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|}'''Flubromazolam''' is a long-lasting psychoactive drug of the [[chemical class::benzodiazepine]] class which produces [[anxiolytic]], [[sedative]], [[muscle relaxant]], [[psychoactive class::depressant]] and [[amnesia|amnesic]] effects. It is important to note before ingesting this compound that it has an unusually long half-life with an 18 hour duration.
This compound has potential use for the short-term treatment of [[anxiety]], [[insomnia]], acute [[seizures]], and the sedation of hospitalized patients. However, it is currently exclusively sold by online [[research chemical]] vendors for use as a recreational psychoactive substance and has not been formally studied. This means that any comments regarding its pharmacology are purely speculation based upon the subjective effects it induces and its structural similarity to [[triazolam]], [[pyrazolam]] and other benzodiazepines.
'''Flubromazolam''' (JYI-73) is a novel synthetic [[psychoactive class::depressant]] substance of the [[chemical class::benzodiazepine]], and specifically, the triazolobenzodiazepine class which produces [[anxiolytic]], [[disinhibition|disinhibiting]], [[sedative]], [[muscle relaxant]], and [[memory suppression|memory suppressing]] effects when [[administered]]. It is incredibly potent (active in the microgram range) with an unusually long 18 hour duration. Thus, it poses comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to its ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia even at a very low threshold dosage.
Flubromazolam has been noted for its potential use in the short-term treatment of [[anxiety]], [[insomnia]], acute [[seizures]], and the sedation of hospitalized patients.{{citation needed}} However, it is currently exclusively sold by online [[research chemical]] vendors for use as a recreational psychoactive substance and has not been formally studied.
Any comments regarding its pharmacology are purely speculation based upon the subjective effects it induces and its structural similarity to [[triazolam]], [[pyrazolam]] and other benzodiazepines.
It is worth noting that [[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|the sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines]] can be potentially dangerous or life-threatening for individuals using regularly for extended periods of time, sometimes resulting in seizures or death.<ref name="Lann2009">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lann, M. A.)), ((Molina, D. K.)) | journal=The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology | title=A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal | volume=30 | issue=2 | pages=177–179 | date= June 2009 | issn=1533-404X | doi=10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181875aa0}}</ref> It is highly recommended to [[taper]] one's dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day for a prolonged period of time instead of stopping abruptly.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kahan, M.)), ((Wilson, L.)), ((Mailis-Gagnon, A.)), ((Srivastava, A.)) | journal=Canadian Family Physician | title=Canadian guideline for safe and effective use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain. Appendix B-6: Benzodiazepine Tapering | volume=57 | issue=11 | pages=1269–1276 | date= November 2011 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215603/ | issn=0008-350X}}</ref>
It's worth noting that [[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|the sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines]] can be potentially dangerous or life-threatening for individuals using regularly for extended periods of time, sometimes resulting in seizures or death.<ref>A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465812</ref> It is highly recommended to [[taper]] one's dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day for a prolonged period of time instead of stopping abruptly.<ref>Canadian Guideline for Safe and Effective Use of Opioids for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain - Appendix B-6: Benzodiazepine Tapering | http://nationalpaincentre.mcmaster.ca/opioid/cgop_b_app_b06.html</ref>
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
Flubromazolam is a chemical of the benzodiazepine class. Flubromazolam is named for the fluorine, bromine, and triazole substitutions on its core benzodiazepine skeleton (FLUorine-BROMine-AZOLe-AM). Flubromazolam is a member of the benzodiazepine class as it contains a 1,4 diazepine ring fused to a substituted benzene ring. Bromine is bound to this bicyclic structure at R<sub>7</sub>. Additionally, a fluorine substituted phenyl ring is bound to this structure at R<sub>5</sub>. Flubromazolam also contains a methylated triazole ring fused to and incorporating R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> of its diazepine ring. Flubromazolam belongs to a class of benzodiazepines containing this fused triazole ring, called triazolobenzodiazepines, distinguished by the suffix "-zolam".
