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'''5F-PB-22''' ('''1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester''' also known as '''5F-QUPIC''')<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wohlfarth, A.)), ((Gandhi, A. S.)), ((Pang, S.)), ((Zhu, M.)), ((Scheidweiler, K. B.)), ((Huestis, M. A.)) | journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry | title=Metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids PB-22 and its 5-fluoro analog, 5F-PB-22, by human hepatocyte incubation and high-resolution mass spectrometry | volume=406 | issue=6 | pages=1763–1780 | date=1 February 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-014-7668-0 | issn=1618-2650 | doi=10.1007/s00216-014-7668-0}}</ref><ref>https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/13169m.pdf</ref> is a synthetic [[cannabinoid]]<ref>http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/51</ref> and agonist of the [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] receptors which produces predominantly [[sedation|sedating]] subjective effects somewhat similar to that of [[cannabis]]. There is very little information regarding the pharmacology of this compound within the scientific literature. Despite this, however, it has been sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] through online vendors.
'''5F-PB-22''' ('''1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester''') <ref>http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00216-014-7668-0</ref> <ref>https://www.caymanchem.com/msdss/13169m.pdf</ref> is a synthetic [[cannabinoid]] <ref>http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/51</ref> and agonist of the [[Psychoactive class::cannabinoid]] receptors which produces predominantly [[sedation|sedating]] subjective effects somewhat similar to that of [[cannabis]]. There is very little information regarding the pharmacology of this compound within the scientific literature. Despite this, however, it has been sold as a grey area [[research chemical]] through online vendors.
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. 5F-PB-22 is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids.
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick [[onset]] of effects and rapid [[offset]]. 5F-PB-22 is [[oral]]ly active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other [[cannabinoid]]s, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in [[ethanol]] and lipids.
Unlike [[cannabis]], the chronic abuse of [[synthetic cannabinoids]] has been [[Synthetic_cannabinoid#Deaths|associated with multiple deaths]] and [[Synthetic cannabinoid#Harm potential|more dangerous side effects and toxicity]] in general. Five deaths have been associated with the use of 5F-PB-22 in the United States.<ref name="Synthetic">{{Citation | title=Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe | url=https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids}}</ref> Therefore, it is strongly discouraged to take this substance for extended periods of time or in excessive doses.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
5F-PB-22, or quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-8-carboxylate, is a synthetic [[Chemical class::indole cannabinoid]] as it contains a substituted core indole structure. This indole core is shared with other cannabinoid substances including [[PB-22]], [[JWH-018]], and [[AM2201]]. 5F-PB-22 is an ether with formula R-O-R', which can be understood as a substance with two sub-units joined through an oxygen bridge. The indole group of 5F-PB-22 is substituted at R<sub>5</sub> with a fluoropentyl chain, a substitution shared with [[5F-AKB-48]]. Additionally, the indole core is substituted at R<sub>3</sub> with a carboxylic acid group. The terminal oxygen of this carboxylic acid is bonded through an ether bond to a quinoline group at location R<sub>8</sub> of the heterocycle.
5F-PB-22, or quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-8-carboxylate, is a synthetic [[Chemical class::indolecarboxylate]] as it contains a substituted core indole structure. This indole core is shared with other cannabinoid substances including [[PB-22]], [[JWH-018]], and [[AM2201]]. 5F-PB-22 is an ether with formula R-O-R', which can be understood as a substance with two sub-units joined through an oxygen bridge. The indole group of 5F-PB-22 is substituted at R<sub>5</sub> with a fluoropentyl chain, a substitution shared with [[5F-AKB48]]. Additionally, the indole core is substituted at R<sub>3</sub> with a carboxylic acid group. The terminal oxygen of this carboxylic acid is bonded through an ether bond to a quinoline group at location R<sub>8</sub> of the heterocycle.
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
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==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
===Physical effects===
{{effects/base
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 5F-PB-22 can be described as a warm and soft pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating.
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are very sedating. This encourages one to relax, lie down, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. It produces strong sedative effects that can be described as on par with [[JWH-018]] and more sedating when compared to [[THC]], [[JWH-073]], [[THJ-018]], [[AM-2201]], or [[5F-UR-144]] but less than that of [[5F-AKB-48]].
