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| <div class="icon">[[File:Yellow-warning-sign1.svg|50px|link=]]</div> || <p class="title"><span style="color:#8B8000">'''Research safety before use'''</span></p> | |||
While the following list of plants can be beneficial for various purposes, it's important to note that some of these organisms may contain toxic substances (especially those without articles) in addition, which may pose potential risks if ingested or handled improperly. Before incorporating any of these organisms into your home or garden, we strongly recommend conducting thorough research to understand the specific safety considerations and taking appropriate precautions, especially if you have children or pets. For more information see: Poisonous [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poisonous_animals animals], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poisonous_fungus_species fungus], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants plants]. And [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungus_species deadly fungus species]. | |||
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[[File:Biological_sources.png|300px|thumb|right|Artwork from the cover of Hallucinogenic Plants (A Golden Guide)]] | |||
'''Naturally occurring sources''' refers to psychoactive chemicals or their precursors that already exist in nature. This is in contrast to synthetic psychoactive compounds which are artificially produced or designed in laboratories, [[List of psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation|psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation]], or [[List of psychoactive substances, and precursor chemicals, produced by GMOs derived from genetically modified organisms|psychoactive substances, and precursor chemicals, produced by GMOs]]. However, these natural chemicals can often be reproduced synthetically as well, though notably they appear in nature or through human cultivation. | |||
==Proposed origins== | |||
There are a variety of proposed reasons for the appearance of psychoactive substances in organisms including the following examples: | |||
===Selective breeding=== | |||
Selective breeding is a method used by cultivators to add or remove traits from successive generations of organisms by breeding together those that have the preferred properties in hopes of developing a desirable genetic strain. This may have resulted in both the potency and appearance of psychoactive substance(s) which the cultivators wished to produce.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Conner, J. K.)) | journal=Ecology | title=ARTIFICIAL SELECTION: A POWERFUL TOOL FOR ECOLOGISTS | volume=84 | issue=7 | pages=1650–1660 | date= July 2003 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:ASAPTF]2.0.CO;2 | issn=0012-9658 | doi=10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[1650:ASAPTF]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> | |||
===Defense mechanism=== | |||
Another proposed reason for the presence of psychoactive substances in nature is their use as a defence mechanism. Through natural selection an organism may develop a poison or toxin useful for fending off predators,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Steppuhn, A.)), ((Gase, K.)), ((Krock, B.)), ((Halitschke, R.)), ((Baldwin, I. T.)) | journal=PLOS Biology | title=Nicotine’s Defensive Function in Nature | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=e217 | date=17 August 2004 | url=https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217 | issn=1545-7885 | doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020217}}</ref> as can be seen in Latrodectus Spiders who's psychoactive Latrotoxin has no reward value, and instead poses a threat to others. | |||
===Reward symbiosis=== | |||
It is also possible that co-evolution encouraged psychoactive organisms to appear as a means of propagation. That is; in the same way sweet fruits were naturally selected by animals spreading their contained seeds, so were psychoactive flora that posed some benefit to the animals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nesse, R. M.)) | journal=Addiction | title=Evolution And Addiction: Commentaries | volume=97 | issue=4 | pages=470–471 | date= April 2002 | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00086.x | issn=09652140 | doi=10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00086.x}}</ref> | |||
===Genetic similarity=== | |||
An incidental cause of the prevalence of these substances is the shared genetic origins of the organisms. Given that they share a great deal of genetic code it is reasonable to assume that this may have been a factor in producing chemicals similar enough to neurotransmitters so as to activate receptor sites. For example many psychoactive chemicals are biosynthesized from amino acids such as tryptophan, while in humans this amino acid is used to make serotonin. The result is that some of the tryptamines in nature are serotonergic [[agonist]]s when consumed. | |||
==Historical significance== | |||
The use of psychoactive substances is deeply rooted in human culture and dates back to pre-history. Early societies often incorporated these organisms into their traditions in medicine, spirituality, or recreation, such as the use of soma in the origins of Hinduism, and many of these uses continue into the modern day. Some common examples of this are the use of wine containing [[Ethanol]] in Christian communion, and [[Ayahuasca]] among indigenous peoples of the Amazon. | |||
Many of these organisms have been instrumental to the progress of various scientific fields, such as Biology, Medicine, [[Psychonautics]], and continue to reveal their importance with their involvement in major discoveries, such as the discovery of [[cannabinoid]] receptors<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Devane, W. A.)), ((Dysarz, F. A.)), ((Johnson, M. R.)), ((Melvin, L. S.)), ((Howlett, A. C.)) | journal=Molecular Pharmacology | title=Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. | volume=34 | issue=5 | pages=605–613 | date=1 November 1988 | url=https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/34/5/605 | issn=0026-895X}}</ref> preceding our knowledge of endocannabinoids.<ref>{{cite book | date=13 January 2021 | title=The Discovery of the Endocannabinoid System | publisher=Springer Publishing Company | url=https://connect.springerpub.com/content/book/978-0-8261-3573-5/chapter/ch03 | isbn=9780826135636}}</ref> | |||
Precluding endogenous chemicals, many of these organisms served as humanities only means of altering neurochemistry until the advent of synthetic psychoactives during the modern age. They have been at the forefront of major historical developments, such as pharmacotherapy, the funding of organized crime, the psychedelic era of the 60's, and the current "War on Drugs". | |||
==Examples== | |||
Below is an index of articles regarding natural sources of psychoactive substances. Other than inanimate sources they are categorized by kingdom of organism with sections for each applicable class of psychoactivity, sub-sections are given to active constituents, and finally the taxonomy and common name. Names may appear more than once if they contain a variety of substances, or their active substance has a variety of effects. Please note the quantity of substance obtained through an organism is not always safe and/or effective at common levels of consumption, but they are here included for sake of completeness. In addition some of the organisms are toxic or dangerous and thus proper research and preparation is recommended before attempting to personally investigate their activity. | |||
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<ul class="featured-table"> | <ul class="featured-table"> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Psychedelics]]</h4> | |||
*[[Ergoline derivatives|Ergoline Derivatives]] | |||
**[[Argyreia hookeri (botany) | ''Argyreia hookeri'' (Hooker's woodrose)]] | |||
**[[Argyreia_nervosa (botany) | ''Argyreia nervosa'' (Hawaiian baby woodrose)]] <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Paulke, A.)), ((Kremer, C.)), ((Wunder, C.)), ((Wurglics, M.)), ((Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.)), ((Toennes, S. W.)) | journal=Forensic Science International | title=Studies on the alkaloid composition of the Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Argyreia nervosa , a common legal high | volume=249 | pages=281–293 | date= April 2015 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073815000742 | issn=03790738 | doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH |year=1973 |title=Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose, Argyreia nervosa (Burmf) Bojer |journal=J. Pharm. Sci. |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=588–91 |doi=10.1002/jps.2600620409}}</ref> | |||
**[[Argyreia osyrensis (botany) | ''Argyreia osyrensis'']] <ref>Argyreia osyrensis Wikipedia |</ref> | |||
**[[Stictocardia queenslandica (botany) | ''Stictocardia queenslandica'' (''Queensland woodrose'')]] <ref>Stictocardia queenslandica Wikipedia</ref> | |||
**''Ipomoea purpurea'' (purple morning glory)<ref>Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200928/http://www.lycaeum.org/diseyes/olo/glory.txt ''Ipomoea purpurea'': A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic]</ref> | |||
**[[Ipomoea tricolor| ''Ipomoea tricolor'' (Mexican morning glory)]]<ref name="Wilson2017">{{cite book | vauthors=((Wilson, C. W. M.)) | date=20 December 2017 | title=The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence: Proceedings of the Society for the Study of Addiction, London, 1 and 2 September 1966 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=9781483186160}}</ref><ref name="ShowPlant">{{cite web|title=Show Plant|url=https://phytochem.nal.usda.gov/phytochem/plants/show/1082?offset=0&max=20&et=|website=phytochem.nal.usda.gov}}</ref> | |||
**''Ipomoea violacea'' (beach moonflower)<ref name="ShowPlant" /> | |||
**[[Turbina corymbosa (botany) | ''Turbina corymbosa'' (Ololiúqui)]]<ref name="Wilson2017" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/rivea_corymbosa.html |title=Ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - giftpflanzen.com |publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com |accessdate=2008-04-18 |last= |first= }}</ref> | |||
*[[Phenethylamine#List_of_substituted_phenethylamines|Phenethylamines]] | |||
