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'''Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione''', also known as '''Progesterone''' or '''P4''' is a [[wikipedia:steroid|steroid]] sex [[hormone]] of the [[wikipedia:progestogen|progestogen]] class. It occurs naturally and is the bodies major progestogen.
'''Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione''', also known as '''Progesterone''' or '''P4''' is a [[wikipedia:steroid|steroid]] sex [[hormone]] of the [[wikipedia:progestogen|progestogen]] class. It occurs naturally and is the bodies major progestogen.
Progesterone can be taken orally, vaginal, rectal and by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.
Progesterone can be taken [[orally]], [[wikipedia:vaginal|vaginal]], [[rectal]] and by [[subcutaneous]] or [[intramuscular]] [[injection]].
Progesterone is commonly used as a part of [[wikipedia:Transgender_hormone_therapy|trans-feminising hormone therapy]] or [[wikipedia:Menopause|post menopausal]] [[wikipedia:Hormone replacement therapy|Hormone replacement therapy]].
Progesterone is commonly used as a part of [[wikipedia:Transgender_hormone_therapy|trans-feminising hormone therapy]] or [[wikipedia:Menopause|post menopausal]] [[wikipedia:Hormone replacement therapy|Hormone replacement therapy]].
Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the ''[[wikipedia:Gdańsk_University_of_Technology|Chemisches Institut of Technical University]]'' in [[wikipedia:Gdańsk]]. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.
Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the ''Chemisches Institut of Technical University'' in Gdańsk. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.
<ref name="Josimovich 2013 p.">{{cite book | last=Josimovich | first=J.B. | title=Gynecologic Endocrinology | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |date=11 November 2013 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25| isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 |pages=9, 25–29 }}</ref>
<ref name="Josimovich 2013 p. ">{{cite book | last=Josimovich | first=J.B. | title=Gynecologic Endocrinology | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |date=11 November 2013 | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 |pages=9, 25–29 |access-date=1 February 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024947/https://books.google.com/books?id=9vv2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 | date=2013-11-09 | isbn=978-1-4613-2157-6 | page=}}</ref>
In a 2012 study higher levels of progesterone were linked to lower affinity to competitive behavior in women.<ref name="Buser 2012 pp. 1–10">{{cite journal | last=Buser | first=Thomas | title=The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|series=Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Competition|volume=83|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006|issn=0167-2681|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143019/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Piosik 2003 pp. 135–138">{{cite journal | last=Piosik | first=Romuald | title=Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig | journal=CHEMKON | volume=10 | issue=3 | date=2003 | issn=0944-5846 | doi=10.1002/ckon.200390038 | pages=135–138}}</ref>
In a 2012 study higher levels of progesterone were linked to lower affinity to competitive behavior in women.<ref name="Buser 2012 pp. 1–10">{{cite journal | last=Buser | first=Thomas | title=The impact of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptives on competitiveness|journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization|series=Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Competition|volume=83|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.006|issn=0167-2681|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf|access-date=2 February 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143019/https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1864146/117489_376503.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Piosik 2003 pp. 135–138">{{cite journal | last=Piosik | first=Romuald | title=Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig | journal=CHEMKON | volume=10 | issue=3 | date=2003 | issn=0944-5846 | doi=10.1002/ckon.200390038 | pages=135–138}}</ref>
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. It has a double bond (4-ene) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups (3,20-dione), one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position.<ref name="Pubchem">{{Cite web|date= 12 March 2024|title= Compound Summary Progesterone| publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 March 2024|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/progesterone}}</ref>
Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. It has a double bond (4-ene) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups (3,20-dione), one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position.<ref name="Pubchem">{{Cite web|date= 12 March 2024|title= Compound Summary Progesterone| publisher=National Library of Medicine|access-date=12 March 2024|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/progesterone}}</ref>
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
Progesterone on it's own acts as a [[antagonist]] on the [[wikipedia:Sigma-2 receptor|'''σ<sub>2</sub>''' receptor]] and as a [[wikipedia:negative allosteric modulator|negative allosteric modulator]] on [[wikipedia:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors|nicotinic acetylcholine receptors]]. However most of the psychoactive effects of progesterone are induced by it's metabolites.<ref name="Gonzalez 2020 p. 1846">{{cite journal | last=Gonzalez | first=Susana Laura | title=Progesterone for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: the many signaling roads for a single molecule | journal=Neural Regeneration Research | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=2020 | issn=1673-5374 | pmid=32246629 | pmc=7513974 | doi=10.4103/1673-5374.280314 | doi-access=free | page=1846}}</ref>
Progesterone on it's own acts as a antagonist on the '''σ<sub>2</sub>''' receptor and as a negative allosteric modulator on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. However most of the psychoactive effects of progesterone are induced by it's metabolites.<ref name="Gonzalez 2020 p. 1846">{{cite journal | last=Gonzalez | first=Susana Laura | title=Progesterone for the treatment of central nervous system disorders: the many signaling roads for a single molecule | journal=Neural Regeneration Research | volume=15 | issue=10 | date=2020 | issn=1673-5374 | pmid=32246629 | pmc=7513974 | doi=10.4103/1673-5374.280314 | doi-access=free | page=1846}}</ref>
===Metabolism===
===Metabolism===
Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are [[wikipedia:allopregnanolone|allopregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:pregnanolone|pregnanolone]], [[wikipedia:isopregnanolone|isopregnanolone]] and [[wikipedia:epipregnanolone|epipregnanolone]].<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress reducing, antiagressive, sedative, sleep aiding, analgesic, amnesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant & neuroprotective effects.<ref name="Diviccaro Cioffi Falvo Giatti 2022 p. ">{{cite journal | last=Diviccaro | first=Silvia | last2=Cioffi | first2=Lucia | last3=Falvo | first3=Eva | last4=Giatti | first4=Silvia | last5=Melcangi | first5=Roberto Cosimo | title=Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects | journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology | volume=34 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0953-8194 | pmid=34189791 | doi=10.1111/jne.12996 | page=}}</ref><ref name="PubChem p788">{{cite web | title=Brexanolone | website=PubChem | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92786 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA<sub>A</sub> whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABA<sub>A</sub> as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have [[antidepressant]], [[anxiolytic]], stress reducing, antiagressive, [[sedative]], sleep aiding, [[analgesic]], [[amnesic]], [[wikipedia:anesthetic|anesthetic]], [[anticonvulsant]] & [[wikipedia:neuroprotective|neuroprotective]] effects.<ref name="Diviccaro Cioffi Falvo Giatti 2022 p.">{{cite journal | last=Diviccaro | first=Silvia | last2=Cioffi | first2=Lucia | last3=Falvo | first3=Eva | last4=Giatti | first4=Silvia | last5=Melcangi | first5=Roberto Cosimo | title=Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects | journal=Journal of Neuroendocrinology | volume=34 | issue=2 | date=2022 | issn=0953-8194 | pmid=34189791 | doi=10.1111/jne.12996 | page=}}</ref><ref name="PubChem p788">{{cite web | title=Brexanolone | website=PubChem | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92786 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of [[GABA]]<sub>A</sub> whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABA<sub>A</sub> as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.<ref name="Kolatorova Vitku Suchopar Hill 2022 p. 7989">{{cite journal | last=Kolatorova | first=Lucie | last2=Vitku | first2=Jana | last3=Suchopar | first3=Josef | last4=Hill | first4=Martin | last5=Parizek | first5=Antonin | title=Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=23 | issue=14 | date=2022-07-20 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=35887338 | doi=10.3390/ijms23147989 | doi-access=free | page=7989}}</ref>
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
{{effects/base
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You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].
You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].
