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'''U-47700'''<ref>U-47700 at DistilBio | http://www.distilbio.com/show/compound/U-47700</ref> is a [[psychoactive class::opioid]] within the [[chemical class::benzamide]] chemical class. It has very little history of human usage and is currently available through the use of certain online [[research chemical]] vendors.
This compound was initially developed by a team at Upjohn in the 1970s.<ref> Jacob Szmuszkovicz (4 July 1978). "Patent US4098904 - Analgesic n-(2-aminocycloaliphatic)benzamides" | http://www.google.com/patents/US4098904</ref> Upjohn created over a dozen patents on related compounds<ref>Darrell D Mullins (28 June 1966). "Patent US US3258489 - N-(1-aminocyclohexylmethyl)anilines and n-(1-nitrocyclohexylmethyl)an-ilines". | http://www.google.com/patents/US3258489</ref><ref>Norman James Harper, George Bryan Austin Veitch (17 August 1976). "Patent US3975443 - 1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamidomethyl)-cyclohexyldimethylamine". | http://www.google.com/patents/US3975443</ref><ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US3510492</ref><ref>Jacob Szmuszkovicz (5 May 1970). "Patent US3510492 - 2-anilino and 2-anilinomethyl cycloalkylamines". | http://www.google.com/patents/US3510492</ref><ref> Ronald H Rynbrandt, Louis L Skaletzky (7 March 1972). "Patent US3647804 - Cycloalkanecarboxamides". | http://www.google.com/patents/US3510492</ref><ref>W. Roll (23 July 1974). "Patent US3825595 - N-cyclopentyl-n-2-hydroxyalkyl-ring-substituted benzamides". | http://www.google.com/patents/US3825595</ref><ref>Norman James Harper, George Bryan Austin Veitch (20 September 1977). "Patent US4049663 - Ethylene diamine derivatives".</ref><ref> Alan F. Casy, Robert T. Parfitt (1986). Opioid Analgesics, Chemistry and Receptors. Springer US. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-4899-0587-1 | http://www.google.com/patents/US4049663</ref> until they discovered that U-47700 was the most active.<ref>Alan F. Casy, Robert T. Parfitt (1986). Opioid Analgesics, Chemistry and Receptors. Springer US. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-4899-0587-1. | http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0585-7</ref> This was done by looking for the key functional groups which gave the greatest activity.<ref>Medicinal agents incorporating the 1,2-diamine functionality. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2687936</ref>
'''U-47700'''<ref>U-47700 at DistilBio | http://www.distilbio.com/show/compound/U-47700</ref> is a synthetic [[psychoactive class::opioid]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzamide]] chemical class that produces [[pain relief|analgesic]], [[muscle relaxation|relaxing]], [[sedation|sedating]] and [[euphoria|euphoric]] effects when [[Routes of administration|administered]].
This compound was initially developed by a team at Upjohn in the 1970s.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Szmuszkovicz, J.)) | title=Analgesic n-(2-aminocycloaliphatic)benzamides | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4098904/en}}</ref> Upjohn created over a dozen patents on related compounds<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Mullins, D. D.)) | title=N-(1-aminocyclohexylmethyl)anilines and n-(1-nitrocyclohexylmethyl)an-ilines | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3258489/en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Harper, N. J.)), ((Veitch, G. B. A.)) | title=1-(3,4-dichlorobenzamidomethyl)-cyclohexyldimethylamine | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3975443/en}}</ref><ref name="SzmuszkoviczPatent3510492">{{Citation | vauthors=((Szmuszkovicz, J.)) | title=2-anilino and 2-anilinomethyl cycloalkylamines | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3510492/en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Rynbrandt, R. H.)), ((Skaletzky, L. L.)) | title=Cycloalkanecarboxamides | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3647804A/en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Roll, W.)) | title=N-cyclopentyl-n-2-hydroxyalkyl-ring-substituted benzamides | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3825595/en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Roll, W.)) | title=N-cyclopentyl-n-2-hydroxyalkyl-ring-substituted benzamides | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3825595/en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Harper, N. J.)), ((Veitch, G. B. A.)) | title=Ethylene diamine derivatives | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4049663/en}}</ref> until they discovered that U-47700 was the most active.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Casy, A. F.)), ((Parfitt, R. T.)) | date= 1986 | title=Opioid analgesics: chemistry and receptors | publisher=Springer Science+Business Media | url=http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3087021 | isbn=9781489905857}}</ref> This was done by looking for the key functional groups which gave the greatest activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Michalson, E. T.)), ((Szmuszkovicz, J.)) | journal=Progress in Drug Research. Fortschritte Der Arzneimittelforschung. Progres Des Recherches Pharmaceutiques | title=Medicinal agents incorporating the 1,2-diamine functionality | volume=33 | pages=135–149 | date= 1989 | issn=0071-786X | doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-9146-2_6}}</ref>