**[[Mescaline]] - [[psychedelic cacti]] | |||
***[[Echinopsis lageniformis (botany)|''Echinopsis lageniformis'' (Bolivian torch)]]<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***[[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]]<ref name="gradworks1">Alkaloid content in relation to ethnobotanical use of Trichocereus pachanoi and related taxa | http://gradworks.umi.com/14/78/1478388.html</ref><ref name="citeseerx1">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ogunbodede, O.)), ((McCombs, D.)), ((Trout, K.)), ((Daley, P.)), ((Terry, M.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) (“San Pedro”) and their relevance to shamanic practice | volume=131 | issue=2 | pages=356–362 | date= September 2010 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874110004836 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021}}</ref> | |||
***[[Echinopsis peruviana (botany)|''Echinopsis peruviana'' (Peruvian torch)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pardanani, J. H.)), ((McLaughlin, J. L.)), ((Kondrat, R. W.)), ((Cooks, R. G.)) | journal=Lloydia | title=Cactus alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus | volume=40 | issue=6 | pages=585–590 | date= December 1977 | issn=0024-5461}}</ref><ref name="gradworks1" /><ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***''Echinopsis puquiensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /><ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***''Echinopsis santaensis''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***''Echinopsis schoenii''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***''Echinopsis scopulicola''<ref name="citeseerx1" /> | |||
***''Echinopsis terscheckii''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Reti, L.)), ((Castrillón, J. A.)) | journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society | title=Cactus Alkaloids. I. Trichocereus terscheckii (Parmentier) Britton and Rose | volume=73 | issue=4 | pages=1767–1769 | date= April 1951 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01148a097 | issn=0002-7863 | doi=10.1021/ja01148a097}}</ref> | |||
***''Echinopsis uyupampensis''<ref name="gradworks1" /> | |||
***[[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']] <ref name="ErowidLophopho">{{Citation | title=Erowid Cacti Vaults : Visionary Cactus Guide - Mescaline from Sawdust | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_lophopho.shtml}}</ref><ref name="TroutLophophora">{{Citation | title=Lophophora diffusa – Trout’s Notes | url=https://sacredcacti.com/blog/diffusa/}}</ref><ref name="Gabermann1978">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gabermann, V.)) | journal=Biokhimiia (Moscow, Russia) | title=[Estimation of mescaline and pellotine in Lophophora coulter plants (Cactaceae) by means of the oscillographic polarography] | volume=43 | issue=2 | pages=246–251 | date= February 1978 | issn=0320-9725}}</ref> | |||
***''Lophophora echinata'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="TroutLophophora" /> | |||
***''[[Lophophora fricii]]'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="Gabermann1978" /> | |||
***''Lophophora jourdaniana'' <ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="Gabermann1978" /> | |||
***[[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]]<ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="TroutAnalysis">{{Citation | title=Lophophora williamsii analysis – Trout’s Notes | url=https://sacredcacti.com/blog/lophophora-williamsii-analysis/}}</ref> | |||
**[[N-Methylphenethylamine]] (''[[NMPEA]]'') | |||
***Vachellia rigidula | |||
*[[Tryptamine#List_of_substituted_tryptamines|Tryptamines]] | |||
**[[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | |||
***''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | |||
***[[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | |||
***[[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]]<ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2">{{Citation | title=Erowid Arundo donax Vaults : TIHKAL mention of Arundo donax | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/arundo_donax/arundo_donax_info2.shtml}}</ref> | |||
***''Brosimum acutifolium''<ref name=gaillard>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moretti C, Gaillard Y, Grenand P, Bévalot F, Prévosto JM | title = Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 106 | issue = 2 | pages = 198–202 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16455218 | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.022 }}</ref> | |||
***''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | |||
***''[[Mucuna pruriens]]''<ref name=chamakura>{{cite journal |author=Chamakura RP |year=1994 |title=Bufotenine—a hallucinogen in ancient snuff powders of South America and a drug of abuse on the streets of New York City |journal=Forensic Sci Rev. |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=2–18}}</ref> | |||
***[[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ">{{Citation | title=Erowid Phalaris Vault : FAQ 2.01 | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/phalaris/phalaris_faq.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Bufotenin - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Bufotenin#Phalaris_spp}}</ref> | |||
****[[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | |||
**[[5-MeO-DMT]] | |||
***''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca) | |||
***[[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | |||
***[[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]] <ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2" /> | |||
***[[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp'' (Trailing ice plant)]]<ref name="Ott1996">{{cite book | vauthors=((Ott, J.)) | date= 1996 | title=Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History | publisher=Natural Products Company | isbn=9780961423483}}</ref> | |||
****''Delosperma cooperi'' | |||
***''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | |||
***[[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]] <ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ" /><ref name="DeoxyTrypFAQ">{{Citation | title=Tryptamine Carriers FAQ | url=https://deoxy.org/trypfaq.htm}}</ref><ref name="Duynisveld1990">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Duynisveld, G. W.)), ((Slominski, B. A.)), ((Wittenberg, K. M.)), ((Campbell, L. D.)) | journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science | title=ALKALOID CONTENT OF REED CANARYGRASS ( Phalaris arundinaceae L.) AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY | volume=70 | issue=4 | pages=1097–1103 | date=1 October 1990 | url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.4141/cjps90-132 | issn=0008-4220 | doi=10.4141/cjps90-132}}</ref> | |||
****[[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | |||
***Phyllodium pulchellum | |||
***''Virola elongata'' | |||
***''Virola sebifera'' | |||
***''Virola theiodora''<ref>http://actachemscand.org/pdf/acta_vol_23_p0903-0916.pdf</ref> | |||
**5-MeO-NMT | |||
***[[Arundo donax (botany) | ''Arundo donax'' (Giant cane)]]<ref name="ErowidArundaInfo2" /> | |||
**[[DMT]] | |||
***[[Anadenanthera colubrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (vilca)]] | |||
***[[Anadenanthera peregrina (botany) | ''Anadenanthera peregrina'']] | |||
***[[Delosperma (botany) | ''Delosperma sp.'' (Trailing ice plant)]]<ref name="Ott1996" /> | |||
***[[Desmanthus illinoensis (botany) | ''Desmanthus illinoensis'' (Illinois bundleflower)]] <ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Hegnauer, R.)) | date=30 July 1996 | title=Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | isbn=9783764351656}}</ref> | |||
***''Desmodium gangeticum'' | |||
***''Diplopterys cabrerana'' (Chaliponga) | |||
***[[Mimosa tenuiflora (botany) | ''Mimosa tenuiflora'' (Jurema)]]<ref>{{Citation | year=2012 | title=Ayahuasca Library > Ott 1998 - Pharmahuasca, Anahuasca and Vinho da Jurema | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120124034100/http://www.santodaime.it/Library/NATURALSCIENCES/ott98a_english.htm}}</ref> | |||
***[[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="DeoxyTrypFAQ" /><ref name="ErowidPhalarisFAQ" /> | |||
****[[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | |||
***[[Phragmites australis (botany) | ''Phragmites australis'' (common reed)]]<ref name="Ott1996" /> | |||
***Phyllodium pulchellum | |||
***[[Psychotria viridis (botany) | ''Psychotria viridis'' (Chacruna)]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Psychotria Vault: DMT Contents and Dosages | url=https://www.erowid.org/plants/psychotria/psychotria_info1.shtml}}</ref> | |||
***''Vachellia seyal'' (''Acacia seyal'')<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Shulgin, A. T.)), ((Shulgin, A.)) | date= 1997 | title=Tihkal: the continuation | publisher=Transform | isbn=9780963009692}}</ref> | |||
***''Virola elongata'' | |||
***''Virola sebifera'' | |||
***[[Psychoactive acacias]] <ref>List of psychoactive acacias wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids</ref> | |||
****''Acacia acuminata'' (Raspberry jam wattle) <ref>Acacia acuminata Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_acuminata</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia acuminata - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_acuminata}}</ref> | |||
*****''Acacia acuminata var. narrow phyllode'' (Inland jam wattle) | |||
*****''Acacia acuminata var. typical phyllode'' | |||
*****''Acacia acuminata var. broad phyllode'' | |||
*****''Acacia acuminata var. small seed phyllode'' | |||
****''Acacia baileyana'' (Cootamundra wattle) <ref>Acacia baileyana Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_baileyana</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia baileyana - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_baileyana}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia burkittii'' (Fine leaf jam wattle)<ref>Acacia burkittii wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_burkittii</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia burkittii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_burkittii}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia confusa'' (Formosa wattle)<ref>Acacia confusa Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_confusa</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia confusa - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_confusa}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia courtii'' (Three brothers wattle)<ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia courtii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_courtii}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia concurrens'' <ref>Acacia concurrens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_concurrens</ref> | |||
****''Acacia floribunda'' (Gossamer wattle) <ref>Acacia floribunda Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_floribunda</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia floribunda - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_floribunda}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia jibberdingensis'' <ref>Acacia jibberdingensis wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_jibberdingensis</ref> | |||
****''Acacia longifolia'' (Sydney golden wattle) <ref>Acacia longifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_longifolia</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia longifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_longifolia}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia maidenii'' (Maiden's Wattle) <ref>Acacia maidenii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_maidenii</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia maidenii - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_maidenii}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia neurophylla'' <ref>Acacia neurophylla wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_neurophylla</ref> | |||
*****''Acacia neurophylla var. neurophylla'' | |||
*****''Acacia neurophylla var. erugata'' | |||
****''Acacia obtusifolia'' (Blunt leaf wattle) <ref>Acacia obtusifolia Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_obtusifolia</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia obtusifolia - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_obtusifolia}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia phlebophylla'' (Mount buffalo wattle) <ref>Acacia phlebophylla Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_phlebophylla</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia phlebophylla - DMT-Nexus Wiki | url=https://wiki.dmt-nexus.me/Acacia_phlebophylla}}</ref> | |||
****''Acacia prominens'' (Golden rain wattle) <ref>Acacia prominens Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_prominens</ref> | |||
****''Acacia simplex'' <ref>Acacia simplex Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_simplex</ref> | |||
***[[Ayahuasca | Ayahuasca vine]] | |||
****[[Banisteriopsis muricata (botany) | ''Banisteriopsis muricata'']] | |||
****[[Banisteriopsis caapi (botany) | ''Banisteriopsis caapi'']] | |||
****[[Alicia anisopetala (botany) | ''Alicia anisopetala (Black Ayahuasca)'']] | |||
**[[Ibogaine | Iboga alkaloids]] | |||
***''Tabernaemontana africana'' | |||
***''Tabernaemontana crassa'' | |||
***''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | |||
***[[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]] <ref name="Koenig2015">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Koenig, X.)), ((Hilber, K.)) | journal=Molecules | title=The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart: A Delicate Relation | volume=20 | issue=2 | pages=2208–2228 | date=29 January 2015 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382526/ | issn=1420-3049 | doi=10.3390/molecules20022208}}</ref><ref name="Alper2001">{{cite book | vauthors=((Alper, K. R.)) | date= 2001 | chapter=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Biology | title=Chapter 1 Ibogaine: A review | publisher=Elsevier | volume=56 | pages=1–38 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0099959801560058 | doi=10.1016/S0099-9598(01)56005-8 | isbn=9780124695566}}</ref> | |||
***[[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jenks, C.)) | journal=Natural Product Letters | title=Extraction Studies of Tabernanthe Iboga and Voacanga Africana | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=71–76 | date=1 January 2002 | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563029001/4881 | issn=1057-5634 | doi=10.1080/1057563029001/4881}}</ref><ref name="Koenig2015" />><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
***''Tabernanthe orientalis'' | |||
***''Tabernanthe pubescens'' | |||
***''Trachelospermum jasminoides'' | |||
***[[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002" /><ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Dissociative]]s</h4> | |||
*[[κ-opioid receptor agonists]] | |||
**Akuammicine | |||
***''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma) <ref name="Menzies1998">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Menzies, J. R.)), ((Paterson, S. J.)), ((Duwiejua, M.)), ((Corbett, A. D.)) | journal=European Journal of Pharmacology | title=Opioid activity of alkaloids extracted from Picralima nitida (fam. Apocynaceae) | volume=350 | issue=1 | pages=101–108 | date=29 May 1998 | issn=0014-2999 | doi=10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00232-5}}</ref> | |||
**Akuammidine | |||
***''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998" /> | |||
**[[Ibogaine|Iboga alkaloids]] | |||
***Tabernaemontana | |||
***''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | |||
***[[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]]<ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
***[[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002" /><ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
***[[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002" /><ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
**Nepetalactone | |||
***''Nepeta caesarea''<ref name="Aydin1998">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Aydin, S.)), ((Beis, R.)), ((Oztürk, Y.)), ((Baser, K. H.)), ((Baser, C.)) | journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | title=Nepetalactone: a new opioid analgesic from Nepeta caesarea Boiss | volume=50 | issue=7 | pages=813–817 | date= July 1998 | issn=0022-3573 | doi=10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb07145.x}}</ref> | |||
***''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip)<ref name="Eisenbraun1980">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Eisenbraun, E. J.)), ((Browne, C. E.)), ((Irvin-Willis, R. L.)), ((McGurk, D. J.)), ((Eliel, E. L.)), ((Harris, D. L.)) | journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry | title=Structure and stereochemistry 4a.beta.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactone from Nepeta mussini and its relationship to the 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.alpha.- and 4a.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.-nepetalactones from N. cataria | volume=45 | issue=19 | pages=3811–3814 | date= September 1980 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo01307a016 | issn=0022-3263 | doi=10.1021/jo01307a016}}</ref> | |||
**Pawhuskin A, B, C | |||
***''Dalea purpurea'' (Purple prairie clover) | |||
**Salvinorins | |||
***[[Salvinorin A]] | |||
****[[Salvia divinorum]] <ref>{{Citation | title=Salvia divinorum drug profile | url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/salvia}}</ref> | |||
****''Salvia recognita'' (Turkish cliff sage) <ref name="Hatipoglu2017">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hatipoglu, S. D.)), ((Yalcinkaya, B.)), ((Akgoz, M.)), ((Ozturk, T.)), ((Goren, A. C.)), ((Topcu, G.)) | journal=Phytochemical analysis: PCA | title=Screening of Hallucinogenic Compounds and Genomic Characterisation of 40 Anatolian Salvia Species | volume=28 | issue=6 | pages=541–549 | date= November 2017 | issn=1099-1565 | doi=10.1002/pca.2703}}</ref> | |||
****''Salvia glutinosa'' (Jupiter's sage)<ref name="Hatipoglu2017" /> | |||
**Matrine and oxymatrine | |||
***''Sophora flavescens'' | |||
*[[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s | |||
**[[Chloroform]] | |||
***''Various algae''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Borges, J. T.)), ((Sparrapan, R.)), ((Guimarães, J. R.)), ((Eberlin, M. N.)), ((Augusti, R.)) | journal=Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society | title=Chloroform formation by chlorination of aqueous algae suspensions: online monitoring via membrane introduction mass spectrometry | volume=19 | pages=950–955 | date= 2008 | url=http://www.scielo.br/j/jbchs/a/7YfHX6c9RnqfBgfGMYb5B5j/?lang=en | issn=0103-5053 | doi=10.1590/S0103-50532008000500021}}</ref> | |||
**Hodgkinsine | |||
***''Calycodendron milnei'' | |||
***''Psychotria colorata'' | |||
***''Psychotria lyciiflora'' | |||
**[[Ibogaine|Iboga alkaloids]] | |||
***Apocynaceae | |||
****Tabernaemontana genus | |||
*****''Tabernaemontana pandacaqui'' | |||
*****[[Tabernaemontana undulata (botany) | ''Tabernaemontana undulata'' (Bëcchëte)]]<ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
****Tabernanthe genus | |||
*****[[Tabernanthe iboga (botany) | ''Tabernanthe iboga'' (Iboga)]]<ref name="Jenks2002" /><ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
****Voacanga genus | |||
*****[[Voacanga africana (botany) | ''Voacanga africana'']]<ref name="Jenks2002" /><ref name="Koenig2015" /><ref name="Alper2001" /> | |||
**Psychotridine | |||
***''Psychotria beccarioides'' | |||
***''Psychotria colorata'' | |||
***''Psychotria forsteriana'' | |||
***''Psychotria lyciiflora'' | |||
***''Psychotria oleoides'' | |||
**Rhynchophylline | |||
***[[Kratom (botany) | ''Mitragyna speciosa'' (Kratom)]] / [[Kratom | ''Kratom'' (Drug)]] | |||
***''Uncaria rhynchophylla'' (Fish hook vine) | |||
***''Uncaria tomentosa'' (Cat's claw) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Deliriant]]s</h4> | |||
<h5 class="media-heading">Muscarinic Antagonists</h5> | |||
*Platyphylline<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pomeroy, A. R.)), ((Raper, C.)) | journal=British Journal of Pharmacology | title=Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: actions on muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig ileum | volume=41 | issue=4 | pages=683–690 | date= April 1971 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07076.x | issn=00071188 | doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1971.tb07076.x}}</ref> | |||
**''Senecio adnatus''<ref name="Senecio">{{Citation | title=Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs - 16th Edition | url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/meylers-side-effects-of-drugs/aronson/978-0-444-53717-1}}</ref> | |||
**''Senecio hygrophylus''<ref name="Senecio" /> | |||
**''Senecio platyphylloides''<ref name="Senecio" /> | |||
**''Senecio platyphyllus''<ref name="Senecio" /> | |||
**''Senecio rhombifolius''<ref name="Senecio" /> | |||
*[[Tropane alkaloid]]s | |||
**Atropa genus | |||
***[[Atropa belladonna (botany) | ''Atropa belladonna'' (Nightshade)]] | |||
**Brugmansia'' genus'' | |||
***''Brugmansia arborea'' | |||
***''Brugmansia aurea'' | |||
***''Brugmansia insignis'' | |||
***''Brugmansia sanguinea'' | |||
***''Brugmansia suaveolens'' | |||
***''Brugmansia versicolor'' | |||
***''Brugmansia vulcanicola'' | |||
**[[Datura (botany) | ''Datura'' (Angel's Trumpet)]] / [[Datura|Datura (Drug)]] | |||
***Datura ceratocaula | |||
***''Datura discolor'' (Desert Datura) | |||
***Datura ferox | |||
***''Datura innoxia'' (Toloache) | |||
***''Datura leichhardtii'' (Native Thornapple) | |||
***''Datura metel'' (White Devil’s Trumpet) | |||
***''Datura stramonium'' | |||
***Datura quercifolia | |||
***''Datura wrightii'' (Sacred Datura) | |||
**Duboisia (corkwood tree) | |||
***''Duboisia hopwoodii'' <ref>Duboisia hopwoodii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_hopwoodii</ref> | |||
***''Duboisia leichhardtii'' <ref>|Duboisia leichhardtii Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia</ref> | |||
***''Duboisia myoporoides'' <ref>|Duboisia myoporoides Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duboisia_myoporoides</ref> | |||
**Erythroxylaceae | |||
***''Erythroxylum australe'' | |||
***''Erythroxylum ecarinatum'' <ref>Erythroxylum ecarinatum wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_ecarinatum</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2007 | title=Erythroxylum ecarinatum | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234938/http://users.cyberone.com.au/bwalters/rareplants/erythroxylum_ecarinatum.htm}}</ref> | |||
***''Erythroxylum cuneatum'' | |||
***''Erythroxylum vaccinifolium'' <ref>Erythroxylum vaccinifolium wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_vaccinifolium</ref> | |||
***''Erythroxylum zambesiacum'' | |||
**Hyoscyamus genus | |||
***''Hyoscyamus albus'' | |||
***''Hyoscyamus aureus'' | |||
***''Hyoscyamus boveanus'' | |||
***''Hyoscyamus desertorum'' | |||
***[[Hyoscyamus niger (botany) | ''Hyoscyamus niger'' (Henbane)]] | |||
***''Hyoscyamus muticus'' | |||
***''Hyoscyamus pusillus'' | |||
***''Hyoscyamus reticulatus'' | |||
**Mandragora genus | |||
***[[Mandragora officinarum (botany)|''Mandragora officinarum'']] | |||
**Latua | |||
***''Latua pubiflora'' | |||
<h5 class="media-heading">Atypical/Dubious</h5> | |||
