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<onlyinclude>'''Psychosis''' is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kapur, S.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia | volume=160 | issue=1 | pages=13–23 | date= January 2003 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13}}</ref> The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).<ref>A{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=827-8|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
Psychosis refers to an abnormal condition of the mind, and is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". People with psychosis are described as psychotic. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit some personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
==Subjective effects==
===Hallucinations===
A hallucination is defined as sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli. Hallucinations are different from illusions, or perceptual distortions, which are the misperception of external stimuli. Hallucinations may occur in any of the senses and take on almost any form, which may include simple sensations (such as lights, colors, tastes, and smells) to experiences such as seeing and interacting with fully formed animals and people, hearing voices, and having complex tactile sensations.


[[Auditory hallucinations]], particularly experiences of hearing voices, are the most common and often prominent feature of psychosis. Hallucinated voices may talk about, or to, the person, and may involve several speakers with distinct personalities. Auditory hallucinations tend to be particularly distressing when they are derogatory, commanding or preoccupying. However, the experience of hearing voices need not always be a negative one. One research study has shown that the majority of people who hear voices are not in need of psychiatric help. The Hearing Voices Movement has subsequently been created to support voice hearers, regardless of whether they are considered to have a mental illness or not.
Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:


===Delusions===
*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
{{Main|Delusions}}
*[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]
Psychosis may involve delusional beliefs, some of which are paranoid in nature. Put simply, delusions are false beliefs that a person holds on to, without adequate evidence. It can be difficult to change the belief, even with evidence to the contrary. Common themes of delusions are persecutory (person believes that others are out to harm him/her), grandiose (person believing that he or she has special powers or skills), etc. Depressed persons might have delusions consistent with their low mood (e.g., delusions that they have sinned, or have contracted serious illness, etc.). Karl Jaspers has classified psychotic delusions into primary and secondary types. Primary delusions are defined as arising suddenly and not being comprehensible in terms of normal mental processes, whereas secondary delusions are typically understood as being influenced by the person's background or current situation (e.g., ethnicity; also religious, superstitious, or political beliefs).
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]
*[[Thought disorganization]]
*[[Thought connectivity]]


===Catatonia===
Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jones, J.)), ((Dougherty, J.)), ((Cannon, L.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=369–371 | date= July 1986 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735675786903128 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome | volume=134 | issue=3 | pages=312–314 | date= March 1977 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/ajp.134.3.312}}</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Strassman, R. J.)) | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | volume=172 | issue=10 | pages=577–595 | date= October 1984 | issn=0022-3018 | doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lahti, A. C.)), ((Holcomb, H. H.)), ((Medoff, D. R.)), ((Tamminga, C. A.)) | journal=Neuroreport | title=Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=869–872 | date=1 April 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011 | issn=1473-558X | doi=10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011}}</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hall, W.)), ((Degenhardt, L.)) | journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | title=Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=26–34 | date= February 2000 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x | issn=0004-8674 | doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hurst, D.)), ((Loeffler, G.)), ((McLay, R.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series | volume=168 | issue=10 | pages=1119–1119 | date= October 2011 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176}}</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Glasner-Edwards, S.)), ((Mooney, L. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1115–1126 | date=1 December 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bramness, J. G.)), ((Gundersen, Ø. H.)), ((Guterstam, J.)), ((Rognli, E. B.)), ((Konstenius, M.)), ((Løberg, E.-M.)), ((Medhus, S.)), ((Tanum, L.)), ((Franck, J.)) | journal=BMC Psychiatry | title=Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=221 | date=5 December 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-221}}</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preskorn, S. H.)), ((Denner, L. J.)) | journal=JAMA | title=Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases | volume=237 | issue=1 | pages=36–38 | date=3 January 1977 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018}}</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gross, M. M.)), ((Lewis, E.)), ((Hastey, J.)) | veditors=((Kissin, B.)), ((Begleiter, H.)) | date= 1974 | chapter=The Biology of Alcoholism | title=Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | publisher=Springer US | pages=191–263 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | isbn=9781468429398}}</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}}
Catatonia describes a profoundly agitated state in which the experience of reality is generally considered impaired. There are two primary manifestations of catatonic behavior. The classic presentation is a person who does not move or interact with the world in any way while awake. This type of catatonia presents with waxy flexibility. Waxy flexibility is when someone physically moves part of a catatonic person's body and the person stays in the position even if it is bizarre and otherwise nonfunctional (such as moving a person's arm straight up in the air and the arm staying there).
</onlyinclude>
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Psychosis]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Colour enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===