Very little is known about the toxicity of U-47700 and it has very little history of human usage. It is currently available as a gray-area [[research chemical]] distributed by online vendors. Many reports suggest that it possesses unique physical properties relative to most opioids such as an unusual amount of causticity (ability to destroy living tissue) that may make it significantly more harmful to expose to the body, particularly when it is [[injected]]. It is strongly advised to use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
U-47700 is an atypical opioid of the benzamide class. It features core phenyl ring with two chlorine atoms at carbons R<sub>3</sub> and R<sub>4</sub>. This ring is connected to an amine group through a carbonyl group (C=O). The terminal nitrogen atom of the amide group is bonded to a methyl carbon and substituted cyclohexane ring. The cyclohexane ring is further substituted at R<sub>2</sub> with a dimethylamino group, thus forming the structure of U-47700.
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
U-47700 is selective for the µ-opioid receptor, having around 7.5 x the potency of morphine in animal models.<ref>B. Vernon Cheney, Jacob Szmuszkovicz, Robert A. Lahti, Dominic A. Zichi (December 1985). "Factors affecting binding of trans-N-[2-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]benzamides at the primary morphine receptor". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28 (12): 1853–1864 | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00150a017</ref><ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00257a012</ref>
U-47700 is selective for the µ-opioid receptor, with various sources claiming 7.5x the potency of morphine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Cheney, B. V.)), ((Szmuszkovicz, J.)), ((Lahti, R. A.)), ((Zichi, D. A.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=Factors affecting binding of trans-N-[2-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]benzamides at the primary morphine receptor | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1853–1864 | date= December 1985 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00150a017 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00150a017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Harper, N. J.)), ((Veitch, G. B. A.)), ((Wibberley, D. G.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | title=1-(3,4-Dichlorobenzamidomethyl)cyclohexyldimethylamine and related compounds as potential analgesics | volume=17 | issue=11 | pages=1188–1193 | date= November 1974 | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jm00257a012 | issn=0022-2623 | doi=10.1021/jm00257a012}}</ref>
Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] [[receptor]]. This occurs because opioids structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found within the body and also work upon the μ-opioid receptor set. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their [[physical euphoria|euphoria]], [[pain relief]] and [[anxiolytic]] effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. In day to day life, they can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] [[receptor]]. This occurs because opioids structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found in the body and also work with the μ-opioid receptor set. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their [[physical euphoria|euphoria]], [[pain relief]] and [[anxiolytic]] effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
U-47700 is also an agonist for the [[kappa-opioid]] receptor system. As a result of this, it has become the lead compound of selective kappa-opioid receptor ligands such as [[U-50488]] and [[U-69,593]], which share very similar structures.<ref>G. Loew, J. Lawson, L. Toll, G. Frenking, IP. Berzetei-Gurske, W. Polgar (1988). "Structure activity studies of two classes of beta-amino-amides: the search for kappa-selective opioids." (PDF). NIDA Research Monograph 90: 144–151. | http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/90.pdf</ref> Its structure led to other chemists experimenting with it to see if rigid analogues would retain activity.<ref>Phenanthridone Analogs of the Opiate Agonist U-47,700 in the trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Benzamide Series | http://www.heterocycles.jp/newlibrary/libraries/abst/07731</ref> Although not used medically, the selective kappa ligands are used in research.<ref>U-50,488 and the к receptor: A personalized account covering the period 1973 to 1990 | http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-0348-8730-4_4</ref>
U-47700 may also be an agonist for the [[kappa-opioid]] receptor system. As a result of this, it has become the lead compound of selective kappa-opioid receptor ligands such as [[U-50488]] and [[U-69,593]], which share very similar structures.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Loew, G.)), ((Lawson, J.)), ((Toll, L.)), ((Frenking, G.)), ((Berzetei-Gurske, I.)), ((Polgar, W.)) | journal=NIDA research monograph | title=Structure activity studies of two classes of beta-amino-amides: the search for kappa-selective opioids | volume=90 | pages=144–151 | date= 1988 | issn=1046-9516}}</ref> Its structure led to other chemists experimenting with it to see if rigid analogs would retain activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Szmuszkovicz, J.)), ((Zhao, S.)), ((J. Totleben, M.)), ((A. Mizsak, S.)), ((P. Freeman, J.)) | journal=HETEROCYCLES | title=Phenanthridone Analogs of the Opiate Agonist U-47,700 in the trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Benzamide Series | volume=52 | issue=1 | pages=325 | date= 2000 | url=http://www.heterocycles.jp/library/abstract.php?doi=07731 | issn=0385-5414 | doi=10.3987/COM-99-S27}}</ref> Although not used medically, the selective kappa ligands are used in research.