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Unique substance warnings: Difference between revisions

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>David Hedlund
→Routes of administration: added references that supports that you can die from ingesting them, and that amyl or butyl nitrites may cause lipoid pneumonia -- copied references from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppers
>David Hedlund
 
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==Psychoactive substances==
==Psychoactive substances==
* [[Inhalants]]: "Four mechanisms for acute, direct VSA-related deaths are discussed, viz anoxia, vagal inhibition, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmia. Of these, cardiac arrhythmia due to 'sensitization' of the heart to adrenaline is probably the most common and is well documented in experimental conditions. Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia during or soon after VSA are unpredictable, unpreventable and resuscitation is rarely successful. Previous uneventful sessions of abuse provide no protection from this mode of death."<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/096032718900800406</ref>
* [[Inhalants]] (other than [[Nitrous oxide]], or [[poppers]] in moderation): "Four mechanisms for acute, direct VSA-related deaths are discussed, viz anoxia, vagal inhibition, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmia. Of these, cardiac arrhythmia due to 'sensitization' of the heart to adrenaline is probably the most common and is well documented in experimental conditions. Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia during or soon after VSA are unpredictable, unpreventable and resuscitation is rarely successful. Previous uneventful sessions of abuse provide no protection from this mode of death."<ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/096032718900800406</ref>
* [[MAOI]]s: Tyramine causes hypertensive crises after MAO inhibition aka the "cheese effect" or "cheese crisis". Using a MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction. Tyramine rich food should also be avoided by people prone to headache and migraine. Stilton (a blue cheese) contains up to 217 mg tyramine per 100 grams.<ref>https://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/documents/neurology/files/Tyramine%20Menu%20Book%2006227101.pdf</ref>
* [[MAOI]]s: Tyramine causes hypertensive crises after MAO inhibition aka the "cheese effect" or "cheese crisis". Using a MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction. Tyramine rich food should also be avoided by people prone to headache and migraine. Stilton (a blue cheese) contains up to 217 mg tyramine per 100 grams.<ref>https://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/documents/neurology/files/Tyramine%20Menu%20Book%2006227101.pdf</ref>
* [[Psilocybin mushrooms]]: x mg psilocybin is stored in each fully developed fruit body. So the number of species is more relevant than the quantity.
* [[Psilocybin mushrooms]]: x mg psilocybin is stored in each fully developed fruit body. So the number of species is more relevant than the quantity.
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===[[Dosage]]===
===[[Dosage]]===
====Steep dose response curve====
* [[2C-B]]: "There is a steep dose response curve. Over the 12 to 24 milligram range, every 2 milligrams can make a profound increase or change of response. Initially, one should go lightly, and increase the dosage in subsequent trials by small increments."<ref>http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml</ref>
* [[2C-B]]: "There is a steep dose response curve. Over the 12 to 24 milligram range, every 2 milligrams can make a profound increase or change of response. Initially, one should go lightly, and increase the dosage in subsequent trials by small increments."<ref>http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml</ref>
* [[2C-P]]: 2C-P is known to have a steep dose-response curve, as little as a few extra milligrams separating a manageable dose and an overdose. Also, 2C-P can have a very slow onset if ingested, and peak effects reportedly do not occur for 3 to 5 hours. "There was one report of an experience in which a single dosage of 16 mg was clearly an overdose, with the entire experiment labeled a physical disaster, not to be repeated. A consistent observation is that there may not be too much latitude in dosage between that which would be modest, or adequate, and that which would be excessive. The need for individual titration would be most important with this compound."<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=36&domain=pk</ref>
* [[2C-P]]: 2C-P is known to have a steep dose-response curve, as little as a few extra milligrams separating a manageable dose and an overdose. Also, 2C-P can have a very slow onset if ingested, and peak effects reportedly do not occur for 3 to 5 hours. "There was one report of an experience in which a single dosage of 16 mg was clearly an overdose, with the entire experiment labeled a physical disaster, not to be repeated. A consistent observation is that there may not be too much latitude in dosage between that which would be modest, or adequate, and that which would be excessive. The need for individual titration would be most important with this compound."<ref>http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=36&domain=pk</ref>
====Slow onset====
* [[2C-P]]: Onset 1-3 hours. - https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal036.shtml
====Long half-life====
The anecdotal estimated elimination half-life is 19 hours.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28130544/</ref>