Flubromazolam is a chemical of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. Flubromazolam is named for the fluorine, bromine, and triazole substitutions on its core benzodiazepine skeleton (FLUorine-BROMine-AZOLe-AM). Flubromazolam is a member of the benzodiazepine class as it contains a 1,4 diazepine ring fused to a substituted benzene ring. Bromine is bound to this bicyclic structure at R<sub>7</sub>. Additionally, a fluorine substituted phenyl ring is bound to this structure at R<sub>5</sub>.
==Pharmacology==
Flubromazolam also contains a methylated triazole ring fused to and incorporating R<sub>1</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> of its diazepine ring. Flubromazolam belongs to a class of benzodiazepines containing this fused triazole ring, called triazolobenzodiazepines, distinguished by the suffix "-zolam".
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter [[GABA|gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)]] by acting on its [[receptor]]s.<ref>Benzodiazepine interactions with GABA receptors (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6147796</ref> As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming effects]]) of flubromazolam on the nervous system.
The [[anticonvulsant]] properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors.<ref>Benzodiazepines, but not beta carbolines, limit high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of spinal cord neurons in cell culture. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2450203</ref>
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter [[GABA|gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)]] by acting on its [[receptor]]s.<ref>Benzodiazepine interactions with GABA receptors (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6147796</ref> As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming effects]]) of flubromazepam on the nervous system.
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter [[GABA|gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)]] by acting on its [[receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Haefely, W.)) | journal=Neuroscience Letters | title=Benzodiazepine interactions with GABA receptors | volume=47 | issue=3 | pages=201–206 | date=29 June 1984 | issn=0304-3940 | doi=10.1016/0304-3940(84)90514-7}}</ref> As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the [[sedating]] (or [[anxiety suppression|calming effects]]) of flubromazepam on the nervous system. The [[anticonvulsant]] properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((McLean, M. J.)), ((Macdonald, R. L.)) | journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | title=Benzodiazepines, but not beta carbolines, limit high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of spinal cord neurons in cell culture | volume=244 | issue=2 | pages=789–795 | date= February 1988 | issn=0022-3565}}</ref>
The [[anticonvulsant]] properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors.<ref>Benzodiazepines, but not beta carbolines, limit high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of spinal cord neurons in cell culture. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2450203</ref>
Life-threatening adverse reactions have been observed at doses of only 3 mg of flubromazolam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Łukasik-Głębocka, M.)), ((Sommerfeld, K.)), ((Teżyk, A.)), ((Zielińska-Psuja, B.)), ((Panieński, P.)), ((Żaba, C.)) | journal=Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) | title=Flubromazolam--A new life-threatening designer benzodiazepine | volume=54 | issue=1 | pages=66–68 | date= 2016 | issn=1556-9519 | doi=10.3109/15563650.2015.1112907}}</ref>
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
Flubromazolam has been described by some users as being one of the most euphoric benzodiazepines. It has been noted for its more pronounced sedative effects and hypnotic than anxiolytic effects.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
<div class='flex-panel'>
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Flubromazolam has the potential to be extremely sedating and often results in an overwhelmingly lethargic state. At higher levels, this causes users to suddenly feel as if they are extremely sleep deprived and have not slept for days, forcing them to sit down and generally feel as if they are constantly on the verge of passing out instead of engaging in physical activities. This sense of sleep deprivation increases proportional to dosage and eventually becomes powerful enough to force a person into complete unconsciousness.