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Szmuszkovicz, J.)) | veditors=((Kundu, B.)), ((Khare, S. K.)), ((Ram, V. J.)), ((Goel, A.)), ((Olivier, B.)), ((Soudijn, W.)), ((Wijngaarden, I. van)), ((Szmuszkovicz, J.)), ((Wang, Q. M.)), ((Jucker, E.)) | date= 1999 | chapter=Progress in Drug Research | title=U-50,488 and the к receptor: A personalized account covering the period 1973 to 1990 | publisher=Birkhäuser | series=Progress in Drug Research | pages=167–195 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8730-4_4 | doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-8730-4_4 | isbn=9783034887304}}</ref>
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
===Physical effects===
The general head space of U-47700 is described by many as one of euphoria, relaxation, anxiety suppression and pain relief. Its effects are considered by some to be similar to those produced by [[oxycodone]].<ref>http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/739960-Novel-opioid-U-47700-Mega-Thread-and-FAQ</ref>
The general head space of U-47700 is described by many as one of euphoria, relaxation, anxiety suppression and pain relief.
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This particular substance can be considered as less intense in its physical euphoria when compared with that of [[morphine]] or [[diacetylmorphine]] (heroin) due to the upper limit of how much can be converted into its active form through metabolism. The sensation itself can be described as extreme feelings of intense physical comfort, warmth and physical blissful euphoria which spreads throughout the body.
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]''' - This particular substance is considered to cause less physically intense euphoria as compared to [[morphine]] or [[diacetylmorphine]] (heroin). This sensation is described as moderate feelings of physical comfort, warmth and physical euphoria which spreads throughout the body.
*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]''' - This compound presents greater amounts of itchiness due to higher amounts of histamine release in comparison to other [[opioids]].
*'''[[Effect::Itchiness]]''' - This compound, like most opioids, tends to cause strong histamine reactions which cause the skin to feel itchy.
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]''' - Although it has not been formally studied, annecdotal reports suggest that respiratory depression is significantly stronger with this compound in comparison to other more common opioids such as [[heroin and [[morphine]]. At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention.
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]''' - Although it has not been formally studied, anecdotal reports suggest that respiratory depression is significantly stronger with this compound in comparison to other more common opioids such as [[heroin]] and [[morphine]] at relative doses. At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention.
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - At higher dosages, this compound can result in feelings of sedation and is considerably more sedating than that of [[oxycodone]] and [[hydrocodone]].
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - With high dosages, this compound causes considerably stronger sedation than [[oxycodone]] or [[hydrocodone]].
*'''[[Effect::Constipation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Constipation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cough suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cough suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Difficulty urinating]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil constriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil constriction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Decreased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
===Cognitive effects===
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This particular substance can be considered as less intense in its cognitive euphoria when compared with that of [[morphine]] or [[diacetylmorphine]] (heroin) due to its short duration and structural differences. It is still, however, capable of extreme intensity and overwhelming bliss at heavier dosages with a low tolerance. The sensation itself can be described as a powerful and overwhelming feeling of emotional bliss, contentment, and happiness.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]''' - This particular substance can be considered as less intense in its cognitive euphoria when compared with that of [[morphine]] or [[diacetylmorphine]] (heroin) due to the upper limit of how much can be converted into its active form through metabolism. It is still, however, capable of extreme intensity and overwhelming bliss at heavier dosages with a low tolerance. The sensation itself can be described as powerful and overwhelming feeling of emotional bliss, contentment, and happiness.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]''' - Due to the short duration of this substance and the addictive properties of opioids in general, there is a strong risk of compulsive redosing which is considerably dangerous considering it is very corrosive to mucous membranes.