===[[Routes of administration]]===
===[[Routes of administration]]===
* [[Ketamine]]: Ketamine taken intravenously quicker than 1.5 minute can cause breathing depression for short time (up to a minute). - Ketamine: Dreams and Realities, p276
* [[Ketamine]]: Ketamine taken intravenously quicker than 1.5 minute can cause breathing depression for short time (up to a minute). - Ketamine: Dreams and Realities, p276
* [[Nitrous oxide]]: Inhaling directly from canisters can freeze the throat.
* [[Nitrous oxide]]: Inhaling directly from canisters can freeze the throat.
* [[Poppers]]: An overdose via oral ingestion alkyl nitrites can lead to methemoglobinemia, coma, and death.<ref name="Medsafe"/><ref name="Dixon-1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon DS, Reisch RF, Santinga PH | title = Fatal methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a "room odorizer" widely used for recreational purposes | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 587–93 | date = July 1981 | doi = 10.1520/JFS11404J | pmid = 7252472 }}</ref><ref name="Pruijm-2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pruijm MT, de Meijer PH | title = [Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of isobutyl nitrite ('poppers')] | journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | volume = 146 | issue = 49 | pages = 2370–3 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12510403 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stalnikowicz R, Amitai Y, Bentur Y | title = Aphrodisiac drug-induced hemolysis | journal = Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15362601 | doi = 10.1081/clt-120037435 | s2cid = 9389458 }}</ref><ref>Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice. Harper & Collins, 2nd edition. 2008. pp. 42–51.{{full citation needed|date=June 2016}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2016}} Accidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrites may cause [[lipoid pneumonia]].<ref name="Hagan-">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan IG, Burney K | title = Radiology of recreational drug abuse | journal = Radiographics | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 919–40 | date = July–August 2007 | pmid = 17620459 | doi = 10.1148/rg.274065103 }}</ref>
* [[Poppers]]: An overdose via oral ingestion alkyl nitrites can lead to methemoglobinemia, coma, and death.<ref name="Medsafe">{{cite web |title=Amyl Nitrite |work=Medsafe |publisher=New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority |date=May 18, 2000 |url=http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/a/Amylnitrateinh.htm |access-date=March 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111105814/http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/a/Amylnitrateinh.htm |archive-date=November 11, 2006}}</ref><ref name="Dixon-1981">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon DS, Reisch RF, Santinga PH | title = Fatal methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a "room odorizer" widely used for recreational purposes | journal = Journal of Forensic Sciences | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 587–93 | date = July 1981 | doi = 10.1520/JFS11404J | pmid = 7252472 }}</ref><ref name="Pruijm-2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pruijm MT, de Meijer PH | title = [Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of isobutyl nitrite ('poppers')] | journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde | volume = 146 | issue = 49 | pages = 2370–3 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12510403 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stalnikowicz R, Amitai Y, Bentur Y | title = Aphrodisiac drug-induced hemolysis | journal = Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15362601 | doi = 10.1081/clt-120037435 | s2cid = 9389458 }}</ref><ref>Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice. Harper & Collins, 2nd edition. 2008. pp. 42–51.</ref> Accidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrites may cause lipoid pneumonia.<ref name="Hagan-">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hagan IG, Burney K | title = Radiology of recreational drug abuse | journal = Radiographics | volume = 27 | issue = 4 | pages = 919–40 | date = July–August 2007 | pmid = 17620459 | doi = 10.1148/rg.274065103 }}</ref>