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - In terms of energy level alterations, this drug has the potential to be extremely sedating and often results in an overwhelmingly lethargic state. At higher levels, this causes users to suddenly feel as if they are extremely sleep deprived and have not slept for days, forcing them to sit down and generally feel as if they are constantly on the verge of passing out instead of engaging in physical activities. This sense of sleep deprivation increases proportional to dosage and eventually becomes powerful enough to force a person into complete unconsciousness.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Respiratory depression]]'''
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*'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]
*'''[[Effect::Muscle relaxation]]
</li>
}}
</ul>
{{effects/paradoxical|
</div>
Paradoxical reactions to [[benzodiazepines]] such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Saïas, T.)), ((Gallarda, T.)) | journal=L’Encephale | title=[Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review] | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=330–336 | date= September 2008 | issn=0013-7006 | doi=10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Paton, C.)) | journal=Psychiatric Bulletin | title=Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | volume=26 | issue=12 | pages=460–462 | date= December 2002 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychiatric-bulletin/article/benzodiazepines-and-disinhibition-a-review/421AF197362B55EDF004700452BF3BC6 | issn=0955-6036 | doi=10.1192/pb.26.12.460}}</ref><p>
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bond, A. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Drug- Induced Behavioural Disinhibition | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=41–57 | date=1 January 1998 | url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.2165/00023210-199809010-00005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Drummer, O. H.)) | journal=Forensic Science Review | title=Benzodiazepines - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior | volume=14 | issue=1–2 | pages=1–14 | date= February 2002 | issn=1042-7201}}</ref></p>
Paradoxical reactions to [[benzodiazepines]] such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18922233 | Saïas T, Gallarda T | Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review</ref><ref>Paton C | Benzodiazepines and disinhibition: a review | Psychiatr Bull R Coll Psychiatr | http://pb.rcpsych.org/cgi/reprint/26/12/460.pdf</ref><p>
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.<ref>Bond AJ | Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition: incidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications | CNS Drugs</ref><ref>Drummer OH | Benzodiazepines—effects on human performance and behavior | Forensic Sci Rev</ref></p>
The cognitive effects of flubromazolam can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of flubromazolam is described by many as one of intense sedation and decreased inhibition. It contains a large number of typical [[depressant]]s cognitive effects.
The cognitive effects of flubromazolam can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of flubromazolam is described by many as one of intense sedation and decreased inhibition. It contains a large number of typical [[depressant]]s cognitive effects.
*'''[[Effect::Emotionality suppression]]''' - Although this compound primarily suppresses anxiety, it also dulls other emotions in a manner which is distinct but less intensive than that of [[antipsychotic]]s.
*'''[[Effect::Emotion suppression]]''' - Although this compound primarily suppresses anxiety, it also dulls other emotions in a manner which is distinct but less intensive than that of [[antipsychotic]]s.
*'''[[Effect::Delusions|Delusions of sobriety]]''' - This is the false belief that one is perfectly sober despite obvious evidence to the contrary such as severe cognitive impairment and an inability to fully communicate with others. It most commonly occurs at heavy dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Delusions|Delusions of sobriety]]''' - This is the false belief that one is perfectly sober despite obvious evidence to the contrary such as severe cognitive impairment and an inability to fully communicate with others. It most commonly occurs at heavy dosages.
</li>
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness]]'''
</ul>
</div>
}}
</div>
{{effects/aftereffects|
</div>
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety|Rebound anxiety]]''' - Rebound anxiety is a commonly observed effect with [[anxiety suppression|anxiety relieving]] substances like [[benzodiazepines]]. It typically corresponds to the total duration spent under the substance's influence along with the total amount consumed in a given period, an effect which can easily lend itself to cycles of dependence and addiction.
*'''[[Effect::Dream potentiation]]''' or '''[[Effect::Dream suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Sleepiness|Residual sleepiness]]''' - While flubromazolam can be used as an effective [[hypnotic|sleep-inducing]] aid, its effects may persist into the morning afterwards, which may lead users to feeling "groggy" or "dull" for a few hours if not significantly longer.
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Irritability]]'''
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:
*'''[[Volumetric liquid dosing]]''' - If one's benzodiazepines are in powder form, they are unlikely to weigh out accurately without the most expensive of scales due to their extreme potency. To avoid this, one can dissolve the benzodiazepine volumetrically into a solution and dose it accurately based upon the methodological instructions linked within this [[Volumetric liquid dosing|tutorial]].
==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of benzodiazepines in comparison to other drugs.<ref>Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse (ScienceDirect) | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644</ref>]]
[[File:harmchart.png|thumb|right|300px|Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of benzodiazepines in comparison to other drugs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nutt, D.)), ((King, L. A.)), ((Saulsbury, W.)), ((Blakemore, C.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse | volume=369 | issue=9566 | pages=1047–1053 | date=24 March 2007 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607604644 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4}}</ref>]]
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
Flubromazolam likely has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref>Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18855614</ref> However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[opioids]]]].