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]'''
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
===After effects===
Unlike most other opioids, the effects which occur during the [[offset]] of this compound generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" or "crash". Its effects commonly include:
Unlike most other opioids, the effects which occur during the [[offset]] of this compound generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its [[peak]]. This is often referred to as a "comedown" and likely occurs because of U-47700's affinity to kappa receptors. Its effects commonly include:
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive fatigue]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
{{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
U-47700 has a [[Toxicity::high toxicity relative to its dose due to its extreme potency]]. As with all opioids, long-term effects can vary but can include diminished libido, apathy and memory loss. It is also [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[benzodiazepines]]]].
U-47700 has a [[Toxicity::high toxicity relative to its dose due to its extreme potency]]. As with all opioids, long-term effects can vary but can include diminished libido, apathy and memory loss. It is also [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[benzodiazepines]]]].
Combined consumption of U-47700 and [[fentanyl]] caused one fatality in Belgium.<ref>Twee doden in België door overdosis met fentanylpleisters | http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2558454</ref> At least 17 opioid overdoses and several deaths in the USA have also been connected with the use of U-47700.<ref>Synthetic opiate makers stay step ahead of US drug laws as overdose cases rise (the guardian) | http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/11/synthetic-opiates-drug-laws-w-18-fentanyl</ref>
It is worth noting that U-47700 crystals are particularly corrosive and somewhat caustic to mucous membranes. Careless use may deteriorate the chosen [[routes of administration]] so it is important to practice routine maintenance such as soaking the sinus cavity with water prior to and following insufflation. Even if following a regular saline wash of the nasal cavity, multiday use of this substance can create bleeding sores and scabs in the septum and nasal lining. These scabs may persist for days even after all use is ceased. It is unwise to vaporize the substance as it can damage the lungs. Sublingual administration is likely to damage the skin in the mouth.
Combined consumption of U-47700 and [[fentanyl]] caused one fatality in Belgium.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((NWS, V.)) | year=2016 | title=Twee doden in België door overdosis met fentanylpleisters | url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2016/01/29/twee_doden_in_belgiedooroverdosismetfentanylpleisters-1-2558454/}}</ref> At least 17 opioid overdoses and several deaths in the USA have also been connected with the use of U-47700.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Zalkind, S.)) | year=2016 | title=Synthetic opiate makers stay step ahead of US drug laws as overdose cases rise | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/11/synthetic-opiates-drug-laws-w-18-fentanyl}}</ref>
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]], and take extreme caution when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
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Tolerance to many of the effects of U-47700 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). U-47700 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other [[opioids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of U-47700 all [[opioid]]s will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to many of the effects of U-47700 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). U-47700 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other [[opioids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of U-47700 all [[opioid]]s will have a reduced effect.
[[U-47700]] withdrawal symptoms can be especially painful and emerge after 2-4 hours after the last dose administration. It is highly advisable not to become physically dependent on this substance, as physical dependence can develop in a short period.
The risk of fatal opioid overdoses rise sharply after a period of cessation and [[relapse]], largely because of reduced tolerance.<ref>Why Heroin Relapse Often Ends In Death - Lauren F Friedman (Business Insider) | http://www.businessinsider.com.au/philip-seymour-hoffman-overdose-2014-2</ref> To account for this lack of tolerance, it is safer to only dose a fraction of one's usual [[dosage]] if relapsing. It has also been found that the environment one is in can play a role in opioid tolerance. In one scientific study, rats with the same history of heroin administration were significantly more likely to die after receiving their dose in an environment not associated with the drug in contrast to a familiar environment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Siegel, S.)), ((Hinson, R. E.)), ((Krank, M. D.)), ((McCully, J.)) | journal=Science | title=Heroin “Overdose” Death: Contribution of Drug-Associated Environmental Cues | volume=216 | issue=4544 | pages=436–437 | date=23 April 1982 | url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7200260 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.7200260}}</ref>
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2m2b]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances also potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCDa-AhrjHo recovery position] or have a friend move them into it.
