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{{SummarySheet}}
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{{SubstanceBox/Example}}
{{SubstanceBox/BOD}}


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'''4-methyl-2,5,beta-trimethoxyphenethylamine''' (also known as '''BOD''' ) is a lesser-known [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] and [[psychoactive class::entactogen]] substance of the [[chemical class::phenethylamine]] class. BOD is a member of the [[chemical class::BOx]] family of compounds that are relatively unknown, and have only recently found sales in the [[research chemical]] community.  


For tips on how to properly format a substance article, please refer to this document: [[Content Style Guide - Substance]]
BOD was first synthesized and tested by [[Alexander Shulgin]].<ref name="BOD">Shulgin, Alexander (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 53–56.</ref>
It gained little popularity and even by 2019 it is still relatively unknown, mostly because it has largely disappeared from the market. From the few reports of it, BOD seems to be long-lasting and stimulating.


==History and culture==
==History and culture==
{{historyStub}}
BOD was first synthesized and tested by [[Alexander Shulgin]].<ref name="BOD">Shulgin, Alexander (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 53–56.</ref> It gained little popularity and even by 2019 it is still relatively unknown. In 1991, the synthesis and pharmacology of BOD was published in Shulgin's book ''[[PiHKAL]]'' ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved").<ref name="PiHKAL">http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref>. Since 1991 the substance has occasionally been reported on, but very few people had been using it until around 2018-2019.


==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
BOD, or 4-methyl-2,5,beta-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a molecule of the [[substituted phenethylamine]] class. BOD was the first BOx compound Shulgin studied and it is the beta-methoxy analog of [[2cd]]. Shulgin only looked into 4 [[BOx]] compounds of which only [[BOB]] and [[BOD]] were found to have psychedelic and entactogenic effects.
 
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
BOD likely acts as a 5-HT2A agonist.


==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
Most users describe BOD as clearheaded and lucid at lower doses, in ways reminiscent of most [[2C-x]]. At higher doses, however, the experience can become very powerful and in some cases produces unique effects which are not found with other [[psychedelics]].
 
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
{{effects/base


|{{effects/physical|
|{{effects/physical|
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's physical effects may be included here.  
The body load on BOD is relatively light, it is more comparable to [[LSD]] than to [[DOx]] compounds.


You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].
You may select physical effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Physical effects|here]].


*'''[[Effect::Physical effect]]'''  
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - The stimulation produced by BOD is strong and noticeable and encourages one to move around and do physical activities while still being not forced so that one can simply sit down and watch something and not feel the urge to move, it is very much like substances such as [[2C-B]], or [[LSD]].
*'''[[Effect::Physical effect2]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The body high of BOD is often described as being dose sensitive, with medium to higher doses producing strong overwhelming sensations of tingling and pleasurable feelings. At the highest level, the sensations can be subjectively felt as though one can feel every single nerve ending on their body and the tingling becomes a feeling of the minute chemical reactions between outside particles and the individual cells.
*'''[[Effect::Physical effect3]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased bodily temperature]]''' - BOD increases one's body temperature in a way unlike most psychedelics and as an effect of this, there is very strong perspiration. However anecdotally the sensation while uncomfortable can be easily stopped by applying antiperspirants. As well, being outside or in a place with air circulation makes the sensation barely noticeable.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - In contrast to stimulating psychedelics such as [[LSD]], [[DOM]] or [[2C-B]] BOD increases one's appetite in a way that while not forced, makes it very easy to be eating something especially if one is sitting down or relaxing.


}}
}}
{{effects/visual|
{{effects/visual|
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's visual effects may be included here.
The visual effects of BOD are more consistent and reproducible in a way comparable to [[DOM]], or [[2C-B]]. This effect becomes quite pronounced at higher doses as the cognitive effects and physical effects seem to combine with the visual producing a state that is unique among psychedelics.
 
You may select visual effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Visual effects|here]].