*[[Myristicin]] | |||
**[[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | |||
**[[Apium graveolens (botany) | ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery)]] | |||
**[[Apium nodiflorum (botany) | ''Apium nodiflorum '' (Fool's Watercress)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Seneme, E. F.)), ((dos Santos, D. C.)), ((Silva, E. M. R.)), ((Franco, Y. E. M.)), ((Longato, G. B.)) | journal= Molecules | title= Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review | volume=26 | issue=19 | date=2021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512857/ | doi=10.3390/molecules26195914}}</ref> | |||
**[[Carum carvi (botany) | ''Carum carvi'' (Caraway)]] | |||
**[[Daucus carota (botany) | ''Daucus carota'' (Carrot)]] | |||
**[[Ephedra sinica (botany) | ''Ephedra sinica'' (Ephedra)]] | |||
**[[Foeniculum vulgare (botany) | ''Foeniculum vulgare'' (Fennel)]] | |||
**[[Heracleum anisactis (botany) | ''Heracleum anisactis'' ]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Seneme, E. F.)), ((dos Santos, D. C.)), ((Silva, E. M. R.)), ((Franco, Y. E. M.)), ((Longato, G. B.)) | journal= Molecules | title= Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review | volume=26 | issue=19 | date=2021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512857/ | doi=10.3390/molecules26195914}}</ref> | |||
**[[Heracleum pastinacifolium (botany) | ''Heracleum pastinacifolium'']]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Seneme, E. F.)), ((dos Santos, D. C.)), ((Silva, E. M. R.)), ((Franco, Y. E. M.)), ((Longato, G. B.)) | journal= Molecules | title= Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Myristicin: A Literature Review | volume=26 | issue=19 | date=2021 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8512857/ | doi=10.3390/molecules26195914}}</ref> | |||
**[[Myristica fragrans (botany) | ''Myristica fragrans'' (Nutmeg)]] | |||
**[[Pastinaca sativa (botany) | ''Pastinaca sativa'' (Parsnip)]] | |||
**[[Perilla frutescens (botany) | ''Perilla frutescens'' (Beefsteak mint)]] | |||
**[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
*Bisabolol terpenes | |||
**[[Chamomile (botany) | Chamomile]] | |||
*Capsaicinoids | |||
**Capsaicin | |||
***Capsicum genus | |||
*Flavinoids | |||
**[[Chamomile (botany) | Chamomile]] | |||
*Grayanotoxin | |||
**''Rhododendron ponticum'' nectar (mad honey) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jansen, S. A.)), ((Kleerekooper, I.)), ((Hofman, Z. L. M.)), ((Kappen, I. F. P. M.)), ((Stary-Weinzinger, A.)), ((Heyden, M. A. G. van der)) | journal=Cardiovascular Toxicology | title=Grayanotoxin Poisoning: ‘Mad Honey Disease’ and Beyond | volume=12 | issue=3 | pages=208–215 | date= September 2012 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2 | issn=1530-7905 | doi=10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2}}</ref> | |||
*Ledol | |||
**Labrador tea | |||
***''Rhododendron tomentosum'' | |||
***''Rhododendron groenlandicum'' | |||
***''Rhododendron neoglandulosum'' | |||
</li></ul> | |||
<ul class="featured-table"> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Cannabinoid]]s</h4> | |||
*Alkylamides | |||
**[[Echinacea (botany) | ''Echinacea'']] | |||
*Caryophyllene | |||
**[[Cannabis (botany)|''Cannabis'' (Marijuana)]] / [[Cannabis | ''Cannabis'' (Drug)]] | |||
***''Cannabis sativa'' | |||
****''Cannabis indica'' | |||
****''Cannabis ruderalis'' | |||
**[[Humulus lupulus (botany) | ''Humulus lupulus'' (Hop)]] | |||
**[[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]] | |||
**''Rosmarinus oficinalis'' (Rosemary) | |||
**[[Syzygium aromaticum (botany) | ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (Clove)]] | |||
*Catechins | |||
**[[Camellia sinensis (botany) | ''Camellia sinensis'' (tea)]] | |||
*Phytocannabinoids | |||
**CBG | |||
***''Helichrysum umbraculigerum'' | |||
**[[THC]], [[CBD]], CBG, ect | |||
***[[Cannabis (botany)|''Cannabis'' (Marijuana)]] / [[Cannabis | ''Cannabis'' (Drug)]] | |||
****''Cannabis sativa'' | |||
****''Cannabis indica'' | |||
****''Cannabis ruderalis'' | |||
*Perrottetinene | |||
**''Radula complanata'' | |||
**''Radula laxiramea'' | |||
**''Radula marginata'' (Wairuakohu) | |||
**''Radula perrottetii'' (オオケビラゴケ) | |||
*Yangonin | |||
**''Piper methysticum'' (Kava) | |||
**''Ranunculus'' (genus) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressant]]s</h4> | |||
*[[Opioids]] | |||
**7-hydroxymitragynine | |||
***[[Kratom (botany) | ''Mitragyna speciosa'' (Kratom)]] / [[Kratom | Kratom (Drug)]] | |||
**Akuammidine | |||
***''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998" /> | |||
**Akuammine | |||
***''Picralima nitida'' (Akuamma)<ref name="Menzies1998" /> | |||
**Alpha,7alpha,7a alpha-nepetalactone | |||
***''Nepeta cataria'' | |||
**Elaeocarpenine, isoelaeocarpicine, isoelaeocarpine, elaeocarpine | |||
***''Elaeocarpus fuscoides'' | |||
**Grandisine A, B, C, D, E, F, G | |||
***''Elaeocarpus grandis'' | |||
**Hasubanan alkaloids | |||
***''Stephania japonica'' | |||
**Hodgkinsine | |||
***''Calycodendron milnei'' | |||
***''Psychotria colorata'' | |||
***''Psychotria lyciiflora'' | |||
**Isoelaeocarpiline | |||
***''Elaeocarpus grandis'' | |||
**Lactucarium | |||
***''Lactuca virosa'' (Wild lettuce) | |||
**Mitragynine | |||
***[[Kratom (botany) | ''Mitragyna speciosa'' (Kratom)]] / [[Kratom | Kratom (Drug)]] | |||
**[[Morphine]], [[codeine]] | |||
***[[Papaver_somniferum_(botany) |''Papaver somniferum'' (Opium Poppy)]] | |||
**Nepetalactone | |||
***''Nepeta caesarea''<ref name="Aydin1998" /> | |||
***''Nepeta cataria'' (catnip)<ref name="Eisenbraun1980" /> | |||
**[[Oxycodone]] | |||
***[[Epipactis helleborine (botany) | ''Epipactis helleborine'']]<!-- Source? --> | |||
**Pawhuskin A, B, C | |||
***''Dalea purpurea'' (Purple prairie clover) | |||
**Thymoquinone | |||
***''Nigella sativa'' (Black caraway) | |||
*[[GABAergic]] | |||
**Apigenin | |||
***[[Chamomile (botany) | ''Chamomile'']] | |||
***''Turnera diffusa'' (Damiana) | |||
**Kavalactones | |||
***''Piper methysticum'' (Kava) | |||
**Myrcene | |||
***[[Cannabis (botany)|''Cannabis'' (Marijuana)]] / [[Cannabis | Cannabis (Drug)]] | |||
***''Cananga odorata'' (Cananga Tree) | |||
***[[Humulus lupulus (botany) | ''Humulus lupulus'' (Hop)]] | |||
***[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
***''Thymus serpyllum'' (Wild thyme) | |||
**Valerenic acid <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Luger, D.)), ((Poli, G.)), ((Wieder, M.)), ((Stadler, M.)), ((Ke, S.)), ((Ernst, M.)), ((Hohaus, A.)), ((Linder, T.)), ((Seidel, T.)), ((Langer, T.)), ((Khom, S.)), ((Hering, S.)) | journal=British Journal of Pharmacology | title=Identification of the putative binding pocket of valerenic acid on GABAA receptors using docking studies and site-directed mutagenesis | volume=172 | issue=22 | pages=5403–5413 | date= November 2015 | issn=1476-5381 | doi=10.1111/bph.13329}}</ref> | |||
***''Valeriana officinalis'' (Valerian) | |||
**Unknown active constituents | |||
***''Passiflora incarnata''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Grundmann, O.)), ((Wang, J.)), ((McGregor, G. P.)), ((Butterweck, V.)) | journal=Planta Medica | title=Anxiolytic Activity of a Phytochemically Characterized Passiflora incarnata Extract is Mediated via the GABAergic System | volume=74 | issue=15 | pages=1769–1773 | date= December 2008 | url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1088322 | issn=0032-0943 | doi=10.1055/s-0028-1088322}}</ref> | |||
***''Passiflora actinia''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lolli, L. F.)), ((Sato, C. M.)), ((Romanini, C. V.)), ((Villas-Boas, L. D. B.)), ((Santos, C. A. M.)), ((Oliveira, R. M. W. de)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Possible involvement of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by Passiflora actinia extracts in mice | volume=111 | issue=2 | pages=308–314 | date= May 2007 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874106006246 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.021}}</ref> | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Stimulant]]s</h4> | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Stimulant]]s</h4> | ||
* [[ | *[[Amphetamines]] | ||
* [[Nicotiana ( | **Cathine | ||
* [[ | ***''Catha edulis'' (Khat) | ||
* [[Erythroxylaceae]] ( | **[[Cathinone]] | ||
* [[ | ***''Catha edulis'' (Khat) | ||
* [[ | **Ephedrines | ||
***[[Ephedra sinica (botany) | ''Ephedra sinica'' (Ephedra)]] | |||
*Cholinergic | |||
**Arecoline | |||
***''Areca catechu'' (Areca nut) | |||
**[[Nicotine]] | |||
***Duboisia (corkwood tree) | |||
****''Duboisia hopwoodii'' | |||
***[[Nicotiana (botany) | Nicotiana (Tobacco)]] | |||
****''Nicotiana acuminata'' | |||
****''Nicotiana africana'' | |||
****''Nicotiana alata'' | |||
****''Nicotiana attenuata'' | |||
****''Nicotiana benthamiana'' | |||
****''Nicotiana clevelandii'' | |||
****''Nicotiana excelsior'' | |||
****''Nicotiana glauca'' | |||
****''Nicotiana glutinosa'' | |||
****''Nicotiana langsdorffii'' | |||
****''Nicotiana longiflora'' | |||
****''Nicotiana occidentalis'' | |||
****''Nicotiana obtusifolia'' | |||
****''Nicotiana otophora '' | |||
****''Nicotiana plumbaginifolia '' | |||
****''Nicotiana quadrivalvis'' | |||
****''Nicotiana rustica'' | |||
****''Nicotiana suaveolens'' | |||
****''Nicotiana sylvestris'' | |||
****''Nicotiana quadrivalvis'' | |||
****''Nicotiana tabacum'' | |||
****''Nicotiana tomentosiformis'' | |||
*[[N-methylphenylethanolamine]] (''Halostachine'') | |||
**''Halostachys belangeriana'' | |||
*[[Tropane alkaloid]]s | |||
**[[Cocaine]] | |||
***Erythroxylaceae | |||
****''Erythroxylum coca'' <ref>Erythroxylum coca Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca</ref> | |||
****''Erythroxylum novogranatense'' <ref>Erythroxylum novogranatense Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythroxylum_novogranatense</ref> | |||
**Meteloidine (cocaine-like alkaloid) | |||
***Erythroxylaceae | |||
****''Erythroxylum australe'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Psychoactive Vaults : Australian Natural Highs FAQ | url=https://erowid.org/psychoactives/faqs/faq_natural_high_australia.shtml#COCAINE}}</ref> | |||
*Halostachine | |||