{{DangerousInteractions/Opioids}}
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCDa-AhrjHo recovery position] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine U-47700, a [[depressant]]s, with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of U-47700, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of U-47700 will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[U-47700#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only taking a certain amount of U-47700.
==Legal status==
==Legality==
*'''Austria''': U-47700 is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) as of June 26, 2019.<ref>https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/BgblAuth/BGBLA_2019_II_167/BGBLA_2019_II_167.pdfsig</ref>
{{legalStub}}
*'''Brazil:''' Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/33868/3233596/55+-+RDC+N%C2%BA+143-2017-DOU.pdf/de80dc69-acb4-48b3-a6ac-1198993b0c1e</ref>
*'''Sweden''' - Following its sale as a [[designer drug]], U-47700 was made illegal in Sweden on 26 January 2016.<ref>https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/november/31-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/</ref>
*'''Finland:''' U-47700 is an Annex 1 drug in Finland, making its sale, production, and importation illegal.<ref>Lääkeaineluettelo http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/kokoelma/2013/sk20130220.pdf</ref>
*'''Germany:''' U-47700 is controlled under BtMG Anlage II, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage II BtMG - Einzelnorm | url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html}}</ref>
*'''Russia:''' U-47700 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 01.10.2012 N 1002 (ред. от 09.08.2019) “Об утверждении значительного, крупного и особо крупного размеров наркотических средств и психотропных веществ, а также значительного, крупного и особо крупного размеров для растений, содержащих наркотические средства или психотропные вещества, либо их частей, содержащих наркотические средства или психотропные вещества, для целей статей 228, 228.1, 229 и 229.1 Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации” - КонсультантПлюс | url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=331879&dst=100503&date=03.12.2019}}</ref>
*'''Sweden:''' Following its sale as a [[designer drug]], U-47700 was made illegal in Sweden on 26 January 2016.<ref>https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/november/31-nya-amnen-kan-klassas-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/</ref>
*'''Switzerland:''' U-47700 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' U-47700 is a class A drug in the UK as of 31st May 2017 and is illegal to possess, produce or supply. <ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2017 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/634/made}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' While U-47700 is not scheduled on a federal level, the State of Ohio recently made U-47700 a Schedule I drug. This is not a federal or nationwide action and can only be enforced in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{Citation | title=Executive Order 2016-01K | url=https://governor.ohio.gov/Portals/0/pdf/executiveOrders/Executive%20Order%202016-01K.pdf}}</ref> On September 7th, 2016, the DEA Office of Diversion Control announced that they intend to schedule U-47700 as a Schedule temporarily I drug.<ref>Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of U-47700 Into Schedule I |http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2016/fr0907.htm</ref>
*'''Czech Republic''': U-47700 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=(([email protected], A. C.-)) | title=463/2013 Sb. Nařízení vlády o seznamech návykových látek | url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463#f5150333}}</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
This compound was initially developed by a team at Upjohn in the 1970s.[3] Upjohn created over a dozen patents on related compounds[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] until they discovered that U-47700 was the most active.[11] This was done by looking for the key functional groups which gave the greatest activity.[12]
Very little is known about the toxicity of U-47700 and it has very little history of human usage. It is currently available as a gray-area research chemical distributed by online vendors. Many reports suggest that it possesses unique physical properties relative to most opioids such as an unusual amount of causticity (ability to destroy living tissue) that may make it significantly more harmful to expose to the body, particularly when it is injected. It is strongly advised to use harm reduction practices if choosing to use this substance.
U-47700 is an atypical opioid of the benzamide class. It features core phenyl ring with two chlorine atoms at carbons R3 and R4. This ring is connected to an amine group through a carbonyl group (C=O). The terminal nitrogen atom of the amide group is bonded to a methyl carbon and substituted cyclohexane ring. The cyclohexane ring is further substituted at R2 with a dimethylamino group, thus forming the structure of U-47700.
Pharmacology
U-47700 is selective for the µ-opioid receptor, with various sources claiming 7.5x the potency of morphine.[13][14]
Opioids exert their effects by binding to and activating the μ-opioidreceptor. This occurs because opioids structurally mimic endogenous endorphins which are naturally found in the body and also work with the μ-opioid receptor set. The way in which opioids structurally mimic these natural endorphins results in their euphoria, pain relief and anxiolytic effects. This is because endorphins are responsible for reducing pain, causing sleepiness, and feelings of pleasure. They can be released in response to pain, strenuous exercise, orgasm, or general excitement.