*'''[[Effect::Higher core temperature]]''' - at high concentration progesterone elevates body temperature for ~1°C
*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - at high concentration progesterone elevates body temperature for ~1°C
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
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{{effects/aftereffects|
{{effects/aftereffects|
*'''[[Effect::Increased romantic desire]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased libido]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased breast sensitivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''
}}
}}
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Progesterone]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:Progesterone]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
'''Warning:''' Progesterone is a naturally occuring sex hormone, changing its levels might induce gender dysphoria or premenstrual syndrome.
'''Warning:''' Progesterone is a naturally occuring sex hormone, changing its levels might induce gender dysphoria or premenstrual syndrome.
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It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Lethal dosage===
===Lethal dosage===
The observed LD50 in mice was 100mg/kg via intravenous, 327mg/kg intraperitoneal and > 200mg/kg orally, anasthetic effects were observed at 16mg/kg intraperitoneal.<ref name="OEHA2004">{{cite web | publisher=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency | title=EVIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF Progesterone | url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/progeshid5.pdf | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
The observed LD50 in mice was 100mg/kg via intravenous, 327mg/kg intraperitoneal and > 200mg/kg orally, anasthetic effects were observed at 16mg/kg intraperitoneal.<ref name="OEHA2004">{{cite web | publisher=Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental Protection Agency | title=EVIDENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY OF Progesterone | url=https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/proposition-65/chemicals/progeshid5.pdf | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Dependence potential of Progesterone has been sparsely reported by transfeminine people. There is one case report of a women on post menopausal HRT that documents addiction.<ref name="React Weekly 1996 p. 9">{{cite journal | author=&Na; | title=Progesterone abuse Adverse effects: case report | journal=Reactions Weekly | volume=&NA; | issue=599 | date=1996 | issn=0114-9954 | doi=10.2165/00128415-199605990-00031 | page=9}}</ref>
Dependence potential of Progesterone has been sparsely reported by transfeminine people. There is one case report of a women on post menopausal HRT that documents addiction.<ref name="React Weekly 1996 p. 9">{{cite journal | author=&Na; | title=Progesterone abuse Adverse effects: case report | journal=Reactions Weekly | volume=&NA; | issue=599 | date=1996 | issn=0114-9954 | doi=10.2165/00128415-199605990-00031 | page=9}}</ref>
Tolerance to the offects of Prog metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.
Tolerance to the offects of Progesterone metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024|reason=from a pharma perspective this estimate makes sense, but hasn't been medically investigated}}
===Interactions===
===Interactions===
Combining oral progesterone with food leads to a two fold increase in absorptions. <ref name="Simon Robinson Andrews Hildebrand 1993 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Simon | first=James A. | last2=Robinson | first2=Denise E. | last3=Andrews | first3=Mason C. | last4=Hildebrand | first4=James R. | last5=Rocci | first5=Mario L. | last6=Blake | first6=Richard E. | last7=Hodgen | first7=Gary D. | title=The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone | journal=Fertility and Sterility | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=1993 | doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56031-2 | pages=26–33}}</ref> Since oral progesterone is a oil soluable reports of increased effects when combined with fatty foods do seem plausible.
Combining oral progesterone with food leads to a two fold increase in absorptions. <ref name="Simon Robinson Andrews Hildebrand 1993 pp. 26–33">{{cite journal | last=Simon | first=James A. | last2=Robinson | first2=Denise E. | last3=Andrews | first3=Mason C. | last4=Hildebrand | first4=James R. | last5=Rocci | first5=Mario L. | last6=Blake | first6=Richard E. | last7=Hodgen | first7=Gary D. | title=The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone | journal=Fertility and Sterility | volume=60 | issue=1 | date=1993 | doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56031-2 | pages=26–33}}</ref> Since oral progesterone is a oil soluable reports of increased effects when combined with fatty foods do seem plausible.
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{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[Depressants]]''' Taking oral progesterone together with [[alcohol]] or [[barbiturates]] will increase absorption rates and peak potentially leading to black out intervals or loss of motor control, anesthetic levels in humans are not documented, but might be reachable.