**[[Theophylline]] | |||
***''Cola acuminata'' | |||
***''Cola nitida'' | |||
***''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) | |||
***''Ilex paraguariensis'' (Yerba Mate) | |||
***''Ilex vomitoria'' | |||
*[[Xanthine]] [[alkaloids]] | |||
**[[Caffeine]] | |||
***[[Coffea (botany)| Coffea (Coffee)]] | |||
****''Coffea arabica'' | |||
****''Coffea robusta'' | |||
***''Cola acuminata'' | |||
***''Cola nitida'' | |||
***''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) | |||
***''Ilex guayusa'' | |||
***''Ilex paraguariensis'' (Yerba Mate) | |||
***''Ilex vomitoria'' | |||
**[[Theacrine]] | |||
***''Theobroma grandiflorum'' (Cupuaçu) | |||
**Theobromine | |||
***''Cola acuminata'' | |||
***''Cola nitida'' | |||
***''Theobroma cacao'' (Cocoa tree) | |||
***''Theobroma grandiflorum'' (Cupuaçu) | |||
***''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) | |||
***''Ilex paraguariensis'' (Yerba Mate) | |||
***''Ilex vomitoria'' | |||
*Yohimbine | |||
**''Pausinystalia johimbe'' (Yohimbe) | |||
**''Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco'' | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Modulator]]s</h4> | ||
* [[Cannabis ( | *Bioavailability modulators | ||
**Furanocoumarins | |||
***''Citrus × paradisi'' (Grapefruit) | |||
***''Citrus maxima'' (Pomelo) | |||
**Piperine | |||
***''Piper longum'' (Long pepper) | |||
***[[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]] | |||
*[[GABAergic]] | |||
**Kavalactones | |||
***''Piper methysticum'' (Kava) | |||
**Myrcene | |||
***''Cananga odorata'' (Cananga tree) | |||
***[[Cannabis (botany)|''Cannabis'' (Marijuana)]] | |||
***[[Humulus lupulus (botany) | ''Humulus lupulus'' (Hop)]] | |||
***[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
***''Thymus serpyllum'' (Wild thyme) | |||
*L-Dopa | |||
**''Mucuna pruriens'' | |||
*[[MAOI]]s | |||
**[[MAOI | Nonselective MAO-A/MAO-B inhibitors]] | |||
***[[Myristicin]] | |||
****''[[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]]'' | |||
****[[Myristica fragrans (botany) | ''Myristica fragrans'' (Nutmeg)]] | |||
****[[Pastinaca sativa (botany) | ''Pastinaca sativa'' (Parsnip)]] | |||
****[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
***Piperine | |||
****''Piper longum'' (Long pepper) | |||
****[[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]] | |||
**[[MAOI | Reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA)]] | |||
***[[Harmala alkaloids]] | |||
****''Hippophae rhamnoides'' | |||
****''Festuca arundinacea'' | |||
****''Lolium perenne'' | |||
****''Nectandra megapotamica'' | |||
****''Newbouldia laevis'' | |||
****''Ochrosia nakaiana'' | |||
****Passifloracae | |||
*****''Passiflora actinia'' | |||
*****''Passiflora alata'' | |||
*****''Passiflora alba'' | |||
*****''Passiflora bryonoides'' | |||
*****''Passiflora caerulea'' | |||
*****''Passiflora capsularis'' | |||
*****''Passiflora decaisneana'' | |||
*****''Passiflora edulis'' | |||
*****''Passiflora eichleriana'' | |||
*****''Passiflora foetida'' | |||
*****''Passiflora incarnata'' | |||
*****''Passiflora quadrangularis'' | |||
*****''Passiflora ruberosa'' | |||
*****''Passiflora warmingii'' | |||
****''Peganum nigellastrum'' | |||
****''Strychnos usambarensis'' | |||
****Harmaline | |||
*****[[Peganum harmala (botany)| ''Peganum harmala'' (Syrian rue)]] | |||
*****Passiflora incarnata | |||
**[[MAOI | Selective MAO-A inhibitors]] | |||
***[[Harmala alkaloids]] | |||
****[[Coffea (botany)|''Coffea'' (Coffee)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Herraiz, T.)), ((Chaparro, C.)) | journal=Life Sciences | title=Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee | volume=78 | issue=8 | pages=795–802 | date=18 January 2006 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320505007514 | issn=0024-3205 | doi=10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074}}</ref> | |||
****[[Banisteriopsis caapi | ''Banisteriopsis caapi'' (Ayahuasca vine)]] | |||
****[[Nicotiana (botany)|''Nicotiana'' (Tobacco)]] | |||
****''Passiflora incarnata'' (Passion flower) | |||
****[[Peganum harmala (botany)| ''Peganum harmala'' (Syrian rue)]] | |||
**[[MAOI | Selective MAO-B inhibitors]] | |||
***Hordenine | |||
****''Ariocarpus fissuratus'' (Chautle) | |||
****''Boronia inornata''<ref name="Ahsan1995">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ahsan, M.)), ((Armstrong, J. A.)), ((Gray, A. I.)), ((Waterman, P. G.)) | journal=Phytochemistry | title=Terpenoids, alkaloids and coumarins from Boronia inornata and Boronia gracilipes | volume=38 | issue=5 | pages=1275–1278 | date=1 March 1995 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003194229400567D | issn=0031-9422 | doi=10.1016/0031-9422(94)00567-D}}</ref> | |||
****''Boronia gracilipes''<ref name="Ahsan1995" /> | |||
****''Echinopsis candicans'' | |||
****[[Echinopsis pachanoi (botany)|''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (San pedro)]] | |||
****''Hordeum vulgare L.'' (Barley) | |||
****[[Lophophora diffusa (botany)|''Lophophora diffusa'']]<ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="TroutLophophora" /><ref name="Gabermann1978" /> | |||
****[[Lophophora williamsii (botany)|''Lophophora williamsii'' (Peyote)]]<ref name="ErowidLophopho" /><ref name="TroutAnalysis" /> | |||
****''Panicum miliaceum'' (Proso millet) | |||
****[[Phalaris (botany) | ''Phalaris'' sp. (Canary grass)]]<ref name="Duynisveld1990" /> | |||
*****[[Phalaris aquatica (botany) | ''Phalaris aquatica'' (Harding grass)]] | |||
****''Sorghum vulgare'' (Sorghum ) | |||
***Kavalactones | |||
****''Piper methysticum'' (Kava) | |||
*[[Opioid | Opioidergic]] | |||
**Curcumin | |||
***''Curcuma longa'' (Tumeric) | |||
*[[Reuptake inhibitor|MRI]] | |||
**[[Hyperforin]] | |||
***''[[Hypericum perforatum (botany)|Hypericum perforatum]]'' (St. John's wort)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=SS |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=SK |last3=Wonnemann |first3=M |last4=Singer |first4=A |last5=Müller |first5=WE |title=Hyperforin as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts. |journal=Life sciences |date=1998 |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=499-510 |doi=10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00299-9 |pmid=9718074}}</ref> | |||
*[[Reuptake inhibitor|SNDRI]] | |||
**[[Cocaine]] | |||
***''Erythroxylaceae'' (Coca) | |||
*[[Reuptake inhibitor|SRI]] | |||
**Mesembrine, Mesembrenone | |||
***''Sceletium tortuosum'' (Kanna) | |||
**Noribogaine | |||
***''[[Tabernanthe iboga (botany)|Tabernanthe iboga]]'' (Iboga) | |||
**Saffranal <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rezaee, R.)), ((Hosseinzadeh, H.)) | journal=Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences | title=Safranal: From an Aromatic Natural Product to a Rewarding Pharmacological Agent | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=12–26 | date= January 2013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3637901/ | issn=2008-3866}}</ref> | |||
***''Achillea distans'' | |||
***''Calycopteris floribunda'' | |||
***''Centaurea amanicola'' | |||
***''Centaurea consanguinea'' | |||
***''Centaurea sibthorpii'' | |||
***''Crocus heuffelianus'' | |||
***''Crocus sativus (saffron)'' | |||
***Erodium cicutarium | |||
***''Sambucus nigra'' | |||
**[[Tetrahydroharmine]] | |||
***''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]'' | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Oneirogens]]</h4> | |||
*Cholinergics | |||
**[[Galantamine]] | |||
***''Galanthus caucasicus'' (Caucasian snowdrop) | |||
***''Galanthus nivalis'' (common snowdrop) | |||
***''Galanthus woronowii'' (Voronov's snowdrop) | |||
***''Leucojum aestivum'' (snowflake) | |||
***''Lycoris radiata'' (red spider lily) | |||
***''Narcissus'' spp (daffodil) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">Precursors</h4> | |||
*[[Ergoline derivatives]] | |||
**[[LSA]] -> [[LSD]] | |||
***''Stipa robusta'' (Sleepy Grass) | |||
*[[Opioids]] | |||
**[[Morphine]] -> [[Heroin]] | |||
***[[Opioid | ''Papaver somniferum ''(Opium poppy)]] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpropanoid Phenylpropanoids] -> [https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Phenethylamines Phenethylamines] / Allybenezes / Aldehydes | |||
**Anethole | |||
***''Glycyrrhiza glabra'' (Liquorice) | |||
***''Paullinia cupana'' (Guarana) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Benoni, H.)), ((Dallakian, P.)), ((Taraz, K.)) | title=Studies on the essential oil from guarana | volume=203 | issue=1 | pages=95–98 | date= January 1996 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01267777 | issn=0044-3026 | doi=10.1007/BF01267777}}</ref> | |||
***''Pimpinella anisum'' (Anise) | |||
***''Syzygium anisatum'' (formerly known as Backhousia anisata) | |||
***''Tagetes lucida'' | |||
**Apiole -> DMMDA | |||
***[[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | |||
***[[Apium graveolens (botany) | ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery)]] | |||
***[[Foeniculum vulgare (botany) | ''Foeniculum vulgare'' (Fennel)]] | |||
***''Oenanthe aquatica'' | |||
***''Oenanthe crocata'' | |||
***[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
***''Piper cubeba'' | |||
***''Peperomia pelucida'' | |||
***''Sassafras albidum'' | |||
**Asarone (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) -> [[TMA-2]]<ref>{{Citation | title=Erowid Online Books : “PIHKAL” - #158 TMA-2 | url=https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal158.shtml}}</ref> | |||
***''Acorus calamus'' (Sweet flag) | |||
**Carpacin | |||
***''Carpano Tree'' (unknown cinnamomum species) | |||
***''Crowea'' (genus) | |||
**Chavibetol | |||
***Piper betel | |||
***Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus | |||
**Cinnamaldehyde | |||
***Cinnamomum genus (cinnamon) | |||
****''Cinnamomum cassia'' | |||
****''Cinnamomum osmophloeum''<ref name="Rao2014">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rao, P. V.)), ((Gan, S. H.)) | journal=Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM | title=Cinnamon: A Multifaceted Medicinal Plant | volume=2014 | pages=642942 | date= 2014 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003790/ | issn=1741-427X | doi=10.1155/2014/642942}}</ref> | |||
****''Cinnamomum verum''<ref name="Rao2014" /> | |||
****''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | |||
**Croweacin | |||
***''Crowea saligna'' | |||
***''Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia'' | |||
***''Ruta graveolens'' | |||
**Exalatacin (1-allyl-2,6-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) | |||
***''Crowea Exalata'' | |||
***''Crowea angustifolia var. angustifolia'' | |||
**[[Elemicin]] | |||
***''Backhousia myrtifolia'' | |||
***''Canarium luzonicum'' | |||
***''Lagarostrobos franklinii''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Deans, B.J.)),((De Salas. J)), ((Smith, J.A)),((Bissember, A.C)) | journal= Australian Journal of Chemistry |title= Natural Products Isolated from Endemic Tasmanian | |||
Vascular Plants | volume= 71 | pages= 756-767 | date= 8 August 2018 | issn= 0004-9425 | url= https://www.publish.csiro.au/ch/ch18283 |doi=10.1071/CH18283}}</ref> | |||