Flubromazolam likely has a [[Toxicity::low toxicity]] relative to dose.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mandrioli, R.)), ((Mercolini, L.)), ((Raggi, M. A.)) | journal=Current Drug Metabolism | title=Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective | volume=9 | issue=8 | pages=827–844 | date= October 2008 | issn=1389-2002 | doi=10.2174/138920008786049258}}</ref> However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially [[respiratory depression|lethal]] when mixed with [[depressants]] like [[alcohol]] or [[opioids]]]].
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
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Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction. For more information on tapering from benzodiazepines in a controlled manner, please see [http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha02.htm this guide].
Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction. For more information on tapering from benzodiazepines in a controlled manner, please see [http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha02.htm this guide].
[[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|Benzodiazepine discontinuation]] is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of [[hypertension]], [[seizures]], and death.<ref>A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal. (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465812</ref> Drugs which lower the seizure threshold such as [[tramadol]] should be avoided during withdrawal.
[[Benzodiazepine#Discontinuation|Benzodiazepine discontinuation]] is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of [[hypertension]], [[seizures]], and death.<ref name="Lann2009" /> Drugs which lower the seizure threshold such as [[tramadol]] should be avoided during withdrawal.
Flubromazolam presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[benzodiazepines]]]], meaning that after its consumption all benzodiazepines will have a reduced effect.
Flubromazolam presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[benzodiazepines]]]], meaning that after its consumption all benzodiazepines will have a reduced effect.
===Overdose===
Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a [[benzodiazepine]] is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other [[depressants]]. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as [[barbiturate|barbiturates]] and [[alcohol]] since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor. Thus, their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Twyman, R. E.)), ((Rogers, C. J.)), ((Macdonald, R. L.)) | journal=Annals of Neurology | title=Differential regulation of ?-aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital | volume=25 | issue=3 | pages=213–220 | date= March 1989 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.410250302 | issn=0364-5134 | doi=10.1002/ana.410250302}}</ref>. Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.
Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include severe [[thought deceleration]], [[language suppression|slurred speech]], [[confusion]], [[delusions]], [[respiratory depression]], coma or death. Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with [[flumazenil]], a GABA<sub>A</sub> antagonist,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hoffman, E. J.)), ((Warren, E. W.)) | journal=Clinical Pharmacy | title=Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist | volume=12 | issue=9 | pages=641–656; quiz 699–701 | date= September 1993 | issn=0278-2677}}</ref> however care is primarily supportive in nature.
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[Depressants]]''' (''[[1,4-Butanediol]], [[2-methyl-2-butanol]], [[alcohol]], [[barbiturates]], [[GHB]]/[[GBL]], [[methaqualone]], [[opioids]]'') - This combination can result in dangerous or even fatal levels of [[respiratory depression]]. These substances potentiate the [[muscle relaxation]], [[sedation]] and [[amnesia]] caused by one another and can lead to unexpected loss of consciousness at high doses. There is also an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the [[recovery position]] or have a friend move them into it.
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants decrease the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[benzodiazepine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
*'''[[Stimulants]]''' - It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with [[stimulant]]s due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants mask the [[sedation|sedative]] effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified [[disinhibition]] as well as [[benzodiazepine#Subjective effects|other effects]]. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
===Overdose===
Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a [[benzodiazepine]] is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other [[depressants]]. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as [[barbiturate|barbiturates]] and [[alcohol]] since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor. Thus, their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer<ref>Twyman, R. E., Rogers, C. J., & Macdonald, R. L. (1989). Differential regulation of γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor channels by diazepam and phenobarbital. ''Annals of Neurology'', 25(3), 213-220. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410250302</ref>. Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.
Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include severe [[thought deceleration]], [[language suppression|slurred speech]], [[confusion]], [[delusions]], [[respiratory depression]], coma or death. Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with [[flumazenil]], a GABA<sub>A</sub> antagonist,<ref>Amrein, R., Leishman, B., Bentzinger, C., & Roncari, G. (1987). Flumazenil in benzodiazepine antagonism. ''Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience'', 2(6), 411-429. PMID: 8306565</ref> however care is primarily supportive in nature.