====Enhancements====
====Enhancements====
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Acuity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition enhancement]]'''


====Distortions====
====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Visual distortion effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]] and [[Drifting#morphing|morphing]])'' - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, fast in motion, analytical and realistic in nature.
*'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::After images]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Diffraction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''
 


====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
The geometry of BOD can be described as being more like 2cb, LSD, or [[DOM]], than to psychedelic mushrooms, [[LSA]]. The geometry is highly intricate and synthetic, algorithmic in nature with sharp edges and a structured appearence. It is highly smooth varies with many colors and brightness, at higher doses the geometry completely makes up ones field of view and is consistent in its shapes and designs. At strong enough doses BOD consistenly produces [[level 8A]] geometry which along with the synaestate of what might be described as sensory unification.
The geometry of BOD can be described as being more like [[2C-B]], [[LSD]], or [[DOM]], than [[psychedelic mushrooms]] or [[LSA]] in terms of their appearance. It is highly intricate and synthetic, algorithmic in nature with sharp edges and a structured appearance. It is highly smooth and varies with many colors and brightness, at higher doses the geometry completely makes up one's field of view and is consistent in its shapes and designs. At strong enough doses, BOD consistently produces [[level 8A]] geometry which becomes not only visual but multisensory.
 
====Hallucinatory states====
====Hallucinatory states====
The visual effects of BOD are much more reproducible and common than many other psychedelics.
The visual effects of BOD are much more reproducible and common than many other psychedelics.


*'''[[Effect::Internal Hallucination]]'''(''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other [[psychedelic]]s such as [[LSD]], BOD is extremely high in internal hallucinations when approaching higher dosages. They are more common within dark environments and can be comprehensibly described through its [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability, [[geometry]]-based in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other [[psychedelic]]s such as [[LSD]], BOD is exceptionally susceptible to internal hallucinations when approaching higher dosages. They are more common within dark environments and can be comprehensibly described through its [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability, [[geometry]]-based in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
*'''[[Effect:: External hallucinations]]''' - These are often present during the peak and can are almost entirely [[geometry]]-based in style, with very little theme to them unlike the internal hallucinations. Due to BOD's long length the comedown of the substance can cause [[sleep deprivation]] which may lead to [[shadow people]], and [[unspeakable horrors]]
*'''[[Effect:: External hallucinations]]''' - These are often present during the peak and are almost entirely [[geometry]]-based in style, with very little theme to them, unlike the internal hallucinations. Due to BOD's long length the comedown of the substance can cause [[sleep deprivation]] which may lead to [[shadow people]] and [[unspeakable horrors]].


}}
}}


|{{effects/cognitive|
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of BOD are very clearheaded and lucid while also allowing for deeper cognitive thoughts in a way that is more alike to substances like 2cb,DOM, and other phenethylamines, while also at higher doses becoming very deep and seemingly profound in a way reminescent of deeper psychedelics.
The Headspace of BOD can be described as analytical and lucid, with the capability at higher doses of becoming very intense. Anecdotally reports have said that higher doses produce a state of confusion that while still euphoric, is very intense, while lower doses do not seem to induce these effects.
You may select from a list of cognitive effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Cognitive effects|here]].


You may select from a list of cognitive effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Cognitive effects|here]].
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, affection and sociability enhancement]]''' - The entactogenic effects of BOD are much more pronounced than most psychedelics, and while not as strong as [[MDMA]], are stronger than other similar psychedelics, and are enough to produce therapeutic effects for certain people.
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]''' - This is one of the more noticeable effects of BOD, and is more pronounced than most psychedelics. Strangely it is very similar to the effects of cannabinoids such as [[cannabis]].
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - While BOD produces a mostly euphoric state, like most psychedelics the high can change quite rapidly from euphoric to dysphoric merely due to emotional changes. This is an intense state which is less controllable than in other clear-headed psychedelics and can feel quite strange and scary if one is unprepared.
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''


*'''[[Effect::Cognitive effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive effect2]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive effect3]]'''


}}
}}
{{effects/auditory|
{{effects/auditory|
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's auditory effects may be included here.
The auditory effects of BOD are very pronounced, much like many other psychedelics, but due to the synaesthetic effects of BOD, they subjectively can feel quite different.
 
You may select from a list of auditory effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Auditory effects|here]].


*'''[[Effect::Auditory effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory effect2]]'''
This effect occurs mainly at higher doses and is typically a sense of hearing words in languages you understand as being foreign or incomprehensible.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement]]'''


}}
}}
{{effects/multisensory|
{{effects/multisensory|
The synesthesic effects of BOD, are an intense and overwhelming expierence especially at high doses. At the highest ranges it can feel as though one is feeling every single neuron in their head interconnected in a way which emphasizes the body high.
The synaesthetic effects of BOD is an intense and more reproducible effect than substances like [[LSD]]
 
You may select from a list of multisensory effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Multisensory effects|here]].
 