***''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes)<ref name="Brophy2013" /> | |||
***''Melaleuca squamophloia'' | |||
**Eugenol / Methyl-eugenol<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Tan, K. H.)), ((Nishida, R.)) | journal=Journal of Insect Science | title=Methyl Eugenol: Its Occurrence, Distribution, and Role in Nature, Especially in Relation to Insect Behavior and Pollination | volume=12 | pages=56 | date=24 April 2012 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3500151/ | issn=1536-2442 | doi=10.1673/031.012.5601}}</ref> | |||
***[[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | |||
***[[Apium graveolens (botany) | ''Apium graveolens'' (Celery)]] | |||
***''Backhousia myrtifolia''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Brophy, J. J.)), ((Goldsack, R. J.)), ((Fookes, C. J. R.)), ((Forster, P. I.)) | journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research | title=Leaf Oils of the Genus Backhousia (Myrtaceae) | volume=7 | issue=3 | pages=237–254 | date=1 May 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698514 | issn=1041-2905 | doi=10.1080/10412905.1995.9698514}}</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum tamala'' | |||
***''Cinnamomum wilsoni'' | |||
***''Lagarostrobos franklinii''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Deans, B.J.)),((De Salas. J)), ((Smith, J.A)),((Bissember, A.C)) | journal= Australian Journal of Chemistry |title= Natural Products Isolated from Endemic Tasmanian | |||
Vascular Plants | volume= 71 | pages= 756-767 | date= 8 August 2018 | issn= 0004-9425 | url= https://www.publish.csiro.au/ch/ch18283 |doi=10.1071/CH18283}}</ref> | |||
***''Laurus nobilis'' (Bay tree) | |||
***''Illicium anisatum'' | |||
***''Melaleuca leucadendra'' | |||
***''Melissa officinalis'' (Lemon balm) | |||
***''Ocimum basilicum (Sweet basil)'' | |||
***''Ocimum gratissimum'' (African basil) | |||
***''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' (syn. Ocimum sanctum, tulsi or holy basil) | |||
***Pimenta pseudocaryophyllus (Cataia) | |||
***[[Syzygium aromaticum (botany) | ''Syzygium aromaticum'' (Clove)]] | |||
***''Tagetes lucida'' | |||
***''Zingiber officinale'' (Ginger) | |||
**Isoeugenol | |||
***''Cananga odorata'' | |||
**Isomethyleugenlol | |||
***''Melaleuca bracteata'' (only in certain chemotypes) | |||
***''Melaleuca leucadendra'' <ref name="Brophy2013">{{cite book | vauthors=((Brophy, J. J.)), ((Craven, L. A.)), ((Doran, J. C.)) | publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research | date= 2013 | title=Melaleucas: their botany, essential oils and uses | url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=673160 | isbn=9781922137524}}</ref> | |||
**Pseudoisoeugenol (isomer of isoeugenol) | |||
**Estragole (Methyl-chavicol) / Chavicol | |||
***''Artemisia dracunculus'' (Tarragon) | |||
***''Clausena anisata'' | |||
***[[Foeniculum vulgare (botany) | ''Foeniculum vulgare'' (Fennel)]] | |||
***''Ocimum basilicum'' (Basil) | |||
***''Piper betle (Betel)'' | |||
***''Pimpinella anisum'' (Anise) | |||
***''Pimenta racemosa'' | |||
***''Syzygium anisatum'' | |||
***''Tagetes lucida'' | |||
**[[Myristicin]] -> [[MMDA]]<!-- not MDMA --> | |||
***[[Anethum graveolens (botany) | ''Anethum graveolens'' (Dill)]] | |||
***''Bunium Cylindricum'' | |||
***[[Myristica fragrans (botany) | ''Myristica fragrans'' (Nutmeg)]] | |||
***[[Pastinaca sativa (botany) | ''Pastinaca sativa'' (Parsnip)]] | |||
***[[Petroselinum crispum (botany) | ''Petroselinum crispum'' (Parsley)]] | |||
**Nothoapiole | |||
***''Bunium bulbocastanum'' | |||
***''Carum nigrum'' | |||
***''Crowea angustifolia'' | |||
***[[Perilla frutescens (botany) | ''Perilla frutescens'' (Beefsteak mint)]] | |||
***''Pleurospermum angelicoides'' | |||
**Protocatechuic aldehyde | |||
***''Phellinus linteus'' (fungi) | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safrole Safrole] (-> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isosafrole isosafrole]) -> [[MDMA]] | |||
***''Atherosperma moschatum'' | |||
***''Beilschmiedia obtusifolia'' | |||
***''Boronia safrolifera'' | |||
***''cinnamomum baileyanum''<ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_baileyanum</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum burmannii'' | |||
***''Cinnamomum camphora'' (Camphor tree)<ref name="sassprecursors">{{cite journal | vauthors=((C Huhn)), ((M Pütz)), ((R Dahlenburg)), ((U Pyell)) | title=Sassafras oils as precursors for the production of synthetic drugs: Profiling via MEKC-UVD | date= 2005 | url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/2.1.4698.5285 | doi=10.13140/2.1.4698.5285}}</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum iners'' | |||
***''Cinnamomum laubatii'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Australian Safrole Containing Plants - laubatii | date=2007 | url=http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_laubatii}}</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum mollissimum''<ref name="ErowidCinnamomumOils">{{Citation | title=CINNAMOMUM OILS (INCLUDING CINNAMON AND CASSIA) | url=https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/safrole.plants/fafopo/cinnamomum_oils.html}}</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum oliveri''<ref>{{Citation | title=Australian Safrole Containing Plants - oliveri | date=2007 | url=http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Cinnamomum_oliveri}}</ref> | |||
***''Cinnamomum petrophilum''<ref name="ErowidCinnamomumOils" /> | |||
***''Cinnamomum propinquum'' | |||
***''Cinnamomum virens'' | |||
***''Crowea exalata'' | |||
***''Daphnandra apatela'' | |||
***''Daphnandra johnsonii'' | |||
***''Daphnandra repandula'' | |||
***''Daphnandra tenuipes'' | |||
***''Doryphora aromatica'' | |||
***''Doryphora sassafras'' | |||
***''Eremophila longifolia'' (Emu bush) <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Della, E.)), ((Jefferies, P.)) | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | title=The Chemistry of Eremophila Species. III. The Essential Oil of Eremophila longifolia F. Muell | volume=14 | issue=4 | pages=663 | date= 1961 | url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=CH9610663 | issn=0004-9425 | doi=10.1071/CH9610663}}</ref><ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Eremophila_longifolia</ref> | |||
***''Juniper virginiana'' | |||
***''Ocotea cymbarum'' (Brazilian sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | |||
***''Ocotea pretiosa'' | |||
***Piperaceae | |||
****''Piper auritum (Hoja santa)'' | |||
****''Piper callosum'' | |||
****''Piper hispidinervum'' <ref>{{Citation | title=Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole | url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-479.html}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=Piper hispidinervum: A Sustainable Source of Safrole | url=https://erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/3base/safrole.plants/piper_hispidinervum.html}}</ref> | |||
****[[Piper nigrum (botany) | ''Piper nigrum'' (Black pepper)]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper#Phytochemicals,_folk_medicine_and_research</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Duke, J. A.)) | date=16 August 1993 | title=CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849336201}}</ref> | |||
***''Sassafras albidum'' (Sassafras)<ref name="sassprecursors" /> | |||
***''Virola calophylla'' | |||
***''Zieria arborescens''<ref>Australian Safrole Containing Plants (2007) | http://ausaf.awardspace.info/#Zieria_Rutaceae/</ref> | |||
***''Zieria Smithii'' | |||
**Syringaldehyde | |||
***''Pilosocereus pachycladus''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Brito-Filho, S. G. de)), ((Maciel, J. K. da S.)), ((Teles, Y. C. F.)), ((Fernandes, M. M. M. de S.)), ((Chaves, O. S.)), ((Ferreira, M. D. L.)), ((Fernandes, P. D.)), ((Felix, L. P.)), ((Cirino, I. C. da S.)), ((Siqueira-Júnior, J. P.)), ((Braz-Filho, R.)), ((Souza, M. de F. V. de)) | journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia | title=Phytochemical study of Pilosocereus pachycladus and antibiotic-resistance modifying activity of syringaldehyde | volume=27 | issue=4 | pages=453–458 | date=1 July 2017 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0102695X17301795 | issn=0102-695X | doi=10.1016/j.bjp.2017.06.001}}</ref> | |||
</li> | |||
</ul> | |||
</div> | |||
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;" | | |||
{| width="100%" cellspacing="10" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;" | | |||
<div class="panel radius"> | |||
<h3 class="panel-header">Mycological sources [[File:Mushroom.png|x20px|right|link=]]</h3> | |||
<ul class="featured-table"> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Psychedelics]]</h4> | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Psychedelics]]</h4> | ||
* [[ | *[[5-MeO-DMT]] | ||
* [[ | **''Dictyonema huaorani'' | ||
* [[ | *[[DMT]] | ||
* [[ | **''Dictyonema huaorani'' | ||
* [[ | **[[Amanita citrina]] (trace) | ||
* [[ | *[[Bufotenin|5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | ||
* [[ | **[[Amanita citrina]] | ||
* [[ | *[[Psilocybin Mushrooms]] | ||