==Legal issues==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
{{legalStub}}
Flubromazolam is currently a grey area compound within most (if not all) parts of the world. This means that it is not known to be specifically illegal within any country, but people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
Flubromazolam is currently a gray area compound within most parts of the world. This means that it is not known to be specifically illegal within any country, but people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
*'''United Kingdom''' - It is illegal to produce, supply, or import this drug under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 (Legislation.gov.uk) | http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted</ref>
==Preparation methods==
*'''Canada''': All benzodiazepines are listed in Schedule IV.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-15.html}}</ref>
*'''[[Volumetric liquid dosing]]''' - If one's benzodiazepines are in powder form, they are unlikely to weigh out accurately without the most expensive of scales due to their extreme potency. To avoid this, one can dissolve the benzodiazepine volumetrically into a solution and dose it accurately based upon the methodological instructions linked within this tutorial [[Volumetric liquid dosing|here]].
*'''Germany''': Flubromazolam is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s1083.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2019 Teil I Nr. 27|publication-date=July 17, 2019|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 28, 2019|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Poland''': Flubromazolam is a NPS class drug in Poland, making it illegal to possess or distribute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra zdrowia z dnia 21 sierpnia 2019 r. zmieniające rozporządzenie w sprawie wykazu substancji psychotropowych, środków odurzających oraz nowych substancji psychoaktywnych|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001745/O/D20191745.pdf|language=pl}}</ref>
*'''Russia''': Flubromazolam is a Schedule III controlled substance since 2017.<ref>{{Citation | title=Постановление Правительства РФ от 12.07.2017 N 827 “О внесении изменений в некоторые акты Правительства Российской Федерации в связи с совершенствованием контроля за оборотом наркотических средств и психотропных веществ” - КонсультантПлюс | url=https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=220067&dst=1000000001&date=02.12.2019}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': Flubromazolam is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey''': Flubromazolam is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref name="Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı - Karar Sayısı : 2016/9712">https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170112-8.pdf</ref>
*'''The Netherlands''': Flubromazolam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law, making it illegal.<ref>{{Citation|title=Opiumwet, Lijst II (Dutch) | year=2023|url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001941/2023-09-12#BijlageII}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': Flubromazolam is a Class C controlled substance as of May 31, 2017. It is illegal to possess, produce or supply.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2017 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2017/634/made}}</ref>
*'''United States''': Flubromazolam is a Schedule I controlled substance as of January 23rd, 2023.<ref>Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Etizolam, Flualprazolam, Clonazolam, Flubromazolam, and Diclazepam in Schedule I | https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/23/2022-27278/schedules-of-controlled-substances-temporary-placement-of-etizolam-flualprazolam-clonazolam</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Flubromazolam (JYI-73) is a novel synthetic depressant substance of the benzodiazepine, and specifically, the triazolobenzodiazepine class which produces anxiolytic, disinhibiting, sedative, muscle relaxant, and memory suppressing effects when administered. It is incredibly potent (active in the microgram range) with an unusually long 18 hour duration. Thus, it poses comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to its ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia even at a very low threshold dosage.
Flubromazolam has been noted for its potential use in the short-term treatment of anxiety, insomnia, acute seizures, and the sedation of hospitalized patients.[citation needed] However, it is currently exclusively sold by online research chemical vendors for use as a recreational psychoactive substance and has not been formally studied.
Any comments regarding its pharmacology are purely speculation based upon the subjective effects it induces and its structural similarity to triazolam, pyrazolam and other benzodiazepines.
It is worth noting that the sudden discontinuation of benzodiazepines can be potentially dangerous or life-threatening for individuals using regularly for extended periods of time, sometimes resulting in seizures or death.[2] It is highly recommended to taper one's dose by gradually lowering the amount taken each day for a prolonged period of time instead of stopping abruptly.[3]
Flubromazolam is a chemical of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. Flubromazolam is named for the fluorine, bromine, and triazole substitutions on its core benzodiazepine skeleton (FLUorine-BROMine-AZOLe-AM). Flubromazolam is a member of the benzodiazepine class as it contains a 1,4 diazepine ring fused to a substituted benzene ring. Bromine is bound to this bicyclic structure at R7. Additionally, a fluorine substituted phenyl ring is bound to this structure at R5.
Flubromazolam also contains a methylated triazole ring fused to and incorporating R1 and R2 of its diazepine ring. Flubromazolam belongs to a class of benzodiazepines containing this fused triazole ring, called triazolobenzodiazepines, distinguished by the suffix "-zolam".
