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'''Sleep deprivation''' is a mental state which occurs when one has not received adequate quantities of sleep for extended periods of time. This can occur naturally from [[insomnia]] or it can be induced by extended [[stimulant]] use; it differs from [[stimulant]] [[psychosis]] in its somewhat predictable timeline of deterioration of physical, mental, and visual abilities through predictable [[subjective effects]].
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'''Sleep deprivation''' is a mental state which gradually intensifies when one has been deprived of sleep for extended periods of time. This can occur naturally from lack of sleep resulting from insomnia or can be induced by extended [[stimulant]] use; it differs from [[stimulant]] [[psychosis]] in its somewhat predictable timeline of deterioration of psychical, mental, and visual abilities through predictable subjective effects.  
The progression of the sleep deprivation experience can be broken down into hours gone without sleep, excluding micro-sleep sessions which may occur. A microsleep is a short period of time, from 10 to 60 seconds, in which the brain enters a sleep state, regardless of what the person is doing at the time. The affected individual often is not aware of the occurrence of the microsleep, experiencing only a brief skip forward in time.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Stanley Coren, P.)) | journal=Psychiatric Times | title=Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency | volume=15 | issue=3 | date=1 March 1998 | url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/sleep-deprivation-psychosis-and-mental-efficiency}}</ref>


The progression of the sleep deprivation experience can be broken down into hours gone without sleep, excluding micro-sleep sessions which may occur. A microsleep is a short period of time, from 10 to 60 seconds, in which the brain enters a sleep state, regardless of what the person is doing at the time. The affected individual often is not aware of the occurrence of the microsleep, experiencing only a brief skip forward in time.<ref>Coren S (March 1998). "Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency". Psychiatric Times. 15 (3) http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/login?referrer=http%3A//www.psychiatrictimes.com%2Fsleep-deprivation-psychosis-and-mental-efficiency</ref>. While humans are physically capable of surviving extended periods of sleep deprivation, it becomes increasingly difficult to remain awake and alert, until the person is inevitably unable to consciously resist falling asleep.
While humans are physically capable of surviving extended periods of sleep deprivation, it becomes increasingly difficult to remain awake and alert, until the person is inevitably unable to consciously resist falling asleep.
==Effects of sleep deprivation==
The effects of [[sleep deprivation]] intensify as one is subjected to more time without sleep. Up to the 24-48 hour mark, the cognitive effects are manageable and perceptual effects are limited to the peripheral vision and hearing of the sufferer. However, as time goes on, the effects become all consuming and can render normal life impossible.  


Sleep deprivation effects are expressed differently through populations including but not limited to age, gender, and occupation<ref>Alhola, Paula; Päivi Polo-Kantola (October 2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 3 (5): 553–567. PMC 2656292 Freely accessible. PMID 19300585 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/</ref>. Keeping this in mind, people will have different reactions to different levels of sleep deprivation.
==Adverse effects==
Combining sleep deprivation with psychoactive drugs is highly risky and can lead to severe mental and physical health consequences. Sleep deprivation alone disrupts cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and self-awareness, often inducing dissociative states or psychotic symptoms. When paired with psychoactive substances, the risks are amplified, as they may exacerbate sleep loss and overstimulate the brain's emotional centers, potentially triggering hallucinations, delusions, or acute psychosis. Additionally, prolonged wakefulness combined with drug use can impair decision-making and increase susceptibility to addiction or other long-term neurological damage.


===Cognitive effects===
==Practice==
As with all the effects of sleep deprivation, cognitive function deteriorates rapidly<ref>Alhola, Paula; Päivi Polo-Kantola (October 2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 3 (5): 553–567. PMC 2656292 Freely accessible. PMID 19300585</ref> as the sleep deprivation experience goes on. The decline of cognitive ability may be negligible during the first 1-36 hours of sleep deprivation but becomes increasingly present after this time mark has been passed. This rapid deterioration of cognitive abilities onsets at a faster pace than the physical effects of sleep deprivation.
Sleep deprivation is employed by shamans in diverse cultures as a method to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC) to facilitate spiritual experiences and healing. Combined with other techniques like fasting, sensory deprivation, and repetitive rituals, it aims to heighten sensitivity and break down normal cognitive barriers. By disrupting normal sleep patterns, shamans seek to facilitate connections with the supernatural realm and gain deeper insights. This practice is a deliberate physical and mental challenge that may enable the practitioner to enter trance-like states conducive to their spiritual work.<ref name="pmid38863671">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=H |last2=Kim |first2=E |title=Archetype symbols and altered consciousness: a study of shamanic rituals in the context of Jungian psychology. |journal=Frontiers in psychology |date=2024 |volume=15 |pages=1379391 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1379391 |pmid=38863671 |pmc=11166208}}</ref>


