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Psychosis refers to an abnormal condition of the mind and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as a "loss of contact with reality." People with psychosis are described as psychotic. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit some personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
<onlyinclude>
==Signs and symptoms==
'''Psychosis''' is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kapur, S.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia | volume=160 | issue=1 | pages=13–23 | date= January 2003 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13}}</ref> The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).<ref>A{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=827-8|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
===Hallucinations===
{{Main|External hallucinations}}
A hallucination is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations are different from illusions (or perceptual distortions) which are the mis-perception of external stimuli. Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses and take on almost any form, which may include simple sensations (such as lights, colors, tastes, and smells) to experiences such as seeing and interacting with fully formed animals and people, hearing voices, and having complex tactile sensations.


[[Auditory hallucination]]s (particularly experiences of hearing voices) are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis. Hallucinated voices may talk about, or to, the person, and may involve several speakers with distinct personalities. Auditory hallucinations tend to be particularly distressing when they are derogatory, commanding, or preoccupying. However, the experience of hearing voices does not always have to be a negative one. One research study has shown that the majority of people who hear voices are not in need of psychiatric help. The Hearing Voices Movement has subsequently been created to support voice hearers, regardless of whether they are considered to have a mental illness or not.
Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:


===Delusions===
*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
{{Main|Delusions}}
*[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]
Psychosis may involve delusional beliefs (some of which are paranoid in nature). Put simply, delusions are false beliefs that a person holds on to without adequate evidence. It can be difficult to change the belief, even with evidence to the contrary. Common themes of delusions are persecutory (person believes that others are out to harm them) or grandiose (person believing that he or she has special powers or skills). Depressed people might have delusions consistent with their low mood (such as delusions that they have sinned or have contracted serious illness). Karl Jaspers has classified psychotic delusions into primary and secondary types. Primary delusions are defined as arising suddenly and not being comprehensible in terms of normal mental processes whereas secondary delusions are typically understood as being influenced by the person's background or current situation (such as ethnic, religious, superstitious, or political beliefs).
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]
*[[Thought disorganization]]
*[[Thought connectivity]]


===Thought disorders===
Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jones, J.)), ((Dougherty, J.)), ((Cannon, L.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=369–371 | date= July 1986 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735675786903128 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome | volume=134 | issue=3 | pages=312–314 | date= March 1977 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/ajp.134.3.312}}</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Strassman, R. J.)) | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | volume=172 | issue=10 | pages=577–595 | date= October 1984 | issn=0022-3018 | doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lahti, A. C.)), ((Holcomb, H. H.)), ((Medoff, D. R.)), ((Tamminga, C. A.)) | journal=Neuroreport | title=Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=869–872 | date=1 April 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011 | issn=1473-558X | doi=10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011}}</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hall, W.)), ((Degenhardt, L.)) | journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | title=Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=26–34 | date= February 2000 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x | issn=0004-8674 | doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hurst, D.)), ((Loeffler, G.)), ((McLay, R.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series | volume=168 | issue=10 | pages=1119–1119 | date= October 2011 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176}}</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Glasner-Edwards, S.)), ((Mooney, L. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1115–1126 | date=1 December 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bramness, J. G.)), ((Gundersen, Ø. H.)), ((Guterstam, J.)), ((Rognli, E. B.)), ((Konstenius, M.)), ((Løberg, E.-M.)), ((Medhus, S.)), ((Tanum, L.)), ((Franck, J.)) | journal=BMC Psychiatry | title=Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=221 | date=5 December 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-221}}</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preskorn, S. H.)), ((Denner, L. J.)) | journal=JAMA | title=Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases | volume=237 | issue=1 | pages=36–38 | date=3 January 1977 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018}}</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gross, M. M.)), ((Lewis, E.)), ((Hastey, J.)) | veditors=((Kissin, B.)), ((Begleiter, H.)) | date= 1974 | chapter=The Biology of Alcoholism | title=Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | publisher=Springer US | pages=191–263 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | isbn=9781468429398}}</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}}. This is not to be confused with [[HPPD]], a persisting presence of sensory disturbances resembling those produced by the use of [[hallucinogenic]] substances.
{{Main|Thought disorganization}}
</onlyinclude>
Thought disorder describes an underlying disturbance to conscious thought and is classified largely by its effects on speech and writing. Affected people show loosening of associations or a disconnection and disorganization of the semantic content of speech and writing. In the severe form, speech becomes incomprehensible and it is known as "word salad."