**Baeocystin | |||
***''Psilocybe azurenscens'' (Stamets and Gartz 1995) | |||
***[[Panaeolus cyanescens|''Panaeolus cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe cubensis|''Psilocybe cubensis'']] (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993) | |||
***[[Psilocybe cyanescens|''Psilocybe cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe mexicana|''Psilocybe mexicana'']] | |||
***''[[Psilocybe subaeruginosa]]'' | |||
***''Psilocybe semilanceata'' (Gartz 1994) | |||
**Norbaeocystin | |||
***[[Panaeolus cyanescens|''Panaeolus cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe cubensis|''Psilocybe cubensis'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe cyanescens|''Psilocybe cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe mexicana|''Psilocybe mexicana'']] | |||
***''[[Psilocybe subaeruginosa]]'' | |||
**[[Psilocin]] | |||
***''Massospora platypediae (syn. Massospora aff. levispora)''<ref name="BoyceGluck-Thaler2019">{{cite journal|last1=Boyce|first1=Greg R.|last2=Gluck-Thaler|first2=Emile|last3=Slot|first3=Jason C.|last4=Stajich|first4=Jason E.|last5=Davis|first5=William J.|last6=James|first6=Tim Y.|last7=Cooley|first7=John R.|last8=Panaccione|first8=Daniel G.|last9=Eilenberg|first9=Jørgen|last10=De Fine Licht|first10=Henrik H.|last11=Macias|first11=Angie M.|last12=Berger|first12=Matthew C.|last13=Wickert|first13=Kristen L.|last14=Stauder|first14=Cameron M.|last15=Spahr|first15=Ellie J.|last16=Maust|first16=Matthew D.|last17=Metheny|first17=Amy M.|last18=Simon|first18=Chris|last19=Kritsky|first19=Gene|last20=Hodge|first20=Kathie T.|last21=Humber|first21=Richard A.|last22=Gullion|first22=Terry|last23=Short|first23=Dylan P.G.|last24=Kijimoto|first24=Teiya|last25=Mozgai|first25=Dan|last26=Arguedas|first26=Nidia|last27=Kasson|first27=Matt T.|title=Psychoactive plant- and mushroom-associated alkaloids from two behavior modifying cicada pathogens|journal=Fungal Ecology|volume=41|year=2019|pages=147–164|issn=17545048|doi=10.1016/j.funeco.2019.06.002}}</ref> | |||
***''Psilocybe azurenscens'' (Stamets and Gartz 1995) | |||
***[[Panaeolus cyanescens|''Panaeolus cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe cubensis|''Psilocybe cubensis'']] (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993) | |||
***[[Psilocybe cyanescens|''Psilocybe cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe mexicana|''Psilocybe mexicana'']] | |||
***''[[Psilocybe subaeruginosa]]'' | |||
***''Psilocybe semilanceata'' (Gartz 1994) | |||
**[[Psilocybin]] | |||
***''Dictyonema huaorani'' | |||
***''Massospora levispora''<ref name="BoyceGluck-Thaler2019"></ref> | |||
***''Massospora platypediae (syn. Massospora aff. levispora)''<ref name="BoyceGluck-Thaler2019"></ref> | |||
***''Psilocybe azurenscens'' (Stamets and Gartz 1995) | |||
***[[Panaeolus cyanescens|''Panaeolus cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe cubensis|''Psilocybe cubensis'']] (Gartz 1994; Stijve and de Meijer 1993) | |||
***[[Psilocybe cyanescens|''Psilocybe cyanescens'']] | |||
***[[Psilocybe mexicana|''Psilocybe mexicana'']] | |||
***''[[Psilocybe subaeruginosa]]'' | |||
***''Psilocybe semilanceata'' (Gartz 1994) | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Dissociative]]s</h4> | ||
* | *(2R), (1'R) and (2R), (1'S)-2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoic acid | ||
* [[ | **[[Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Fly Agaric Mushroom)]] *presumably | ||
* [[ | **[[Amanita pantherina|''Amanita pantherina'' (Panther Cap)]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fushiya, S.)), ((Gu, Q. Q.)), ((Ishikawa, K.)), ((Funayama, S.)), ((Nozoe, S.)) | journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin | title=(2R), (1’R) and (2R), (1’S)-2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoic acids from Amanita pantherina. Antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors | volume=41 | issue=3 | pages=484–486 | date= March 1993 | issn=0009-2363 | doi=10.1248/cpb.41.484}}</ref> | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Cannabinoid]]s</h4> | ||
* | *Anandamide | ||
* | **''Tuber melanosporum'' (Black Truffle) | ||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressant]]s</h4> | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressant]]s</h4> | ||
* [[ | *[[GABAergic]] | ||
* [[ | **Alcohols | ||
* [[ | ***[[Ethanol]] | ||
****Yeast | |||
**Muscimol | |||
***[[Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Fly Agaric Mushroom)]] | |||
***[[Amanita pantherina|''Amanita pantherina'' (Panther Cap)]] | |||
**Stizolobinic acids | |||
***[[Amanita muscaria|''Amanita muscaria'' (Fly Agaric Mushroom)]] | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Stimulant]]s</h4> | ||
* [[ | *[[Cathinone]] | ||
**''Massospora cicadina''<ref name="BoyceGluck-Thaler2019"></ref> | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">Precursors</h4> | |||
*[[Ergoline derivatives]] | |||
**[[LSA]] -> [[LSD]] | |||
***Ergot | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
|} | |||
{| width="100%" cellspacing="10" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;" | | | style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;" | | ||
<div class="panel radius"> | <div class="panel radius"> | ||
<h3 class="panel-header"> | <h3 class="panel-header">Zoological sources [[File:Wipp-Frog-silhouette.svg|x21px|right|link=]]</h3> | ||
These animals produce venom used for self-defense against predators. Invertebrates like insects deliver stings, or bites, whilst vertebrates like frogs and toads are "milked" for secretion that are either smoked (eg. Colorado River Toad) or burned into the skin (eg. kambo). | |||
<ul class="featured-table"> | <ul class="featured-table"> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
* [[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Psychedelics]]</h4> | ||
* [[ | *5-Br-DMT | ||
**''Smenospongia aurea'' | |||
**''Smenospongia echina'' | |||
**''Verongula rigida'' | |||
*[[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | |||
**''Homo sapiens'' (humans)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Barker, S. A.)), ((McIlhenny, E. H.)), ((Strassman, R.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955-2010: Reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans | volume=4 | issue=7–8 | pages=617–635 | date= July 2012 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.422 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.422}}</ref> | |||
***Autistic people | |||
***Schizophrenic people | |||
**Tree frogs | |||
***''Hyla'' Spp. | |||
***''Litoria'' Spp. | |||
***''Rana'' Spp. | |||
*[[List of bufotoxins|Bufotoxins]] | |||
**[[5-HO-DMT]] (bufotenin) | |||
***Toads | |||
****''Bufo alvarius''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines">{{cite book|title=5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines|date=2013|publisher=Springer Berlin|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3642854699}}</ref> | |||
****''Bufo arenarum''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
****''Bufo paracnemis''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
****''Bufo variegatus''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
****''Melanophryniscus moreiare''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
****''Rana dalmativa''<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
**[[5-MeO-DMT]] | |||
***''Bufo alvarius'' (Colorado River Toad)<ref name="5-Hydroxytryptamine and Related Indolealkylamines" /> | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Deliriant]]s</h4> | |||
*Poneratoxin | |||
**''Paraponera clavata'' (Bullet ant) | |||
*Dendrotoxin 7<ref name="PMID18784346">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fruchart-Gaillard C, Mourier G, Marquer C, Stura E, Birdsall NJ, Servent D |title=Different interactions between MT7 toxin and the human muscarinic M1 receptor in its free and N-methylscopolamine-occupied states. |journal=Mol. Pharmacol.|volume=74|issue=6|pages=1554–63|date=December 2008 |pmid=18784346 |doi=10.1124/mol.108.050773}}</ref> | |||
**Genus ''Dendroaspis'' (Mamba snakes) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Dissociative]]s</h4> | |||
*[[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s | |||
**Agatoxin | |||
***''Agelenopsis aperta'' (Funnel web spider) | |||
**Argiotoxin | |||
***''Araneus gemma'' (Cat-faced Spider) | |||
***''Argiope lobata'' | |||
**Joro toxin | |||
***''Nephila clavata'' (Joro spider) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Stimulant]]s</h4> | |||
*Anabaseine | |||
**''Aphaenogaster'' | |||
*Epibatidine | |||
**''Epipedobates anthonyi'' | |||
*Latrotoxin (acetylcholine release) | |||
**''Latrodectus'' (black or brown widow spiders) | |||
*Latrotoxin (norepinephrine release) | |||
**''Latrodectus'' (black or brown widow spiders) | |||
*[[Phenethylamine (compound)|Phenethylamine]] | |||
**''Homo sapiens'' (Humans) | |||
*Hydroxychavicol | |||
**Human (After metabilization of safrole, hydroxychavicol causes stimulation in humans.) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressant]]s</h4> | |||
*[[GABAergic]] | |||
**Latrotoxin | |||
***''Latrodectus'' (black or brown widow spiders) | |||
*[[Opioids]] | |||
**Deltorphins, and dermorphin | |||
***''Phyllomedusa bicolor'' secretion (kambo) | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">Atypical</h4> | |||
*''Apis'' (Honey bee) | |||
**Honey containing psychoactive(s) | |||
*Hallucinogenic fish | |||
**Unknown constituents | |||
</li> | |||
*''Homo sapiens'' (Humans) | |||
**Synthetic psychoactives | |||
**Urine containing psychoactive(s) | |||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
|} | |||
{| width="100%" cellspacing="10" | |||
|- | |||
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;" | | |||
<div class="panel radius"> | <div class="panel radius"> | ||
<h3 class="panel-header"> | <h3 class="panel-header">Pathogens [[File:Atom.png|x25px|right|link=]]</h3> | ||
<ul class="featured-table"> | <ul class="featured-table"> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Psychedelics]]</h4> | |||
* [[ | *[[Psilocybin]] | ||
* [[ | **''Massospora cicadina''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yong |first1=Ed |title=This Parasite Drugs Its Hosts With the Psychedelic Chemical in Shrooms |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/07/massospora-parasite-drugs-its-hosts/566324/ |website=The Atlantic |language=en |date=30 July 2018}}</ref> | ||
* [[ | |||
* | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Dissociatives]]</h4> | ||
*[[Ketamine]] | |||
**''Pochonia chlamydosporia''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ferreira |first1=Sebastiao Rodrigo |last2=Machado |first2=Alan Rodrigues T. |last3=Furtado |first3=Luís Fernando |last4=Gomes |first4=Jose Hugo de S. |last5=de Almeida |first5=Raquel M. |last6=de Oliveira Mendes |first6=Thiago |last7=Maciel |first7=Valentina N. |last8=Barbosa |first8=Fernando Sergio |last9=Carvalho |first9=Lorendane M. |last10=Bueno |first10=Lilian Lacerda |last11=Bartholomeu |first11=Daniella Castanheira |last12=de Araújo |first12=Jackson Victor |last13=Rabelo |first13=Elida M. L. |last14=de Pádua |first14=Rodrigo Maia |last15=Pimenta |first15=Lucia Pinheiro Santos |last16=Fujiwara |first16=Ricardo Toshio |title=Ketamine can be produced by Pochonia chlamydosporia: an old molecule and a new anthelmintic? |url=https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-020-04402-w |website=Parasites & Vectors |pages=527 |doi=10.1186/s13071-020-04402-w |date=20 October 2020}}</ref> | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
| Line 91: | Line 943: | ||
<div class="panel radius"> | <div class="panel radius"> | ||
<h3 class="panel-header"> | <h3 class="panel-header">Inanimate sources [[File:Atom.png|x25px|right|link=]]</h3> | ||
<ul class="featured-table"> | <ul class="featured-table"> | ||
<li class="featured list-item"> | |||
<h4 class="media-heading">[[Dissociatives]]</h4> | |||
*[[Xenon]] | |||
**Atmosphere of Earth | |||
**Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Atreya, S. K.)), ((Mahaffy, P. R.)), ((Niemann, H. B.)), ((Wong, M. H.)), ((Owen, T. C.)) | journal=Planetary and Space Science | title=Composition and origin of the atmosphere of Jupiter—an update, and implications for the extrasolar giant planets | volume=51 | issue=2 | pages=105–112 | date= February 2003 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032063302001447 | issn=00320633 | doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00144-7}}</ref> | |||
*[[Nitrous Oxide]] | |||