Effects include [[cognitive fatigue]], [[focus suppression]], [[confusion]], [[sleepiness]], and [[memory suppression]]<ref>Alhola, Paula; Päivi Polo-Kantola (October 2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 3 (5): 553–567. PMC 2656292 Freely accessible. PMID 19300585 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/</ref> and can occur as the length of time increases. During early stage sleep deprivation, some people may experience mild [[euphoria]], [[stimulation]], [[disinhibition]], and [[increased sense of humor]]<ref>http://news.berkeley.edu/2011/03/22/pulling-an-all-nighter/</ref>, however these effects quickly fade. In late stage sleep deprivation, [[delirium]], [[delusions]], and [[paranoia]] become increasingly present. These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.
==Subjective effects==
The effects of sleep deprivation intensify as one is subjected to more time without sleep. Up to the 24-48 hour mark, the cognitive effects are manageable and perceptual effects are limited to the peripheral vision and hearing. However, as time goes on, the effects become all consuming and can render normal life impossible.  


===Physical effects===  
Sleep deprivation effects are expressed differently through populations including but not limited to age, gender, and occupation<ref name="Alhola2007">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Alhola, P.)), ((Polo-Kantola, P.)) | journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | title=Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance | volume=3 | issue=5 | pages=553–567 | date= October 2007 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/ | issn=1176-6328}}</ref>. Keeping this in mind, people will have different reactions to different levels of sleep deprivation.  
As with other effects, the physical effects intensify as the sleep deprivation experience continues in time. What starts out as mild physical sedation eventually ends up as [[physical fatigue]] or [[motor control loss]] that can be debilitating by the end of the sleep deprivation. These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.


There are reports that examine the occurance of occular movement in mid to late stages of sleep deprivation<ref>"Sleep deprivation:Impact on cognitive performance" Paula Alhola1 and Päivi Polo-Kantola PMCID: PMC2656292 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2656292/</ref>. While this effect is not documented in all scientific literature, the unfocusing of eyes was documented in a military experiment involving a man being kept awake for 256 hours<ref> Neurological Findings After Prolonged Sleep Deprivation JOHN J. ROSS, MC Arch Neurol. 1965;12(4):399-403. doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00460280069006 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/565718</ref>.
{{effects/base
 
|{{effects/physical|
===Multi-sensory effects===
As with other effects, the physical effects intensify as the sleep deprivation experience continues in time. What starts out as:
====Visual effects====
*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]''' - In the eyes.
Sleep deprivation can induce hallucinatory states that most often involve [[external hallucinations]]<ref> Neurological Findings After Prolonged Sleep Deprivation JOHN J. ROSS, MC Arch Neurol. 1965;12(4):399-403. doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00460280069006 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/565718</ref> and subjective effects such as [[environmental alterations]], [[visual haze]]<ref> Neurological Findings After Prolonged Sleep Deprivation JOHN J. ROSS, MC Arch Neurol. 1965;12(4):399-403. doi:10.1001/archneur.1965.00460280069006 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/565718</ref>, and [[after images]]. These visual effects often increase proportionally to the length of time without sleep. As one continues to live without sleep, the visual hallucinations become more pronounced and may include [[object activation]], [[autonomous entities]] and [[unspeakable horrors]], most notably [[shadow people]]. These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''
 
eventually ends up as:
====Auditory effects====
[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]] can occur as sleep deprivation progresses, including but not limited to hearing voices, hearing objects move that are stationary, and hearing real life people talking to you when they have been silent. [[Autonomous entities]] seen in late stage sleep deprivation may speak to you directly or there might be disembodied voices speaking within ones head. These voices follow the same progression of the leveling effects that are seen in the [[autonomous entity]] article. [[Auditory distortion | Auditory distortions]] can also occur that make conversing with others more difficult than in a well-rested state.
 
====Olfactory and tactile effects====
In late stage sleep deprivation [[olfactory hallucination|olfactory hallucinations]] and [[tactile hallucinations]] can begin to present themselves along with the more common auditory and visual effects.
 