Pharmacology
Benzodiazepines produce a variety of effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site and magnifying the efficiency and effects of the neurotransmitter gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) by acting on its receptors.[4] As this site is the most prolific inhibitory receptor set within the brain, its modulation results in the sedating (or calming effects) of flubromazepam on the nervous system. The anticonvulsant properties of benzodiazepines may be, in part or entirely, due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels rather than benzodiazepine receptors.[5]
Life-threatening adverse reactions have been observed at doses of only 3 mg of flubromazolam.[6]
Subjective effects
Flubromazolam has been described by some users as being one of the most euphoric benzodiazepines. It has been noted for its more pronounced sedative effects and hypnotic than anxiolytic effects.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Sedation - Flubromazolam has the potential to be extremely sedating and often results in an overwhelmingly lethargic state. At higher levels, this causes users to suddenly feel as if they are extremely sleep deprived and have not slept for days, forcing them to sit down and generally feel as if they are constantly on the verge of passing out instead of engaging in physical activities. This sense of sleep deprivation increases proportional to dosage and eventually becomes powerful enough to force a person into complete unconsciousness.
Paradoxical reactions to benzodiazepines such as increased seizures (in epileptics), aggression, increased anxiety, violent behavior, loss of impulse control, irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur (although they are rare in the general population, with an incidence rate below 1%).[7][8]
These paradoxical effects occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers, individuals with mental disorders, children, and patients on high-dosage regimes.[9][10]
Cognitive effects
The cognitive effects of flubromazolam can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of flubromazolam is described by many as one of intense sedation and decreased inhibition. It contains a large number of typical depressants cognitive effects.
Emotion suppression - Although this compound primarily suppresses anxiety, it also dulls other emotions in a manner which is distinct but less intensive than that of antipsychotics.
Delusions of sobriety - This is the false belief that one is perfectly sober despite obvious evidence to the contrary such as severe cognitive impairment and an inability to fully communicate with others. It most commonly occurs at heavy dosages.
Rebound anxiety - Rebound anxiety is a commonly observed effect with anxiety relieving substances like benzodiazepines. It typically corresponds to the total duration spent under the substance's influence along with the total amount consumed in a given period, an effect which can easily lend itself to cycles of dependence and addiction.
Residual sleepiness - While flubromazolam can be used as an effective sleep-inducing aid, its effects may persist into the morning afterwards, which may lead users to feeling "groggy" or "dull" for a few hours if not significantly longer.
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:
Volumetric liquid dosing - If one's benzodiazepines are in powder form, they are unlikely to weigh out accurately without the most expensive of scales due to their extreme potency. To avoid this, one can dissolve the benzodiazepine volumetrically into a solution and dose it accurately based upon the methodological instructions linked within this tutorial.
Toxicity and harm potential
Radar plot showing relative physical harm, social harm, and dependence of benzodiazepines in comparison to other drugs.[11]
Flubromazolam likely has a low toxicity relative to dose.[12] However, it is [[Toxicity::potentially lethal when mixed with depressants like alcohol or opioids]].
Flubromazolam is extremely physically and psychologically addictive.
Tolerance will develop to the sedative-hypnotic effects within a couple of days of continuous use. After cessation, the tolerance returns to baseline in 7 - 14 days. However, in certain cases this may take significantly longer in a manner which is proportional to the duration and intensity of one's long-term usage.
Withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms may occur after ceasing usage abruptly following a few weeks or longer of steady dosing, and may necessitate a gradual dose reduction. For more information on tapering from benzodiazepines in a controlled manner, please see this guide.
Benzodiazepine discontinuation is notoriously difficult; it is potentially life-threatening for individuals using regularly to discontinue use without tapering their dose over a period of weeks. There is an increased risk of hypertension, seizures, and death.[2] Drugs which lower the seizure threshold such as tramadol should be avoided during withdrawal.
Flubromazolam presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all benzodiazepines]], meaning that after its consumption all benzodiazepines will have a reduced effect.