</li> | |||
<li class="featured list-item"> | <li class="featured list-item"> | ||
* [[ | <h4 class="media-heading">[[Depressants]]</h4> | ||
* [[ | *[[Ethanol]] | ||
* [[ | **Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Zuckerman, B.)), ((Turner, B. E.)), ((Johnson, D. R.)), ((Lovas, F. J.)), ((Fourikis, N.)), ((Palmer, P.)), ((Morris, M.)), ((Lilley, A. E.)), ((Ball, J. A.)), ((Clark, F. O.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol | volume=196 | pages=L99 | date= March 1975 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/181753 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/181753}}</ref> | ||
* [[ | *Hydrocarbons | ||
**Benzene<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Armenta-Reséndiz, M.)), ((Ríos-Leal, E.)), ((Rivera-García, M. T.)), ((López-Rubalcava, C.)), ((Cruz, S. L.)) | journal=Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology | title=Structure-activity study of acute neurobehavioral effects of cyclohexane, benzene, m-xylene, and toluene in rats | volume=376 | pages=38–45 | date= August 2019 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041008X19301930 | issn=0041008X | doi=10.1016/j.taap.2019.05.016}}</ref> | |||
***Atmosphere of Jupiter<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter" /> | |||
***Atmosphere of Saturn<ref name="Atmosphere of Jupiter" /> | |||
***Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Cernicharo, J.)), ((Heras, A. M.)), ((Tielens, A. G. G. M.)), ((Pardo, J. R.)), ((Herpin, F.)), ((Guélin, M.)), ((Waters, L. B. F. M.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=[ITAL]Infrared Space Observatory’s[/ITAL] Discovery of C[TINF]4[/TINF]H[TINF]2[/TINF], C[TINF]6[/TINF]H[TINF]2[/TINF], and Benzene in CRL 618 | volume=546 | issue=2 | pages=L123–L126 | date=10 January 2001 | url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/318871 | issn=0004637X | doi=10.1086/318871}}</ref> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**[[Butane]]<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan">{{cite book | vauthors=((Barceloux, D. G.)) | date=9 March 2012 | title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants | publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118105955 | doi=10.1002/9781118105955 | isbn=9781118105955}}</ref> | |||
***Natural gas | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**[[Methylene Chloride|''Dichloromethane'']] | |||
**Ethylene | |||
***Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Betz, A. L.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Ethylene in IRC +10216 | volume=244 | pages=L103 | date= March 1981 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1086/183490 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/183490}}</ref> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**Hexane<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan" /> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**Isobutane<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan" /> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**Propane<ref name="Butane, isobutan, propane and hexan" /> | |||
***Natural gas | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**Propene | |||
***Outer space<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Marcelino, N.)), ((Cernicharo, J.)), ((Agúndez, M.)), ((Roueff, E.)), ((Gerin, M.)), ((Martín-Pintado, J.)), ((Mauersberger, R.)), ((Thum, C.)) | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | title=Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH 2 CHCH 3 ): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry | volume=665 | issue=2 | pages=L127–L130 | date=20 August 2007 | url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/521398 | issn=0004-637X | doi=10.1086/521398}}</ref> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**[[Toluene]]<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons" /> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
**[[Chloroform|''Trichloromethane'']] | |||
**Xylenes<ref name="Psychoactive aromatic hydrocarbons" /> | |||
***Petroleum | |||
</li> | </li> | ||
</ul> | </ul> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
|} | |||
==External links== | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogenic_plants_in_Chinese_herbals Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_plants,_fungi,_and_animals List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychoactive_plants List of psychoactive plants (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelics_and_ecology Psychedelics and ecology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://erowid.org/herbs/ Erowid Medicinal Herb Vaults] | |||
*[https://erowid.org/plants/ Erowid Psychoactive Plant & Fungi Vaults] | |||
*[https://erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/safrolefaq.html Plants that contain safrole] | |||
*[https://wikimili.com/en/List_of_psychoactive_plants List of psychoactive plants from Wikimili] | |||
*By species | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids (Wikipedia)] | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin_mushrooms Psilocybin mushrooms (Wikipedia)] | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_Amanita_mushroom Psychoactive Amanita mushroom (Wikipedia)] | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_cacti Psychoactive cacti (Wikipedia)] | |||
*By constitution | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naturally_occurring_phenethylamines List of naturally occurring phenethylamines (Wikipedia)] | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naturally_occurring_tryptamines List of naturally occurring tryptamines (Wikipedia)] | |||
*By routes of administration | |||
**[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_used_for_smoking List of plants used for smoking (Wikipedia)] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist|2}} | |||
|} | [[Category:Substance-related lists]] | ||
[[Category:Naturally-occurring substance|*]] | |||
{{#set:Featured=true}} | |||
Latest revision as of 09:08, 1 March 2025
 |
Research safety before use While the following list of plants can be beneficial for various purposes, it's important to note that some of these organisms may contain toxic substances (especially those without articles) in addition, which may pose potential risks if ingested or handled improperly. Before incorporating any of these organisms into your home or garden, we strongly recommend conducting thorough research to understand the specific safety considerations and taking appropriate precautions, especially if you have children or pets. For more information see: Poisonous animals, fungus, and plants. And deadly fungus species. |
Naturally occurring sources refers to psychoactive chemicals or their precursors that already exist in nature. This is in contrast to synthetic psychoactive compounds which are artificially produced or designed in laboratories, psychoactive substances derived from artificial fungi biotransformation, or psychoactive substances, and precursor chemicals, produced by GMOs. However, these natural chemicals can often be reproduced synthetically as well, though notably they appear in nature or through human cultivation.
Proposed origins
There are a variety of proposed reasons for the appearance of psychoactive substances in organisms including the following examples:
Selective breeding
Selective breeding is a method used by cultivators to add or remove traits from successive generations of organisms by breeding together those that have the preferred properties in hopes of developing a desirable genetic strain. This may have resulted in both the potency and appearance of psychoactive substance(s) which the cultivators wished to produce.[1]
Defense mechanism
Another proposed reason for the presence of psychoactive substances in nature is their use as a defence mechanism. Through natural selection an organism may develop a poison or toxin useful for fending off predators,[2] as can be seen in Latrodectus Spiders who's psychoactive Latrotoxin has no reward value, and instead poses a threat to others.
Reward symbiosis
It is also possible that co-evolution encouraged psychoactive organisms to appear as a means of propagation. That is; in the same way sweet fruits were naturally selected by animals spreading their contained seeds, so were psychoactive flora that posed some benefit to the animals.[3]
Genetic similarity
An incidental cause of the prevalence of these substances is the shared genetic origins of the organisms. Given that they share a great deal of genetic code it is reasonable to assume that this may have been a factor in producing chemicals similar enough to neurotransmitters so as to activate receptor sites. For example many psychoactive chemicals are biosynthesized from amino acids such as tryptophan, while in humans this amino acid is used to make serotonin. The result is that some of the tryptamines in nature are serotonergic agonists when consumed.
Historical significance
The use of psychoactive substances is deeply rooted in human culture and dates back to pre-history. Early societies often incorporated these organisms into their traditions in medicine, spirituality, or recreation, such as the use of soma in the origins of Hinduism, and many of these uses continue into the modern day. Some common examples of this are the use of wine containing Ethanol in Christian communion, and Ayahuasca among indigenous peoples of the Amazon.
Many of these organisms have been instrumental to the progress of various scientific fields, such as Biology, Medicine, Psychonautics, and continue to reveal their importance with their involvement in major discoveries, such as the discovery of cannabinoid receptors[4] preceding our knowledge of endocannabinoids.[5]
Precluding endogenous chemicals, many of these organisms served as humanities only means of altering neurochemistry until the advent of synthetic psychoactives during the modern age. They have been at the forefront of major historical developments, such as pharmacotherapy, the funding of organized crime, the psychedelic era of the 60's, and the current "War on Drugs".
Examples
Below is an index of articles regarding natural sources of psychoactive substances. Other than inanimate sources they are categorized by kingdom of organism with sections for each applicable class of psychoactivity, sub-sections are given to active constituents, and finally the taxonomy and common name. Names may appear more than once if they contain a variety of substances, or their active substance has a variety of effects. Please note the quantity of substance obtained through an organism is not always safe and/or effective at common levels of consumption, but they are here included for sake of completeness. In addition some of the organisms are toxic or dangerous and thus proper research and preparation is recommended before attempting to personally investigate their activity.
Botanical sources
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External links
References
|