===Summarized effects of sleep deprivation===
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Confusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Headache]]''' - In late stage these effects can begin to present themselves along with the more common auditory and visual effects:
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Olfactory hallucinations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tactile hallucinations]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
}}
 
{{effects/visual|
Sleep deprivation can induce hallucinatory states that most often involve. These visual effects often increase proportionally to the length of time without sleep:
*'''[[Effect::After images]]'''
*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
*'''[[Effect::Environmental alterations]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]'''
*'''[[Peripheral information misinterpretation]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" /> - As one continues to live without sleep, the visual hallucinations become more pronounced and may include these effects:
*'''[[Effect::Autonomous entities]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Autonomous entities]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Shadow people]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Shadow people]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual haze]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - May occur in those with a previous history of psychedelic usage and tends to be of a more replaying and delusional nature
*'''[[Effect::Unspeakable horrors]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unspeakable horrors]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Object activation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Object activation]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" /> - These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.
}}


==Brain chemistry during sleep deprivation==
|{{effects/cognitive|
As with all the effects of sleep deprivation, cognitive function deteriorates rapidly<ref name="Alhola2007"/> as the sleep deprivation experience goes on. The decline of cognitive ability may be negligible during the first 1-36 hours of sleep deprivation but becomes increasingly present after this time mark has been passed. This rapid deterioration of cognitive abilities onsets at a faster pace than the physical effects of sleep deprivation. These effects are:
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Focus suppression]]'''<ref name="Alhola2007" />
*'''[[Effect::Confusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''<ref name="Alhola2007" /><ref name="ref-effects1" /><ref name="ref-effects2" />
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" /><ref name="ref-effects2" />
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" /> - During early stage sleep deprivation, some people may experience these effects, but these effects quickly fade.
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]<ref name="ref-effects1" /><ref name="ref-effects2" />
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Euphoria]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' - In late stage sleep deprivation can cause these effects.
*'''[[Effect::Delirium]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
*'''[[Effect::Paranoia]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" /><ref name="ref-effects2" />
*'''[[Effect::Dissociation]]'''<ref name="ref-effects1" />
These effects become increasingly present. These late stage effects can be so intense and all encompassing that they render everyday tasks impossible to complete.
}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]''' - can occur as sleep deprivation progresses, including but not limited to hearing voices, hearing objects move that are stationary, and hearing real life people talking to you when they have been silent.<ref name="ref-effects1" /> [[Autonomous entities]] seen in late stage sleep deprivation may speak to you directly or there might be disembodied voices speaking within ones head. These voices follow the same progression of the leveling effects that are seen in the [[autonomous entity]] article.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]''' - can also occur that make conversing with others more difficult than in a well-rested state.
 
}}
}}
 
==Neurochemistry==
A main neurotransmitter which is involved in the effects of sleep deprivation is [[adenosine]]. Adenosine is released and builds up when a person is awake, and with sleep deprivation this can cause high amounts of adenosine to be released. Sleep deprivation increases activation of adenosine A<sub>1</sub> receptors<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Elmenhorst, D.)), ((Meyer, P. T.)), ((Winz, O. H.)), ((Matusch, A.)), ((Ermert, J.)), ((Coenen, H. H.)), ((Basheer, R.)), ((Haas, H. L.)), ((Zilles, K.)), ((Bauer, A.)) | journal=The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience | title=Sleep deprivation increases A1 adenosine receptor binding in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study | volume=27 | issue=9 | pages=2410–2415 | date=28 February 2007 | issn=1529-2401 | doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5066-06.2007}}</ref>, which inhibit release of [[glutamate]] and [[acetylcholine]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sperlágh, B.)), ((Vizi, E. S.)) | journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | title=The Role of Extracellular Adenosine in Chemical Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects | volume=11 | issue=8 | pages=1034–1046 | date= April 2011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179034/ | issn=1568-0266 | doi=10.2174/156802611795347564}}</ref>, which could be involved in hallucinations and delusions caused by sleep deprivation.
 
During sleep deprivation, increased amounts of [[dopamine]] are released in the brain<ref>{{Citation | title=One Sleepless Night Increases Dopamine In The Human Brain | url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080819213033.htm}}</ref>. This is likely responsible for the [[euphoria|euphoric]] and [[disinhibition|disinhibiting]] effects from early stage sleep deprivation, and may also have a role in the [[external hallucinations|hallucinogenic]] effects of sleep deprivation.