====Substances that cannot be taken intravenously====
====Substances that cannot be taken intravenously====
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===Genotype===
===Genotype===
* [[MDMA]]: There is a small percentage of people, who due to their race and family history, have a lower level of the liver enzyme P450 2D6. This can cause them to be more sensitive to MDMA, requiring lower doses and extra caution should be taken.<ref>http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_basics.shtml</ref>
* [[MDMA]]: There is a small percentage of people, who due to their race and family history, have a lower level of the liver enzyme P450 2D6. This can cause them to be more sensitive to MDMA, requiring lower doses and extra caution should be taken.<ref>http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_basics.shtml</ref>
* [[Nitrous oxide]]: ''Nitrous oxide causes an acute increase in plasma homocysteine that is more pronounced in patients with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T or A1298C gene variant.''<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23856660/</ref>
* [[THC]]: ''CYP2C9'' genotype affects THC sensitivity significantly: ''Subjects with the *3/*3 genotype had 3-fold higher THC levels in their blood than subjects with the *1/*1 genotype. Those subjects with one copy of each gene (*1/*3) had intermediate THC levels that were about 2-fold higher than subjects with *1/*1.''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564166/</ref>
* [[THC]]: ''CYP2C9'' genotype affects THC sensitivity significantly: ''Subjects with the *3/*3 genotype had 3-fold higher THC levels in their blood than subjects with the *1/*1 genotype. Those subjects with one copy of each gene (*1/*3) had intermediate THC levels that were about 2-fold higher than subjects with *1/*1.''<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564166/</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

Latest revision as of 04:23, 2 March 2023

Dosage form

  • Two-piece gel encapsulation ("hard capsules"): Dissolves fully within 10-60 minutes.
  • Blotters: Orally administering (swallowing) substances whose identity is uncertain is a potential way to eliminate most of the effects from dangerous mimics like 25x-NBx (25x-NBOMe like 25I-NBOMe, and 25x-NBOH like 25I-NBOH, etc). 25I-NBOMe is widely rumored to be orally inactive; however, oral efficacy has not been disproven and apparent overdoses have occurred via oral administration. 25I-NBOMe (and other NB's like 25x-NBOMe, 25x-NBOH) has much lower oral bioavailability than sublingual, buccal, and sublabial administration. 25I-NBOMe, to which several deaths have been attributed.[1][2][3][4] may commonly be mistaken for LSD by sellers and users.[5]

Psychoactive substances

  • Inhalants (other than Nitrous oxide, or poppers in moderation): "Four mechanisms for acute, direct VSA-related deaths are discussed, viz anoxia, vagal inhibition, respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmia. Of these, cardiac arrhythmia due to 'sensitization' of the heart to adrenaline is probably the most common and is well documented in experimental conditions. Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia during or soon after VSA are unpredictable, unpreventable and resuscitation is rarely successful. Previous uneventful sessions of abuse provide no protection from this mode of death."[6]
  • MAOIs: Tyramine causes hypertensive crises after MAO inhibition aka the "cheese effect" or "cheese crisis". Using a MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the intake of approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction. Tyramine rich food should also be avoided by people prone to headache and migraine. Stilton (a blue cheese) contains up to 217 mg tyramine per 100 grams.[7]
  • Psilocybin mushrooms: x mg psilocybin is stored in each fully developed fruit body. So the number of species is more relevant than the quantity.

Neurotoxicity

Chemical forms

  • DXM: It should be noted that DXM in freebase form (as found in Robocough RoboTablets) is around 27-37% more potent than its hydrobromide form due to a higher concentration of DXM by weight. One should take this into account when calculating their dose to avoid a potential overdose.

Dosage

Steep dose response curve

  • 2C-B: "There is a steep dose response curve. Over the 12 to 24 milligram range, every 2 milligrams can make a profound increase or change of response. Initially, one should go lightly, and increase the dosage in subsequent trials by small increments."[8]
  • 2C-P: 2C-P is known to have a steep dose-response curve, as little as a few extra milligrams separating a manageable dose and an overdose. Also, 2C-P can have a very slow onset if ingested, and peak effects reportedly do not occur for 3 to 5 hours. "There was one report of an experience in which a single dosage of 16 mg was clearly an overdose, with the entire experiment labeled a physical disaster, not to be repeated. A consistent observation is that there may not be too much latitude in dosage between that which would be modest, or adequate, and that which would be excessive. The need for individual titration would be most important with this compound."[9]

