Selective Dopaminergic Activity and Reduced Drug Interaction Liability. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 23(10), 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2013.0074
John S. Markowitz; Kennerly S. Patrick; Haojie Zhu (Sep 27, 2012). "Patent US20120245201 - Isopropylphenidate for Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Fatigue-Related Disorders and Conditions". Retrieved 15 August 2014.
↑Hofmann, F. G. (1983). A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse: the biomedical aspects (2nd ed ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN9780195030563.CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. eISSN1937-6995. ISSN1556-9039. OCLC163567183.
. eISSN 1471-6771. ISSN 0007-0912. OCLC 01537271. PMID 16051647.