===Catatonia===
===Psychoactive substances===
Catatonia describes a profoundly agitated state in which the experience of reality is generally considered impaired. There are two primary manifestations of catatonic behavior. The classic presentation is a person who does not move or interact with the world in any way while awake. This type of catatonia presents with waxy flexibility. Waxy flexibility is when someone physically moves part of a catatonic person's body and the person stays in the position even if it is bizarre and otherwise nonfunctional (such as moving a person's arm straight up in the air and the arm staying there).
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Psychosis]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Colour enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===


The other type of catatonia is more of an outward presentation of the profoundly agitated state described above. It involves excessive and purposeless motor behavior, as well as extreme mental preoccupation that prevents an intact experience of reality. An example is someone walking very fast in circles to the exclusion of anything else with a level of mental preoccupation (meaning not focused on anything relevant to the situation) that was not typical of the person prior to the symptom onset. In both types of catatonia there is generally no reaction to anything that happens outside of them.
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[External hallucinations]]
*[[Internal hallucinations]]
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]


===[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_parasitosis Delusional parasitosis]===
===External links===
Delusional parasitosis, or delusory parasitosis, also known as Ekbom's syndrome,<ref>Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). ''Dermatology: 2-Volume Set''. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.</ref><ref>Ekbom syndrome: a delusional condition of "bugs in the skin" | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21344286
</ref> is a form of psychosis in which victims acquire a strong delusional belief that they are infested with parasites, whereas in reality no such parasites are present.<ref>Webb, J.P., Jr. (1993). "Case histories of individuals with delusions of parasitosis in southern California and a proposed protocol for initiating effective medical assistance". ''Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists'' '''18''' (1): 16–24.</ref>


Sufferers may injure themselves in attempts to be rid of the "parasites". Some are able to induce the condition in others through suggestion, in which case the term folie à deux may be applicable.<ref>Ekbom syndrome: a delusional condition of "bugs in the skin" | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21344286</ref><ref>Koblenzer, C.S. (1993). "The clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of delusions of parasitosis--a dermatologic perspective".''Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists'' '''18''' (1): 6–10.</ref> Nearly any marking upon the skin, or small object or particle found on the person or his clothing, can be interpreted as evidence for the parasitic infestation, and sufferers commonly compulsively gather such "evidence" and then present it to medical professionals when seeking help.<ref>Webb, J.P., Jr. (1993). "Case histories of individuals with delusions of parasitosis in southern California and a proposed protocol for initiating effective medical assistance". ''Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists'' '''18''' (1): 16–24.</ref>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia Catatonia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis Psychosis (Wikipedia)]


In the context of [[psychoactive substances]], it is particularly common during [[stimulant psychosis]] after prolonged chronic usage of [[cocaine]].<ref>Cocaine Bugs: A Case Report of Cocaine-Induced Delusions of Parasitosis | <nowiki>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00208.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+and+related+systems+will+have+3+hours+of+downtime+on+Saturday+12th+September+2015+from+10%3A00-13%3A00+BST+%2F+05%3A00-08%3A00+EDT+%2F+17%3A00-20%3A00+SGT+for+essential+maintenance.++Apologies+for+the+inconvenience http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00208.x/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+and+related+systems+will+have+3+hours+of+downtime+on+Saturday+12th+September+2015+from+10%3A00-13%3A00+BST+%2F+05%3A00-08%3A00+EDT+%2F+17%3A00-20%3A00+SGT+for+essential+maintenance.++Apologies+for+the+inconvenience]</nowiki></ref>
===References===
 
<references />
==See also==
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[External hallucinations]]
*[[Internal hallucinations]]
*[[Delusions]]


==References==
[[Category:Effect]]
<references/>
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[category:Multisensory]][[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Multisensory]]

Latest revision as of 02:29, 7 February 2025

Psychosis is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."[1] The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).[2] Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.

Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild delusions to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:

Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as deliriants,[3][4] psychedelics,[5] dissociatives,[6] and cannabinoids[7][8]. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants,[9][10] particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as benzodiazepines[11] or alcohol[12]; this is known as delirium tremens (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.[citation needed]. This is not to be confused with HPPD, a persisting presence of sensory disturbances resembling those produced by the use of hallucinogenic substances.


Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kapur, S. (January 2003). "Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  2. ↑ A"Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 827–8. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  3. ↑ Jones, J., Dougherty, J., Cannon, L. (July 1986). "Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8. ISSN 0735-6757. 
  4. ↑ "Angel's Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (3): 312–314. March 1977. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.3.312. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  5. ↑ Strassman, R. J. (October 1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. doi:10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001. ISSN 0022-3018. 
  6. ↑ Lahti, A. C., Holcomb, H. H., Medoff, D. R., Tamminga, C. A. (1 April 1995). "Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia". Neuroreport. 6 (6): 869–872. doi:10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011. ISSN 1473-558X. 
  7. ↑ Hall, W., Degenhardt, L. (February 2000). "Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 34 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x. ISSN 0004-8674. 
  8. ↑ Hurst, D., Loeffler, G., McLay, R. (October 2011). "Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1119–1119. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  9. ↑ Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J. (1 December 2014). "Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management". CNS Drugs. 28 (12): 1115–1126. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8. ISSN 1179-1934. 
  10. ↑ Bramness, J. G., Gundersen, Ø. H., Guterstam, J., Rognli, E. B., Konstenius, M., Løberg, E.-M., Medhus, S., Tanum, L., Franck, J. (5 December 2012). "Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable?". BMC Psychiatry. 12 (1): 221. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-221. ISSN 1471-244X. 
  11. ↑ Preskorn, S. H., Denner, L. J. (3 January 1977). "Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases". JAMA. 237 (1): 36–38. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018. ISSN 0098-7484. 
  12. ↑ Gross, M. M., Lewis, E., Hastey, J. (1974). "The Biology of Alcoholism". In Kissin, B., Begleiter, H. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Springer US. pp. 191–263. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6. ISBN 9781468429398. 
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