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" of 5F-PB-22 can be described as a warm and soft pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating.
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are very sedating. This encourages one to relax, lie down, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. It produces strong sedative effects that can be described as on par with [[JWH-018]] and more sedating when compared to [[THC]], [[JWH-073]], [[THJ-018]], [[AM-2201]], or [[5F-UR-144]] but less than that of [[5F-AKB48]].
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 causes an increase in appetite<ref>Mechoulam, R. (1984). Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5772-1.</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref>How Marijuana Works | http://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana4.htm</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Appetite enhancement]]''' - As with many other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 causes an increase in appetite<ref>{{cite book | veditors=((Mechoulam, R.)) | date= 1986 | title=Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=9780849357725}}</ref>, known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.<ref name="HMW">{{Citation | year=2001 | title=How Marijuana Works | url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/marijuana.htm}}</ref> This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.<ref name="HMW"></ref>
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture.
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture.
*'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' - Cannabinoids appear to decrease blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels and increasing blood flow throughout the body. The arteries in the eyeball expand from the decreased blood pressure and the heart rate increases to compensate for the reduction in pressure.
*'''[[Effect::Vasodilation]]''' - Cannabinoids appear to decrease blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels and increasing blood flow throughout the body. The arteries in the eyeball expand from the decreased blood pressure and the heart rate increases to compensate for the reduction in pressure.
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists. <ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x/abstract</ref><ref>Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/abstract</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]''' - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub>, which extends to [[synthetic cannabinoid]] receptor agonists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Martín-Sánchez, E.)), ((Furukawa, T. A.)), ((Taylor, J.)), ((Martin, J. L. R.)) | journal=Pain Medicine | title=Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Cannabis Treatment for Chronic Pain | volume=10 | issue=8 | pages=1353–1368 | date= November 2009 | url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x | issn=1526-2375 | doi=10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00703.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lynch, M. E.)), ((Campbell, F.)) | journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | title=Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials: Cannabinoids for pain | volume=72 | issue=5 | pages=735–744 | date= November 2011 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x | issn=03065251 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Perception of increased weight]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of decreased weight|Perception of decreased weight]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily heaviness]]''' ''or'' '''[[Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' - 5F-PB-22, like other cannabinoids, is capable of causing vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable. The propensity of this is greatly reduced and eliminated in proportion to tolerance.
*'''[[Effect::Changes in gravity]]''' - 5F-PB-22, like other cannabinoids, is capable of causing vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable. The propensity of this is greatly reduced and eliminated in proportion to tolerance.
*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - As reported with other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 can produce closed eye visuals at moderate doses, which can escalate into visual distortions such as a ripples in the field of vision upon continuous administration. Within users who also regularly use [[psychedelic]]s, it is capable of inducing these consistently in a visual style which seems to be an averaged out depiction of all the psychedelics one has used within the past. These rarely extend beyond level 4 geometry and are considered to be mild, fine, small and zoomed out but brighter and better defined than the geometry experienced with cannabis. They are not as defined as other [[synthetic cannabinoids]] such as [[JWH-018]] or [[JWH-073]].
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities, or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind.
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]''' - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities, or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria|Euphoria]]''' - This can be considered very prominent in comparison to [[THJ-018]], [[AM-2201]], and [[5F-UR-144]] but less intense in comparison to [[JWH-073]].
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria|Euphoria]]''' - This can be considered very prominent in comparison to [[THJ-018]], [[AM-2201]], and [[5F-UR-144]] but less intense in comparison to [[JWH-073]].
