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[[category:Cognitive suppression]]
'''Language depression''' (also known as '''aphasia''') is medically recognized as the decreased ability to use and understand speech.<ref name="NIDCD">{{Citation | title=What Is Aphasia? — Types, Causes and Treatment | publisher=National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) | url=https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/aphasia}}</ref> This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. However, the ability to speak and to process the speech of others doesn't necessarily become suppressed simultaneously; a person may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.
'''Suppression of language''' can be described as a cognitive component which partially to entirely suppresses one's ability to use and/or understand spoken language. This creates the feeling that one has considerable difficulty or a complete inability in vocalizing their thoughts and can often results in people talking in gibberish or nonsensical sentence structures.
 
Generally, this effect can be divided into four broad categories:<ref name="NIDCD" />
# '''Expressive''' (also called Broca's aphasia): difficulty in conveying thoughts through speech or writing. The person knows what she/he wants to say, but cannot find the words he needs. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table."
# '''Receptive''' (Wernicke's aphasia): difficulty understanding spoken or written language. The individual hears the voice or sees the print but cannot make sense of the words. These people may speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words. For example, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before." As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say and the speakers are often unaware of their spoken mistakes.
# '''Global''':    People lose almost all language function, both comprehension and expression. They cannot speak or understand speech, nor can they read or write. This results from severe and extensive damage to the language areas of the brain. They may be unable to say even a few words or may repeat the same words or phrases over and over again.
# '''Anomic''' (or amnesiac): the least severe form of aphasia; people have difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.
 
Language suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[analysis depression]] and [[thought disorganization]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[antipsychotic]] compounds, such as [[quetiapine]],<ref name="ChienHuang2017">{{cite journal|last1=Chien|first1=Ching-Fang|last2=Huang|first2=Poyin|last3=Hsieh|first3=Sun-Wung|title=Reversible global aphasia as a side effect of quetiapine: a case report and literature review|journal=Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment|volume=Volume 13|year=2017|pages=2257–2260|issn=1178-2021|doi=10.2147/NDT.S141273}}</ref> [[haloperidol]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Iqbal, M. M.)), ((Aneja, A.)), ((Rahman, A.)), ((Megna, J.)), ((Freemont, W.)), ((Shiplo, M.)), ((Nihilani, N.)), ((Lee, K.)) | journal=Psychiatry (Edgmont) | title=The Potential Risks of Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics | volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=36–44 | date= August 2005 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000213/ | issn=1550-5952}}
</ref> and [[risperidone]].<ref name="SinhaVandana2015">{{cite journal|last1=Sinha|first1=Preeti|last2=Vandana|first2=V.P.|last3=Lewis|first3=Nikita Vincent|last4=Jayaram|first4=M.|last5=Enderby|first5=Pamela|title=Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study|journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=15|year=2015|pages=51–55|issn=18762018|doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.005}}</ref> However, it can also occur in a less consistent form under the influence of extremely [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] dosages of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018">{{cite journal|last1=Dell'Erba|first1=Sara|last2=Brown|first2=David J.|last3=Proulx|first3=Michael J.|title=Synesthetic hallucinations induced by psychedelic drugs in a congenitally blind man|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|volume=60|year=2018|pages=127–132|issn=10538100|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.008}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref name="Dell'ErbaBrown2018" /><ref name="KjellgrenJonsson2013">{{cite journal|last1=Kjellgren|first1=Anette|last2=Jonsson|first2=Kristoffer|title=Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a “Legal High” from the Internet|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|volume=45|issue=3|year=2013|pages=276–286|issn=0279-1072|doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.803647}}</ref> and [[deliriant|deliriants]].<ref name="NguyenJuurlink2004">{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Huy TV|last2=Juurlink|first2=David N|title=Recurrent Ibuprofen-Induced Aseptic Meningitis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=38|issue=3|year=2004|pages=408–410|issn=1060-0280|doi=10.1345/aph.1D329}}</ref> This is far more likely to occur when the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.
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===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Language suppression]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Language suppression]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
===External links===
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphasia Aphasia (Wikipedia)]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_deviance Communication deviance (Wikipedia)]
===References===
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[Category:Depression]]
[[Category:Effect]]

Latest revision as of 19:29, 7 October 2022

Language depression (also known as aphasia) is medically recognized as the decreased ability to use and understand speech.[1] This creates the feeling of finding it difficult or even impossible to vocalize one's own thoughts and to process the speech of others. However, the ability to speak and to process the speech of others doesn't necessarily become suppressed simultaneously; a person may find themselves unable to formulate a coherent sentence while still being able to perfectly understand the speech of others.

Generally, this effect can be divided into four broad categories:[1]

  1. Expressive (also called Broca's aphasia): difficulty in conveying thoughts through speech or writing. The person knows what she/he wants to say, but cannot find the words he needs. For example, a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table."
  2. Receptive (Wernicke's aphasia): difficulty understanding spoken or written language. The individual hears the voice or sees the print but cannot make sense of the words. These people may speak in long, complete sentences that have no meaning, adding unnecessary words and even creating made-up words. For example, "You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before." As a result, it is often difficult to follow what the person is trying to say and the speakers are often unaware of their spoken mistakes.
  3. Global: People lose almost all language function, both comprehension and expression. They cannot speak or understand speech, nor can they read or write. This results from severe and extensive damage to the language areas of the brain. They may be unable to say even a few words or may repeat the same words or phrases over and over again.
  4. Anomic (or amnesiac): the least severe form of aphasia; people have difficulty in using the correct names for particular objects, people, places, or events.

Language suppression is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as analysis depression and thought disorganization. It is most commonly induced under the influence of heavy dosages of antipsychotic compounds, such as quetiapine,[2] haloperidol,[3] and risperidone.[4] However, it can also occur in a less consistent form under the influence of extremely heavy dosages of hallucinogenic compounds such as psychedelics,[5] dissociatives,[5][6] and deliriants.[7] This is far more likely to occur when the person is inexperienced with that particular hallucinogen.

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 What Is Aphasia? — Types, Causes and Treatment, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) 
  2. ↑ Chien, Ching-Fang; Huang, Poyin; Hsieh, Sun-Wung (2017). "Reversible global aphasia as a side effect of quetiapine: a case report and literature review". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. Volume 13: 2257–2260. doi:10.2147/NDT.S141273. ISSN 1178-2021. 
  3. ↑ Iqbal, M. M., Aneja, A., Rahman, A., Megna, J., Freemont, W., Shiplo, M., Nihilani, N., Lee, K. (August 2005). "The Potential Risks of Commonly Prescribed Antipsychotics". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2 (8): 36–44. ISSN 1550-5952. 
  4. ↑ Sinha, Preeti; Vandana, V.P.; Lewis, Nikita Vincent; Jayaram, M.; Enderby, Pamela (2015). "Evaluating the effect of risperidone on speech: A cross-sectional study". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 15: 51–55. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.005. ISSN 1876-2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dell'Erba, Sara; Brown, David J.; Proulx, Michael J. (2018). "Synesthetic hallucinations induced by psychedelic drugs in a congenitally blind man". Consciousness and Cognition. 60: 127–132. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.008. ISSN 1053-8100. 
  6. ↑ Kjellgren, Anette; Jonsson, Kristoffer (2013). "Methoxetamine (MXE) – A Phenomenological Study of Experiences Induced by a "Legal High" from the Internet". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 45 (3): 276–286. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803647. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  7. ↑ Nguyen, Huy TV; Juurlink, David N (2004). "Recurrent Ibuprofen-Induced Aseptic Meningitis". Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (3): 408–410. doi:10.1345/aph.1D329. ISSN 1060-0280. 
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