U-47700 may also be an agonist for the kappa-opioid receptor system. As a result of this, it has become the lead compound of selective kappa-opioid receptor ligands such as U-50488 and U-69,593, which share very similar structures.[15] Its structure led to other chemists experimenting with it to see if rigid analogs would retain activity.[16] Although not used medically, the selective kappa ligands are used in research.[17]
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
The general head space of U-47700 is described by many as one of euphoria, relaxation, anxiety suppression and pain relief. Its effects are considered by some to be similar to those produced by oxycodone.[18]
Physical euphoria - This particular substance is considered to cause less physically intense euphoria as compared to morphine or diacetylmorphine (heroin). This sensation is described as moderate feelings of physical comfort, warmth and physical euphoria which spreads throughout the body.
Itchiness - This compound, like most opioids, tends to cause strong histamine reactions which cause the skin to feel itchy.
Respiratory depression - Although it has not been formally studied, anecdotal reports suggest that respiratory depression is significantly stronger with this compound in comparison to other more common opioids such as heroin and morphine at relative doses. At low to moderate doses, this effect results in the sensation that the breath is slowed down mildly to moderately, but does not cause noticeable impairment. At high doses and overdoses, opioid-induced respiratory depression can result in a shortness of breath, abnormal breathing patterns, semi-consciousness, or unconsciousness. Severe overdoses can result in a coma or death without immediate medical attention.
Sedation - With high dosages, this compound causes considerably stronger sedation than oxycodone or hydrocodone.
Cognitive euphoria - This particular substance can be considered as less intense in its cognitive euphoria when compared with that of morphine or diacetylmorphine (heroin) due to its short duration and structural differences. It is still, however, capable of extreme intensity and overwhelming bliss at heavier dosages with a low tolerance. The sensation itself can be described as a powerful and overwhelming feeling of emotional bliss, contentment, and happiness.
Compulsive redosing - Due to the short duration of this substance and the addictive properties of opioids in general, there is a strong risk of compulsive redosing which is considerably dangerous considering it is very corrosive to mucous membranes.
Unlike most other opioids, the effects which occur during the offset of this compound generally feel negative and uncomfortable in comparison to the effects which occurred during its peak. This is often referred to as a "comedown" or "crash". Its effects commonly include:
U-47700 has a high toxicity relative to its dose due to its extreme potency. As with all opioids, long-term effects can vary but can include diminished libido, apathy and memory loss. It is also [[Toxicity::potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines]].
It is worth noting that U-47700 crystals are particularly corrosive and somewhat caustic to mucous membranes. Careless use may deteriorate the chosen routes of administration so it is important to practice routine maintenance such as soaking the sinus cavity with water prior to and following insufflation. Even if following a regular saline wash of the nasal cavity, multiday use of this substance can create bleeding sores and scabs in the septum and nasal lining. These scabs may persist for days even after all use is ceased. It is unwise to vaporize the substance as it can damage the lungs. Sublingual administration is likely to damage the skin in the mouth.
Combined consumption of U-47700 and fentanyl caused one fatality in Belgium.[19] At least 17 opioid overdoses and several deaths in the USA have also been connected with the use of U-47700.[20]
It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices, and take extreme caution when using this substance.
Tolerance and addiction potential
As with other opioids, the chronic use of U-47700 can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal symptoms may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of U-47700 develops with prolonged and repeated use. The rate at which this occurs develops at different rates for different effects, with tolerance to the constipation-inducing effects developing particularly slowly for instance. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). U-47700 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all other opioids]], meaning that after the consumption of U-47700 all opioids will have a reduced effect.
U-47700 withdrawal symptoms can be especially painful and emerge after 2-4 hours after the last dose administration. It is highly advisable not to become physically dependent on this substance, as physical dependence can develop in a short period.