Overdose
Benzodiazepine overdose may occur when a benzodiazepine is taken in extremely heavy quantities or concurrently with other depressants. This is particularly dangerous with other GABAergic depressants such as barbiturates and alcohol since they work in a similar fashion, but bind to distinct allosteric sites on the GABAA receptor. Thus, their effects potentiate one another. Benzodiazepines increase the frequency in which the chlorine ion pore opens on the GABAA receptor while barbiturates increase the duration in which they are open, meaning when both are consumed, the ion pore will open more frequently and stay open longer[13]. Benzodiazepine overdose is a medical emergency that may lead to a coma, permanent brain injury or death if not treated promptly and properly.
Symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include severe thought deceleration, slurred speech, confusion, delusions, respiratory depression, coma or death. Benzodiazepine overdoses may be treated effectively in a hospital environment, with generally favorable outcomes. Benzodiazepine overdoses are sometimes treated with flumazenil, a GABAA antagonist,[14] however care is primarily supportive in nature.
Dangerous interactions
Although many drugs are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Dissociatives - This combination can result in an increased risk of vomiting during unconsciousness and death from the resulting suffocation. If this occurs, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
Stimulants - It is dangerous to combine benzodiazepines with stimulants due to the risk of excessive intoxication. Stimulants mask the sedative effect of benzodiazepines, which is the main factor most people consider when determining their level of intoxication. Once the stimulant wears off, the effects of benzodiazepines will be significantly increased, leading to intensified disinhibition as well as other effects. If combined, one should strictly limit themselves to only dosing a certain amount of benzodiazepines per hour. This combination can also potentially result in severe dehydration if hydration is not monitored.
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Flubromazolam is currently a gray area compound within most parts of the world. This means that it is not known to be specifically illegal within any country, but people may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with intent to sell or consume.
Canada: All benzodiazepines are listed in Schedule IV.[15]
Germany: Flubromazolam is controlled under the NpSG (New Psychoactive Substances Act)[16] as of July 18, 2019.[17] Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.[18]
Poland: Flubromazolam is a NPS class drug in Poland, making it illegal to possess or distribute.[19]
Russia: Flubromazolam is a Schedule III controlled substance since 2017.[20]
Switzerland: Flubromazolam is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[21]
Turkey: Flubromazolam is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[22]
The Netherlands: Flubromazolam is a List 2 substance of the Opium Law, making it illegal.[23]
United Kingdom: Flubromazolam is a Class C controlled substance as of May 31, 2017. It is illegal to possess, produce or supply.[24]
United States: Flubromazolam is a Schedule I controlled substance as of January 23rd, 2023.[25]
↑ 2.02.1Lann, M. A., Molina, D. K. (June 2009). "A fatal case of benzodiazepine withdrawal". The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 30 (2): 177–179. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181875aa0. ISSN1533-404X.
↑McLean, M. J., Macdonald, R. L. (February 1988). "Benzodiazepines, but not beta carbolines, limit high frequency repetitive firing of action potentials of spinal cord neurons in cell culture". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 244 (2): 789–795. ISSN0022-3565.
↑Łukasik-Głębocka, M., Sommerfeld, K., Teżyk, A., Zielińska-Psuja, B., Panieński, P., Żaba, C. (2016). "Flubromazolam--A new life-threatening designer benzodiazepine". Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.). 54 (1): 66–68. doi:10.3109/15563650.2015.1112907. ISSN1556-9519.
↑Saïas, T., Gallarda, T. (September 2008). "[Paradoxical aggressive reactions to benzodiazepine use: a review]". L’Encephale. 34 (4): 330–336. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2007.05.005. ISSN0013-7006.
↑Drummer, O. H. (February 2002). "Benzodiazepines - Effects on Human Performance and Behavior". Forensic Science Review. 14 (1–2): 1–14. ISSN1042-7201.
↑Mandrioli, R., Mercolini, L., Raggi, M. A. (October 2008). "Benzodiazepine metabolism: an analytical perspective". Current Drug Metabolism. 9 (8): 827–844. doi:10.2174/138920008786049258. ISSN1389-2002.
↑Hoffman, E. J., Warren, E. W. (September 1993). "Flumazenil: a benzodiazepine antagonist". Clinical Pharmacy. 12 (9): 641–656; quiz 699–701. ISSN0278-2677.