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref>http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Psychosis]]''' - The prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arseneault, L.)), ((Cannon, M.)), ((Witton, J.)), ((Murray, R. M.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry | title=Causal association between cannabis and psychosis: examination of the evidence | volume=184 | issue=2 | pages=110–117 | date= February 2004 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/causal-association-between-cannabis-and-psychosis-examination-of-the-evidence/71BA37D16485F186CE7B6B785E5B69A4 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.184.2.110}}</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Every-Palmer, S.)) | journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence | title=Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study | volume=117 | issue=2–3 | pages=152–157 | date= September 2011 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376871611000639 | issn=03768716 | doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012}}</ref><ref name="Schneir2011">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Schneir, A. B.)), ((Cullen, J.)), ((Ly, B. T.)) | journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=“Spice” Girls: Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication | volume=40 | issue=3 | pages=296–299 | date=1 March 2011 | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802 | issn=0736-4679 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.10.014}}</ref><ref name="Vearrier2010">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Vearrier, D.)), ((Osterhoudt, K. C.)) | journal=Pediatric Emergency Care | title=A Teenager With Agitation: Higher Than She Should Have Climbed | volume=26 | issue=6 | pages=462–465 | date= June 2010 | url=http://journals.lww.com/00006565-201006000-00016 | issn=0749-5161 | doi=10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416}}</ref>
*'''[[Effect::Geometry]]''' - As reported with other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 can produce closed eye visuals at moderate doses, which can escalate into visual distortions such as a ripples in the field of vision upon continuous administration. Within users who also regularly use [[psychedelic]]s, it is capable of inducing these consistently in a visual style which seems to be an averaged out depiction of all the psychedelics one has used within the past. These rarely extend beyond level 4 geometry and are considered to be mild, fine, small and zoomed out but brighter and better defined than the geometry experienced with cannabis. They are not as defined as other synthetic cannabinoids such as [[JWH-018]] or [[JWH-073]].
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with psychedelics, cannabinoids are capable of intensifying and extending the duration of both the visual and cognitive effects with extreme efficiency. This should be used with caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics.
*'''[[Psychedelics]]''' - When used in combination with psychedelics, cannabinoids are capable of intensifying and extending the duration of both the visual and cognitive effects with extreme efficiency. This should be used with caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics.
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced.
*'''[[Dissociatives]]''' - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced.
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Main|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
{{further|Synthetic cannabinoid#Toxicity and harm potential|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 5F-PB-22 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 5F-PB-22 has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried 5F-PB-22 within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 5F-PB-22 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because 5F-PB-22 has very little history of human usage. Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of [[anxiety]] or to fall asleep.
There have been many hospital reports involving 5F-PB-22, as well as at least 4 cases of post-mortem analysis involving 5F-PB-22.<ref>jat.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/05/29/jat.bku048.short</ref>
There have been many hospital reports involving 5F-PB-22, as well as cases of post-mortem analysis involving 5F-PB-22.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Behonick, G.)), ((Shanks, K. G.)), ((Firchau, D. J.)), ((Mathur, G.)), ((Lynch, C. F.)), ((Nashelsky, M.)), ((Jaskierny, D. J.)), ((Meroueh, C.)) | journal=Journal of Analytical Toxicology | title=Four Postmortem Case Reports with Quantitative Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22 | volume=38 | issue=8 | pages=559–562 | date= October 2014 | url=https://academic.oup.com/jat/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jat/bku048 | issn=0146-4760 | doi=10.1093/jat/bku048}}</ref> Five deaths have been associated with the use of 5F-PB-22 in the United States.<ref name="Synthetic"/>
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref>http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/184/2/110.short</ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref>Every-Palmer, S. [[Synthetic cannabinoid]] use and psychosis: an explorative study. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2011.</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0736467910008802</ref><ref>http://journals.lww.com/pec-online/Abstract/2010/06000/A_Teenager_With_Agitation__Higher_Than_She_Should.16.aspx</ref>
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase [[emotion enhancement|one's current state of mind and emotions]]. Also, like [[THC]], prolonged usage of synthetic [[cannabinoids]] may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis<ref name="Arseneault2004"></ref>, particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).<ref name="Every-Palmer2011"/><ref name="Schneir2011"/><ref name="Vearrier2010"/>
As the material is active in the milligram range, it is important to [[Responsible use|remain vigilant when dosing]] as to avoid a negative experience.
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to [[Dosage|use proper precautions when dosing]] to avoid a negative experience.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
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Tolerance to many of the effects of 5F-PB-22 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 5F-PB-22 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 5F-PB-22 all cannabinoidss will have a reduced effect.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 5F-PB-22 [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 5F-PB-22 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[cannabinoids]]]], meaning that after the consumption of 5F-PB-22 all cannabinoidss will have a reduced effect.