==Experiences==
==Experiences==
*[[ ‎Experience:4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time | 4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time]] by ''[[User:Fishcenternicole|Fishcenternicole]]''
*[[ ‎Experience:4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time | 4 Days Sleep Deprivation - Progression of Sleep Deprivation Visuals Over Time]] by ''[[User:Fishcenternicole|Fishcenternicole]]''
*[[‎Experience:Unknown dosage / 1 tab DOC - Psychedelia Turned Into Stimulant Psychosis | 1 Tab DOC - Psychedelia Turned Into Stimulant Psychosis]] by ''[[User:Fishcenternicole|Fishcenternicole]]''
*[[‎Experience:Unknown dosage / 1 tab DOC - Psychedelia Turned Into Stimulant Psychosis | 1 Tab DOC - Psychedelia Turned Into Stimulant Psychosis]] by ''[[User:Fishcenternicole|Fishcenternicole]]''
Additional experience reports can be found here:
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_Sleep_Deprivation.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: Sleep Deprivation]


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Psychosis]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[Stimulants]]
*[[DOC]]
*[[DOC]]
*[[DXM & DPH in combination]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]


==External links==
==External links==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation Sleep deprivation (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation Sleep deprivation (Wikipedia)]
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references>
<ref name="ref-effects1">{{cite journal |last1=Waters |first1=F |last2=Chiu |first2=V |last3=Atkinson |first3=A |last4=Blom |first4=JD |title=Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake. |journal=Frontiers in psychiatry |date=2018 |volume=9 |pages=303 |doi=10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303 |pmid=30042701}}</ref>
<ref name="ref-effects2">{{cite journal |last1=Reeve |first1=Sarah |last2=Emsley |first2=Richard |last3=Sheaves |first3=Bryony |last4=Freeman |first4=Daniel |title=Disrupting Sleep: The Effects of Sleep Loss on Psychotic Experiences Tested in an Experimental Study With Mediation Analysis |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |date=4 August 2017 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbx103}}</ref>
</references>
 
==Further reading==
 
*{{cite journal | vauthors=((Freeman, D.)), ((Sheaves, B.)), ((Goodwin, G. M.)), ((Yu, L.-M.)), ((Nickless, A.)), ((Harrison, P. J.)), ((Emsley, R.)), ((Luik, A. I.)), ((Foster, R. G.)), ((Wadekar, V.)), ((Hinds, C.)), ((Gumley, A.)), ((Jones, R.)), ((Lightman, S.)), ((Jones, S.)), ((Bentall, R.)), ((Kinderman, P.)), ((Rowse, G.)), ((Brugha, T.)), ((Blagrove, M.)), ((Gregory, A. M.)), ((Fleming, L.)), ((Walklet, E.)), ((Glazebrook, C.)), ((Davies, E. B.)), ((Hollis, C.)), ((Haddock, G.)), ((John, B.)), ((Coulson, M.)), ((Fowler, D.)), ((Pugh, K.)), ((Cape, J.)), ((Moseley, P.)), ((Brown, G.)), ((Hughes, C.)), ((Obonsawin, M.)), ((Coker, S.)), ((Watkins, E.)), ((Schwannauer, M.)), ((MacMahon, K.)), ((Siriwardena, A. N.)), ((Espie, C. A.)) | journal=The Lancet Psychiatry | title=The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis | volume=4 | issue=10 | pages=749–758 | date= October 2017 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2215036617303280 | issn=22150366 | doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30328-0}}
 
[[Category:Psychonautics]]
[[Category:Psychonautics]]

Latest revision as of 18:15, 23 March 2025

Sleep deprivation is a mental state which occurs when one has not received adequate quantities of sleep for extended periods of time. This can occur naturally from insomnia or it can be induced by extended stimulant use; it differs from stimulant psychosis in its somewhat predictable timeline of deterioration of physical, mental, and visual abilities through predictable subjective effects.

The progression of the sleep deprivation experience can be broken down into hours gone without sleep, excluding micro-sleep sessions which may occur. A microsleep is a short period of time, from 10 to 60 seconds, in which the brain enters a sleep state, regardless of what the person is doing at the time. The affected individual often is not aware of the occurrence of the microsleep, experiencing only a brief skip forward in time.[1]

While humans are physically capable of surviving extended periods of sleep deprivation, it becomes increasingly difficult to remain awake and alert, until the person is inevitably unable to consciously resist falling asleep.