The risk of fatal opioid overdoses rise sharply after a period of cessation and relapse, largely because of reduced tolerance.[21] To account for this lack of tolerance, it is safer to only dose a fraction of one's usual dosage if relapsing. It has also been found that the environment one is in can play a role in opioid tolerance. In one scientific study, rats with the same history of heroin administration were significantly more likely to die after receiving their dose in an environment not associated with the drug in contrast to a familiar environment.[22]
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Alcohol - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. Place affected patients in the recovery position to prevent vomit aspiration from excess. Memory blackouts are likely
Stimulants - Stimulants increase respiration rate which allows for a higher dose of opiates than would otherwise be used. If the stimulant wears off first then the opiate may overcome the user and cause respiratory arrest.
Benzodiazepines - Central nervous system and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present. The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position blackouts/memory loss likely.
DXM - Generally considered to be toxic. CNS depression, difficulty breathing, heart issues, and liver toxicity have been observed. Additionally if one takes DXM, their tolerance of opiates goes down slightly, thus causing additional synergistic effects.
GHB/GBL - The two substances potentiate each other strongly and unpredictably, very rapidly leading to unconsciousness. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position
Ketamine - Both substances bring a risk of vomiting and unconsciousness. If the user falls unconscious while under the influence there is a severe risk of vomit aspiration if they are not placed in the recovery position.
MAOIs - Coadministration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with certain opioids has been associated with rare reports of severe adverse reactions. There appear to be two types of interaction, an excitatory and a depressive one. Symptoms of the excitatory reaction may include agitation, headache, diaphoresis, hyperpyrexia, flushing, shivering, myoclonus, rigidity, tremor, diarrhea, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, and coma. Death has occurred in some cases.
MXE - MXE can potentiate the effects of opioids but also increases the risk of respiratory depression and organ toxicity.
Nitrous - Both substances potentiate the ataxia and sedation caused by the other and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. While unconscious, vomit aspiration is a risk if not placed in the recovery position. Memory blackouts are common.
PCP - PCP may reduce opioid tolerance, increasing the risk of overdose.
Tramadol - Increased risk of seizures. Tramadol itself is known to induce seizures and it may have additive effects on seizure threshold with other opioids. Central nervous system- and/or respiratory-depressant effects may be additively or synergistically present.
Grapefruit - While grapefruit is not psychoactive, it may affect the metabolism of certain opioids. Tramadol, oxycodone, and fentanyl are all primarily metabolized by the enzyme CYP3A4, which is potently inhibited by grapefruit juice[23]. This may cause the drug to take longer to clear from the body. it may increase toxicity with repeated doses. Methadone may also be affected[23]. Codeine and hydrocodone are metabolized by CYP2D6. People who are on medicines that inhibit CYP2D6, or that lack the enzyme due to a genetic mutation will not respond to codeine as it can not be metabolized into its active product: morphine.
Legal status
Austria: U-47700 is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich) as of June 26, 2019.[24]
Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344.[25]
Finland: U-47700 is an Annex 1 drug in Finland, making its sale, production, and importation illegal.[26]
Germany: U-47700 is controlled under BtMG Anlage II, making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer it without a license.[27]
Russia: U-47700 is a Schedule I controlled substance.[28]
Sweden: Following its sale as a designer drug, U-47700 was made illegal in Sweden on 26 January 2016.[29]
Switzerland: U-47700 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[30]
United Kingdom: U-47700 is a class A drug in the UK as of 31st May 2017 and is illegal to possess, produce or supply. [31]
United States: While U-47700 is not scheduled on a federal level, the State of Ohio recently made U-47700 a Schedule I drug. This is not a federal or nationwide action and can only be enforced in the state of Ohio.[32] On September 7th, 2016, the DEA Office of Diversion Control announced that they intend to schedule U-47700 as a Schedule temporarily I drug.[33]
Czech Republic: U-47700 is a Schedule I controlled substance.[34]
↑Michalson, E. T., Szmuszkovicz, J. (1989). "Medicinal agents incorporating the 1,2-diamine functionality". Progress in Drug Research. Fortschritte Der Arzneimittelforschung. Progres Des Recherches Pharmaceutiques. 33: 135–149. doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-9146-2_6. ISSN0071-786X.
↑Loew, G., Lawson, J., Toll, L., Frenking, G., Berzetei-Gurske, I., Polgar, W. (1988). "Structure activity studies of two classes of beta-amino-amides: the search for kappa-selective opioids". NIDA research monograph. 90: 144–151. ISSN1046-9516.