The other type of catatonia is more of an outward presentation of the profoundly agitated state described above. It involves excessive and purposeless motor behavior, as well as extreme mental preoccupation that prevents an intact experience of reality. An example is someone walking very fast in circles to the exclusion of anything else with a level of mental preoccupation (meaning not focused on anything relevant to the situation) that was not typical of the person prior to the symptom onset. In both types of catatonia there is generally no reaction to anything that happens outside of them. It is important to distinguish catatonic agitation from severe bipolar mania, although someone could have both.
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[External hallucinations]]
*[[Internal hallucinations]]
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]


===Thought disorders===
===External links===
{{Main|Delineation of thought}}
Thought disorder describes an underlying disturbance to conscious thought and is classified largely by its effects on speech and writing. Affected persons show loosening of associations, that is, a disconnection and disorganization of the semantic content of speech and writing. In the severe form speech becomes incomprehensible and it is known as "word salad".


==See also==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia Catatonia (Wikipedia)]
*[[External hallucinations]]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis Psychosis (Wikipedia)]
*[[Internal hallucinations]]
 
===References===
<references />


[[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[Category:Multisensory]]

Revision as of 00:45, 25 September 2022

Psychosis is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."[1] The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).[2] Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.

Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild delusions to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:

Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as deliriants,[3][4] psychedelics,[5] dissociatives,[6] and cannabinoids[7][8]. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants,[9][10] particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as benzodiazepines[11] or alcohol[12]; this is known as delirium tremens (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.[citation needed]

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kapur, S. (January 2003). "Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  2. ↑ A"Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 827–8. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  3. ↑ Jones, J., Dougherty, J., Cannon, L. (July 1986). "Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8. ISSN 0735-6757. 
  4. ↑ "Angel's Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (3): 312–314. March 1977. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.3.312. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  5. ↑ Strassman, R. J. (October 1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. doi:10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001. ISSN 0022-3018. 
  6. ↑ Lahti, A. C., Holcomb, H. H., Medoff, D. R., Tamminga, C. A. (1 April 1995). "Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia". Neuroreport. 6 (6): 869–872. doi:10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011. ISSN 1473-558X. 
  7. ↑ Hall, W., Degenhardt, L. (February 2000). "Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 34 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x. ISSN 0004-8674. 
  8. ↑ Hurst, D., Loeffler, G., McLay, R. (October 2011). "Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1119–1119. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  9. ↑ Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J. (1 December 2014). "Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management". CNS Drugs. 28 (12): 1115–1126. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8. ISSN 1179-1934. 
  10. ↑ Bramness, J. G., Gundersen, Ø. H., Guterstam, J., Rognli, E. B., Konstenius, M., Løberg, E.-M., Medhus, S., Tanum, L., Franck, J. (5 December 2012). "Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable?". BMC Psychiatry. 12 (1): 221. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-221. ISSN 1471-244X. 
  11. ↑ Preskorn, S. H., Denner, L. J. (3 January 1977). "Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases". JAMA. 237 (1): 36–38. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018. ISSN 0098-7484. 
  12. ↑ Gross, M. M., Lewis, E., Hastey, J. (1974). "The Biology of Alcoholism". In Kissin, B., Begleiter, H. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Springer US. pp. 191–263. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6. ISBN 9781468429398. 
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