==Legal issues==
===Dangerous interactions===
*'''United States:''' In January 2014, 5F-PB-22 was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States. <ref>http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2014/fr0110_10.htm</ref>
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''Germany''': On December 13, 2014 5F-PB-22 was added to the controlled substance act ("BtMG"), making it illegal to produce, sell or possess.<ref>Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (28. BtMÄndV)| http://www.buzer.de/gesetz/11392/a189949.htm</ref>
{{DangerousInteractions/Cannabis}}
*'''Latvia:''' 5F-PB-22 is a Schedule I drug.<ref>Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem (Indola-3-karbonskābes esteri) | http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086</ref>
5F-PB-22 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic cannabinoids. As such, it remains legal in most of the world.
==Legal status==
5F-PB-22 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic cannabinoids. As such, it remains legal in many parts of the world.
*'''China''': As of October 2015 5F-PB-22 is a controlled substance in China.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html | title=关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知 | publisher=China Food and Drug Administration | date=27 September 2015 | language=Chinese | accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': 5F-PB-22 is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (''Narcotics Act, Schedule II'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_ii.html|title=Anlage II BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 30, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of December 13, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl114s1999.pdf|title=Achtundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 19, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Latvia''': 5F-PB-22 is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 5F-PB-22 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 5F-PB-22 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2016/1109/made}}</ref>
*'''United States''': In January 2014, 5F-PB-22 was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.<ref>http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2014/fr0110_10.htm</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
5F-PB-22 (1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester also known as 5F-QUPIC)[1][2] is a synthetic cannabinoid[3] and agonist of the cannabinoid receptors which produces predominantly sedating subjective effects somewhat similar to that of cannabis. There is very little information regarding the pharmacology of this compound within the scientific literature. Despite this, however, it has been sold as a grey area research chemical through online vendors.
Cannabinoids are commonly smoked or vaporized to achieve a quick onset of effects and rapid offset. 5F-PB-22 is orally active when dissolved in a lipid, which can increase the duration significantly. Like other cannabinoids, it is insoluble in water but dissolves in ethanol and lipids.
5F-PB-22, or quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-8-carboxylate, is a synthetic indolecarboxylate as it contains a substituted core indole structure. This indole core is shared with other cannabinoid substances including PB-22, JWH-018, and AM2201. 5F-PB-22 is an ether with formula R-O-R', which can be understood as a substance with two sub-units joined through an oxygen bridge. The indole group of 5F-PB-22 is substituted at R5 with a fluoropentyl chain, a substitution shared with 5F-AKB48. Additionally, the indole core is substituted at R3 with a carboxylic acid group. The terminal oxygen of this carboxylic acid is bonded through an ether bond to a quinoline group at location R8 of the heterocycle.
Pharmacology
Although this substance has not been formally studied, from analysis of the structure, it is presumed that 5F-PB-22 has a similar binding profile to that of other cannabinoids and matches many of the in vivo properties of Δ9-THC. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the cannabinoid high experience continues to remain elusive.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Spontaneous physical sensations - The "body high" of 5F-PB-22 can be described as a warm and soft pleasurable, all-encompassing tingling sensation that spreads over the body. It maintains a consistent presence that quickly rises with the onset and hits its limit once the peak has been reached before immediately dissipating.
Sedation - Generally, the effects on the user's energy levels are very sedating. This encourages one to relax, lie down, and (at higher doses) fall asleep. It produces strong sedative effects that can be described as on par with JWH-018 and more sedating when compared to THC, JWH-073, THJ-018, AM-2201, or 5F-UR-144 but less than that of 5F-AKB48.
Motor control loss - This substance causes a partial to moderate suppression of motor control which intensifies proportional to dose, but rarely results in a complete inability to walk and perform basic movements.
Appetite enhancement - As with many other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 causes an increase in appetite[5], known colloquially as "the munchies" in popular American and United Kingdom culture. Clinical studies and survey data have found that cannabis increases food enjoyment and interest in food.[6] This is thought to be due to the way in which endocannabinoids in the hypothalamus activate cannabinoid receptors that are responsible for maintaining food intake.[6]
Dehydration- This is known colloquially as "cotton mouth" in popular American and United Kingdom culture.