Slow onset

Long half-life

The anecdotal estimated elimination half-life is 19 hours.[10]

Routes of administration

  • Ketamine: Ketamine taken intravenously quicker than 1.5 minute can cause breathing depression for short time (up to a minute). - Ketamine: Dreams and Realities, p276
  • Nitrous oxide: Inhaling directly from canisters can freeze the throat.
  • Poppers: An overdose via oral ingestion alkyl nitrites can lead to methemoglobinemia, coma, and death.[11][12][13][14][15] Accidental aspiration of amyl or butyl nitrites may cause lipoid pneumonia.[16]

Substances that cannot be taken intravenously

  • Hydroxyzine: Intravenous forms are not available because they pose a risk of causing hemolysis.[17]

Genotype

  • MDMA: There is a small percentage of people, who due to their race and family history, have a lower level of the liver enzyme P450 2D6. This can cause them to be more sensitive to MDMA, requiring lower doses and extra caution should be taken.[18]
  • Nitrous oxide: Nitrous oxide causes an acute increase in plasma homocysteine that is more pronounced in patients with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T or A1298C gene variant.[19]
  • THC: CYP2C9 genotype affects THC sensitivity significantly: Subjects with the *3/*3 genotype had 3-fold higher THC levels in their blood than subjects with the *1/*1 genotype. Those subjects with one copy of each gene (*1/*3) had intermediate THC levels that were about 2-fold higher than subjects with *1/*1.[20]

References

  1. ↑ Erowid. "25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) Fatalities / Deaths". Drug Website. Erowid. Retrieved February 28, 2016. 
  2. ↑ Hastings, Deborah (May 6, 2013). "New drug N-bomb hits the street, terrifying parents, troubling cops". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 7, 2013. 
  3. ↑ Feehan, Conor (January 21, 2016). "Powerful N-Bomb drug - responsible for spate of deaths internationally - responsible for hospitalisation of six in Cork". Irish Independent. Retrieved January 22, 2016. 
  4. ↑ Iversen, Les (May 29, 2013). "Temporary Class Drug Order Report on 5-6APB and NBOMe compounds" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Gov.Uk. Retrieved June 16, 2013. 
  5. ↑ Iversen, Les (May 29, 2013). "Temporary Class Drug Order Report on 5-6APB and NBOMe compounds" (PDF). Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Gov.Uk. p. 14. Retrieved June 16, 2013. 
  6. ↑ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/096032718900800406
  7. ↑ https://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/documents/neurology/files/Tyramine%20Menu%20Book%2006227101.pdf
  8. ↑ http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal020.shtml
  9. ↑ http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?id=36&domain=pk
  10. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28130544/
  11. ↑ "Amyl Nitrite". Medsafe. New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority. May 18, 2000. Archived from the original on November 11, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007. 
  12. ↑ Dixon DS, Reisch RF, Santinga PH (July 1981). "Fatal methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a "room odorizer" widely used for recreational purposes". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 26 (3): 587–93. doi:10.1520/JFS11404J. PMID 7252472. 
  13. ↑ Pruijm MT, de Meijer PH (December 2002). "[Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of isobutyl nitrite ('poppers')]". Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. 146 (49): 2370–3. PMID 12510403. 
  14. ↑ Stalnikowicz R, Amitai Y, Bentur Y (2004). "Aphrodisiac drug-induced hemolysis". Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 42 (3): 313–6. doi:10.1081/clt-120037435. PMID 15362601.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Emergency Medicine: Principles and Practice. Harper & Collins, 2nd edition. 2008. pp. 42–51.
  16. ↑ Hagan IG, Burney K (July–August 2007). "Radiology of recreational drug abuse". Radiographics. 27 (4): 919–40. doi:10.1148/rg.274065103. PMID 17620459. 
  17. ↑ https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00557
  18. ↑ http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/mdma/mdma_basics.shtml
  19. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23856660/
  20. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564166/
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