*'''[[Depressants]]''' Taking oral progesterone together with [[alcohol]] or [[barbiturates]] will increase absorption rates and peak potentially leading to black out intervals or loss of motor control, anesthetic levels in humans are not documented, but might be reachable. Other dangerous depressants are [[benzodiazepines]] and [[opioids]] since their absorption can be increased, resulting in a higher risk of overdose.<ref name="DrugBank Online 2016 t459">{{cite web | title=Progesterone: Uses, Interactions, Mechanism of Action | website=DrugBank Online | date=2016-04-13 | url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00396 | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, also known as Progesterone or P4 is a steroid sex hormone of the progestogen class. It occurs naturally and is the bodies major progestogen.
Progesterone was first discovered in 1929 by George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen. By 1934 pure crystalline material was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the Chemisches Institut of Technical University in wikipedia:Gdańsk. Synthesis was accomplished later that year.
[2]
In a 2012 study higher levels of progesterone were linked to lower affinity to competitive behavior in women.[3][4]
Chemistry
Progesterone is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and is also known as pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. It has a double bond (4-ene) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups (3,20-dione), one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position.[5]
Progesterone is mainly metabolised in the liver, therefore the route of administration significantly influences the intensity of experienced effects. The most important metabolites are allopregnanolone, pregnanolone, isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone.[7]
Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone are documented to have antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress reducing, antiagressive, sedative, sleep aiding, analgesic, amnesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant & neuroprotective effects.[8][9]Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone act as positive allosteric modulators of GABAA whereas isopregnanolone and epipregnanolone selectively counteract GABAA as well as the sedative and anesthetic effects.[7]
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's physical effects may be included here.
You may select physical effects to add below here.
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's cognitive effects may be included here.
You may select from a list of cognitive effects to add below here.
The observed LD50 in mice was 100mg/kg via intravenous, 327mg/kg intraperitoneal and > 200mg/kg orally, anasthetic effects were observed at 16mg/kg intraperitoneal.[10]
Tolerance and addiction potential
Dependence potential of Progesterone has been sparsely reported by transfeminine people. There is one case report of a women on post menopausal HRT that documents addiction.[11]
Tolerance to the offects of Progesterone metabolites on GABA will build within a few years and return to baseline within a few months after cessation.[citation needed]
Interactions
Combining oral progesterone with food leads to a two fold increase in absorptions. [12] Since oral progesterone is a oil soluable reports of increased effects when combined with fatty foods do seem plausible.
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Depressants Taking oral progesterone together with alcohol or barbiturates will increase absorption rates and peak potentially leading to black out intervals or loss of motor control, anesthetic levels in humans are not documented, but might be reachable. Other dangerous depressants are benzodiazepines and opioids since their absorption can be increased, resulting in a higher risk of overdose.[13]
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Progesterone is widely available as prescription medication or in some cases over the counter and generally not controlled. Taking transgender HRT is not as widely accepted and may be prosecuted. [14]
↑Piosik, Romuald (2003). "Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig". CHEMKON. 10 (3): 135–138. doi:10.1002/ckon.200390038. ISSN0944-5846.
↑ 7.07.1Kolatorova, Lucie; Vitku, Jana; Suchopar, Josef; Hill, Martin; Parizek, Antonin (2022-07-20). "Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 23 (14): 7989. doi:10.3390/ijms23147989. ISSN1422-0067. PMID35887338.
↑Diviccaro, Silvia; Cioffi, Lucia; Falvo, Eva; Giatti, Silvia; Melcangi, Roberto Cosimo (2022). "Allopregnanolone: An overview on its synthesis and effects". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 34 (2). doi:10.1111/jne.12996. ISSN0953-8194. PMID34189791.
↑Simon, James A.; Robinson, Denise E.; Andrews, Mason C.; Hildebrand, James R.; Rocci, Mario L.; Blake, Richard E.; Hodgen, Gary D. (1993). "The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone". Fertility and Sterility. 60 (1): 26–33. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)56031-2.
. ISSN 1673-5374. PMC 7513974