Vasodilation - Cannabinoids appear to decrease blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels and increasing blood flow throughout the body. The arteries in the eyeball expand from the decreased blood pressure and the heart rate increases to compensate for the reduction in pressure.
Pain relief - Cannabinoids have been clinically demonstrated to provide pain relief via agonism of cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, which extends to synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists.[7][8]
Changes in gravity - 5F-PB-22, like other cannabinoids, is capable of causing vertigo with which the environment appears to be spinning or oscillating. At moderate doses, it can spontaneously induce the sensation of falling, which can be overwhelming and uncomfortable. The propensity of this is greatly reduced and eliminated in proportion to tolerance.
Geometry - As reported with other cannabinoids, 5F-PB-22 can produce closed eye visuals at moderate doses, which can escalate into visual distortions such as a ripples in the field of vision upon continuous administration. Within users who also regularly use psychedelics, it is capable of inducing these consistently in a visual style which seems to be an averaged out depiction of all the psychedelics one has used within the past. These rarely extend beyond level 4 geometry and are considered to be mild, fine, small and zoomed out but brighter and better defined than the geometry experienced with cannabis. They are not as defined as other synthetic cannabinoids such as JWH-018 or JWH-073.
Cognitive effects
Emotion enhancement - The most prominent cognitive component of cannabinoids is the way in which they enhance the emotions one is already feeling proportional to dose. This can result in euphoria, extreme laughter, and increased immersion within tasks and activities, or it can result in anxiety and paranoia depending on the user's current state of mind.
Psychosis - The prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to psychosis[9], particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).[10][11][12]
Psychedelics - When used in combination with psychedelics, cannabinoids are capable of intensifying and extending the duration of both the visual and cognitive effects with extreme efficiency. This should be used with caution if one is not experienced with psychedelics.
Dissociatives - When used in combination with dissociatives, the geometry, euphoria, dissociation and hallucinatory effects are often greatly enhanced.
Alcohol - When used in combination with alcohol, cannabinoids can cause feelings of extreme nausea, dizziness and changes in gravity. It is recommended that people smoke before drinking and not the other way around unless they are extremely cautious.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 5F-PB-22 use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because 5F-PB-22 has very little history of human usage. Informal experiments have shown that overdose will cause physical discomfort including heart palpitations, vertigo and sedation at much lower than dangerous doses, usually causing the user to suffer large amounts of anxiety or to fall asleep.
There have been many hospital reports involving 5F-PB-22, as well as cases of post-mortem analysis involving 5F-PB-22.[13] Five deaths have been associated with the use of 5F-PB-22 in the United States.[4]
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase one's current state of mind and emotions. Also, like THC, prolonged usage of synthetic cannabinoids may increase one's disposition to mental illness and psychosis[9], particularly in vulnerable individuals with risk factors for psychotic illnesses (like a past or family history of schizophrenia).[10][11][12]
As synthetic cannabinoids are active in the milligram range (with below 5mg being a common dose), it is important to use proper precautions when dosing to avoid a negative experience.
As with other synthetic cannibanoids, the chronic use of 5F-PB-22 can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of 5F-PB-22 develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 5F-PB-22 presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all cannabinoids]], meaning that after the consumption of 5F-PB-22 all cannabinoidss will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Stimulants increase anxiety levels and the risk of thought loops which can lead to negative experiences
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[DangerousInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with cannabinoids can significantly increase the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination should be strictly avoided.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]]
Legal status
5F-PB-22 was developed to bypass drug prohibition laws which have banned the possession and sale of many synthetic cannabinoids. As such, it remains legal in many parts of the world.
China: As of October 2015 5F-PB-22 is a controlled substance in China.[14]
Germany: 5F-PB-22 is controlled under Anlage II BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule II)[15] as of December 13, 2014.[16] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[17]
Latvia: 5F-PB-22 is a Schedule I controlled substance.[18]
Switzerland: 5F-PB-22 is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[19]
United Kingdom: 5F-PB-22 is a Class B controlled substance under the third-generation synthetic cannabinoids generic definition, which came into effect on December 14, 2016 and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[20]
United States: In January 2014, 5F-PB-22 was designated as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States.[21]
↑"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" (in Chinese). China Food and Drug Administration. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
↑"Anlage II BtMG" (in Deutsch). Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