*'''[[Effect::Multisensory effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Multisensory effect2]]'''


*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]'''
In comparison to [[LSD]], the synaesthesia produced by BOD is much more intense and can be overwhelming. At its highest level, it becomes a state much more profound than in most other synaesthetic compounds.
}}
}}
{{effects/transpersonal|
{{effects/transpersonal|
If applicable, a brief paragraph summary of the substance's transpersonal effects may be included here.  
These effects are likely very rare, and the only person who as of 2019 has reported it took a much higher dose than most people would be taking. Caution is advised.


You may select from a list of transpersonal effects to add below [[Subjective effect index#Transpersonal effects|here]].


*'''[[Effect::Transpersonal effect1]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transpersonal effect2]]'''
BOD produces a unique state of unity which is subjectively described as a state of realizing the unity of the organisms which make up oneself. Rather than unity with beings outside of the self, there is a strong sense of being in total interconnection through the senses and through all the cells in one's body. This experience is rather profound and is almost always combined with synaesthesia and level 8A geometry.
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
BOD produces self-realization in a way that can be considered more intense than substances such as [[LSD]]. These realizations can sometimes feel much more emphasized than one might normally want from a trip and as such care must be taken to always have a person one can talk to if it does ever occur.


}}
}}
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:SUBSTANCE]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
There are currently {{#ask:[[Category:BOD]][[Category:Experience]] | format=count}} experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our [[experience index]].
{{#ask: [[Category:SUBSTANCE]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask: [[Category:BOD]][[Category:Experience]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
Additional experience reports can be found here:
Additional experience reports can be found here:
* [https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_SUBSTANCE.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: SUBSTANCE] <!-- Check the link to see if it exists -->
 
*[https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_BOD.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: BOD]


==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{BOD has had such a limited history of us that while anecdotal reports list doses as high as 60mg with little dangerous effects, without any pharmacological information it is safest to practice harm reduction with this substance.}}
{{Toxicity}}
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
BOD has had such a limited history of use that as of 2019, while certain individuals are able to use as high as 70mg, and given the reduced potency compared to other long-lasting [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]], it is most likely that BOD has a toxicity profile comparable to the [[2Cx]] compounds. However, given its strong dose-response curve, the little information about the substance, and the long come-up, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
 
===Lethal dosage===
===Lethal dosage===
The highest dose consumed of BOD that has been reported so far is around 70mg. BOD has very little likelihood of being a full agonist of 5-HT2A but that does not mean it is a purely safe psychedelic. While most dose ranges display common doses at 20-30mg, due to the substances response curve and its slow come-up, the dose information currently available may not be correct, as other substances Shulgin studied were found inactive at lower doses were actually active at much higher doses.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
BOD is not habit-forming and the desire to use can actually decrease.
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Psychedelics}}
*'''[[Serotonin Syndrome]]''' - Although no research has shown any possible serotonin syndrome risks, given the fact that BOD has been studied so little it is advised


==Legal status==
==Legal status==
{{BOD is currently unscheduled in the United States, however it due to its chemical similarity to 2c-d it may be charged under the federal analog act if being purchased for human consumption.}}
{{LegalStub}}
 
*'''United States''': BOD is currently unscheduled in the United States. However, due to its chemical similarity to 2C-D, it may be charged under the Federal Analog Act if being purchased for human consumption.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
*'''Japan''': BOD is a controlled substance in Japan effective August 26th, 2020.<ref>[https://www.mhlw.go.jp/seisakunitsuite/bunya/kenkou_iryou/iyakuhin/yakubuturanyou/oshirase/20200826-1.html "指定薬物を指定する省令が公布されました"] (in Japanese). 厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]. Retrieved May 2, 2022.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]


==External links==
==External links==
(List along order below)
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOD_(psychedelic) (Wikipedia)]
* BOD (Erowid Vault)
* BOD ([''PiHKAL'' or ''TiHKAL''] / Isomer Design)
==Literature==
* APA formatted reference


Please see the [[citation formatting guide]] if you need assistance properly formatting citations.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOD_(psychedelic) BOD (Wikipedia)]
*[https://erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal014.shtml BOD (Erowid Vault]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=14 BOD (Isomer Design)]


==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />


[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Category:Proofread]][[Category:Approval]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Proofread]]

Latest revision as of 21:01, 22 January 2023

This page has not been fully approved by the PsychonautWiki administrators.

It may contain incorrect information, particularly with respect to dosage, duration, subjective effects, toxicity and other risks. It may also not meet PW style and grammar standards.

Summary sheet: BOD
BOD
Chemical Nomenclature
Common names BOD
Substitutive name 4-methyl-2,5,beta-trimethoxyphenethylamine
Systematic name 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-methoxyethan-1-amine
Class Membership
Psychoactive class Psychedelic
Chemical class Phenethylamine
Routes of Administration

WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.