Adverse effects

Combining sleep deprivation with psychoactive drugs is highly risky and can lead to severe mental and physical health consequences. Sleep deprivation alone disrupts cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and self-awareness, often inducing dissociative states or psychotic symptoms. When paired with psychoactive substances, the risks are amplified, as they may exacerbate sleep loss and overstimulate the brain's emotional centers, potentially triggering hallucinations, delusions, or acute psychosis. Additionally, prolonged wakefulness combined with drug use can impair decision-making and increase susceptibility to addiction or other long-term neurological damage.

Practice

Sleep deprivation is employed by shamans in diverse cultures as a method to induce altered states of consciousness (ASC) to facilitate spiritual experiences and healing. Combined with other techniques like fasting, sensory deprivation, and repetitive rituals, it aims to heighten sensitivity and break down normal cognitive barriers. By disrupting normal sleep patterns, shamans seek to facilitate connections with the supernatural realm and gain deeper insights. This practice is a deliberate physical and mental challenge that may enable the practitioner to enter trance-like states conducive to their spiritual work.[2]

Subjective effects

The effects of sleep deprivation intensify as one is subjected to more time without sleep. Up to the 24-48 hour mark, the cognitive effects are manageable and perceptual effects are limited to the peripheral vision and hearing. However, as time goes on, the effects become all consuming and can render normal life impossible.

Sleep deprivation effects are expressed differently through populations including but not limited to age, gender, and occupation[3]. Keeping this in mind, people will have different reactions to different levels of sleep deprivation.


Physical effects

Visual effects

Cognitive effects

Auditory effects

    • Auditory hallucination - can occur as sleep deprivation progresses, including but not limited to hearing voices, hearing objects move that are stationary, and hearing real life people talking to you when they have been silent.[4] Autonomous entities seen in late stage sleep deprivation may speak to you directly or there might be disembodied voices speaking within ones head. These voices follow the same progression of the leveling effects that are seen in the autonomous entity article.
    • Auditory distortion - can also occur that make conversing with others more difficult than in a well-rested state.


Neurochemistry

A main neurotransmitter which is involved in the effects of sleep deprivation is adenosine. Adenosine is released and builds up when a person is awake, and with sleep deprivation this can cause high amounts of adenosine to be released. Sleep deprivation increases activation of adenosine A1 receptors[6], which inhibit release of glutamate and acetylcholine[7], which could be involved in hallucinations and delusions caused by sleep deprivation.

During sleep deprivation, increased amounts of dopamine are released in the brain[8]. This is likely responsible for the euphoric and disinhibiting effects from early stage sleep deprivation, and may also have a role in the hallucinogenic effects of sleep deprivation.

Experiences

Additional experience reports can be found here:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Stanley Coren, P. (1 March 1998). "Sleep Deprivation, Psychosis and Mental Efficiency". Psychiatric Times. 15 (3). 
  2. ↑ Sun, H; Kim, E (2024). "Archetype symbols and altered consciousness: a study of shamanic rituals in the context of Jungian psychology". Frontiers in psychology. 15: 1379391. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1379391. PMC 11166208 Freely accessible Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38863671. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Alhola, P., Polo-Kantola, P. (October 2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (5): 553–567. ISSN 1176-6328. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 Waters, F; Chiu, V; Atkinson, A; Blom, JD (2018). "Severe Sleep Deprivation Causes Hallucinations and a Gradual Progression Toward Psychosis With Increasing Time Awake". Frontiers in psychiatry. 9: 303. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00303. PMID 30042701. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Reeve, Sarah; Emsley, Richard; Sheaves, Bryony; Freeman, Daniel (4 August 2017). "Disrupting Sleep: The Effects of Sleep Loss on Psychotic Experiences Tested in an Experimental Study With Mediation Analysis". Schizophrenia Bulletin. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx103. 
  6. ↑ Elmenhorst, D., Meyer, P. T., Winz, O. H., Matusch, A., Ermert, J., Coenen, H. H., Basheer, R., Haas, H. L., Zilles, K., Bauer, A. (28 February 2007). "Sleep deprivation increases A1 adenosine receptor binding in the human brain: a positron emission tomography study". The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27 (9): 2410–2415. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5066-06.2007. ISSN 1529-2401. 
  7. ↑ Sperlágh, B., Vizi, E. S. (April 2011). "The Role of Extracellular Adenosine in Chemical Neurotransmission in the Hippocampus and Basal Ganglia: Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (8): 1034–1046. doi:10.2174/156802611795347564. ISSN 1568-0266. 
  8. ↑ One Sleepless Night Increases Dopamine In The Human Brain 

Further reading

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