Oral
Dosage
Threshold 5 mg
Light 10 - 15 mg
Common 15 - 25 mg
Strong 25 - 35 mg
Heavy 35 mg +
Duration
Total 8 - 16 hours
Onset 30 - 60 minutes









DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.


4-methyl-2,5,beta-trimethoxyphenethylamine (also known as BOD ) is a lesser-known psychedelic and entactogen substance of the phenethylamine class. BOD is a member of the BOx family of compounds that are relatively unknown, and have only recently found sales in the research chemical community.

BOD was first synthesized and tested by Alexander Shulgin.[1] It gained little popularity and even by 2019 it is still relatively unknown, mostly because it has largely disappeared from the market. From the few reports of it, BOD seems to be long-lasting and stimulating.

History and culture

BOD was first synthesized and tested by Alexander Shulgin.[1] It gained little popularity and even by 2019 it is still relatively unknown. In 1991, the synthesis and pharmacology of BOD was published in Shulgin's book PiHKAL ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved").[2]. Since 1991 the substance has occasionally been reported on, but very few people had been using it until around 2018-2019.

Chemistry

BOD, or 4-methyl-2,5,beta-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a molecule of the substituted phenethylamine class. BOD was the first BOx compound Shulgin studied and it is the beta-methoxy analog of 2cd. Shulgin only looked into 4 BOx compounds of which only BOB and BOD were found to have psychedelic and entactogenic effects.

Pharmacology

This pharmacology section is incomplete.

You can help by adding to it.

BOD likely acts as a 5-HT2A agonist.

Subjective effects

Most users describe BOD as clearheaded and lucid at lower doses, in ways reminiscent of most 2C-x. At higher doses, however, the experience can become very powerful and in some cases produces unique effects which are not found with other psychedelics.

Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.

It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.


Physical effects

Visual effects

Cognitive effects

Auditory effects

Multi-sensory effects

Transpersonal effects

Experience reports

There are currently 0 experience reports which describe the effects of this substance in our experience index.

Additional experience reports can be found here:

Toxicity and harm potential

This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.

As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it.
Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

BOD has had such a limited history of use that as of 2019, while certain individuals are able to use as high as 70mg, and given the reduced potency compared to other long-lasting psychedelic, it is most likely that BOD has a toxicity profile comparable to the 2Cx compounds. However, given its strong dose-response curve, the little information about the substance, and the long come-up, it is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.

Lethal dosage

The highest dose consumed of BOD that has been reported so far is around 70mg. BOD has very little likelihood of being a full agonist of 5-HT2A but that does not mean it is a purely safe psychedelic. While most dose ranges display common doses at 20-30mg, due to the substances response curve and its slow come-up, the dose information currently available may not be correct, as other substances Shulgin studied were found inactive at lower doses were actually active at much higher doses.

Tolerance and addiction potential

BOD is not habit-forming and the desire to use can actually decrease.

Dangerous interactions

This dangerous interactions section is a stub.

As such, it may contain incomplete or invalid information. You can help by expanding upon or correcting it.

Warning: Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).

Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.

  • [[Wikipedia:Lithium_(medication)|DangerousInteraction::Lithium]] - Lithium is commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. There is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics significantly increases the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination is strictly discouraged.
  • ]] - Cannabis may have an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of BOD. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid unintentional overdose.
  • ]] - Stimulants like amphetamine, cocaine or methylphenidate affect many parts of the brain and alter dopaminergic function. This combination can increase the risk of anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and thought loops. This interaction may also result in an elevated risk of mania and psychosis.[citation needed]
  • ]] - Tramadol is well-documented to lower the seizure threshold[3] and psychedelics may act to trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.[citation needed]
  • Serotonin Syndrome - Although no research has shown any possible serotonin syndrome risks, given the fact that BOD has been studied so little it is advised

This legality section is a stub.

As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.

  • United States: BOD is currently unscheduled in the United States. However, due to its chemical similarity to 2C-D, it may be charged under the Federal Analog Act if being purchased for human consumption.[citation needed]
  • Japan: BOD is a controlled substance in Japan effective August 26th, 2020.[4]

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Shulgin, Alexander (1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 53–56.
  2. http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml
  3. Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN 1556-9039. 
  4. "指定薬物を指定する省令が公布されました" (in Japanese). 厚生労働省 [Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)]. Retrieved May 2, 2022.