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<onlyinclude>'''Depersonalization''' (or '''depersonalisation''') can be described as an anomaly of self-awareness that consists of a feeling of watching oneself act as one normally would, while having no control over a situation. It can occur under the influence of [[hallucinogen]]ic substances, particularly [[dissociative]]s, and may persist for some time after sobriety.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association. ISBN 0-89042-024-6.</ref> During this state, the affected person may feel that he or she is "on autopilot" and that the world has become vague, dreamlike, less real, or lacking in significance. Individuals who experience depersonalization often feel divorced from their own personal physicality by no longer sensing their body sensations, feelings, emotions and behaviors as belonging to a person or identity.<ref>http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depersonalization-derealization-disorder/basics/definition/con-20033401</ref> It is often claimed by people who have depersonalization that reality seems unreal, distant or hazy. Depersonalization can sometimes be distressing to the user, who may become disoriented by the loss of a sense that their self is the origin of their thoughts and actions. However, it does not have to be an inherently negative altered state of awareness, as it does not directly affect one's emotions or thought patterns.
<onlyinclude>'''Depersonalization''' or '''depersonalisation''' (sometimes abbreviated as '''DP''') is medically recognized as the experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's thoughts, body, or actions.<ref name="DSM5Glossary">{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=818-20|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref><ref name="ICD-11-depersonalization-derealization-disorder">{{cite journal|title=Depersonalization-derealization disorder|journal=International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.)|year=2022|url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/253124068 | access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kolev, O. I.)), ((Georgieva-Zhostova, S. O.)), ((Berthoz, A.)) | journal=Behavioural Neurology | title=Anxiety Changes Depersonalization and Derealization Symptoms in Vestibular Patients | volume=2014 | pages=e847054 | date=28 January 2014 | url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bn/2014/847054/ | issn=0953-4180 | doi=10.1155/2014/847054}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sierra, M.)), ((Senior, C.)), ((Dalton, J.)), ((McDonough, M.)), ((Bond, A.)), ((Phillips, M. L.)), ((O’Dwyer, A. M.)), ((David, A. S.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Autonomic Response in Depersonalization Disorder | volume=59 | issue=9 | pages=833 | date=1 September 2002 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833}}</ref> During this state, the affected person may feel like they are "[[physical autonomy|on autopilot]]" and that the world is lacking in significance.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Radovic, F.)), ((Radovic, S.)) | journal=Philosophy, Psychiatry, &amp; Psychology | title=Feelings of Unreality: A Conceptual and Phenomenological Analysis of the Language of Depersonalization | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=271–279 | date= 2002 | url=http://muse.jhu.edu/content/crossref/journals/philosophy_psychiatry_and_psychology/v009/9.3radovic01.html | issn=1086-3303 | doi=10.1353/ppp.2003.0048}}</ref> Individuals who experience depersonalization feel detached from aspects of the self, including feelings (e.g., "I know I have feelings but I don't feel them"),<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Phillips, M. L.)), ((Medford, N.)), ((Senior, C.)), ((Bullmore, E. T.)), ((Suckling, J.)), ((Brammer, M. J.)), ((Andrew, C.)), ((Sierra, M.)), ((Williams, S. C. R.)), ((David, A. S.)) | journal=Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging | title=Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling | volume=108 | issue=3 | pages=145–160 | date= December 2001 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925492701001196 | issn=09254927 | doi=10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6}}</ref> thoughts (e.g., "My thoughts don't feel like my own")<ref name=":5">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Melges, F. T.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Temporal Disintegration and Depersonalization During Marihuana Intoxication | volume=23 | issue=3 | pages=204 | date=1 September 1970 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030012003 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030012003}}</ref>, and sensations (e.g., touch, hunger, thirst, libido).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{cite book | title=Dissociative Disorders|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) | date=22 May 2013 | publisher=American Psychiatric Association | edition=Fifth Edition | url=https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08 | doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08 | isbn=9780890425558}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sierra, M.)), ((Baker, D.)), ((Medford, N.)), ((David, A. S.)) | journal=Psychological Medicine | title=Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: an exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale | volume=35 | issue=10 | pages=1523–1532 | date= October 2005 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033291705005325/type/journal_article | issn=0033-2917 | doi=10.1017/S0033291705005325}}</ref> This can be distressing to the user, who may become disoriented by the loss of a sense that their self is the origin of their thoughts and actions.  


In psychology, chronic depersonalization that persists during sobriety for prolonged periods of time is identified as "depersonalization disorder" and is classified by the DSM-IV as a dissociative disorder. While degrees of depersonalization are common and can happen temporarily to anyone who is subject to an anxiety or stress provoking situation, chronic depersonalization is more common within individuals who have experienced a severe trauma or prolonged stress and anxiety.  
It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily,<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Stein, D. J.)), ((Simeon, D.)) | journal=CNS Spectrums | title=Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Depersonalization | volume=14 | issue=9 | pages=467–471 | date= September 2009 | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S109285290002352X/type/journal_article | issn=1092-8529 | doi=10.1017/S109285290002352X}}</ref> often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.


Within the context of [[identity alteration|identity altering]] effects, depersonalization can be considered as being at the opposite end of the identity spectrum relative to states of [[unity and interconnectedness]]. This is because during depersonalisation, a person senses and attributes their identity to nothing, giving a sense of having no self. However, during a state of unity and interconnectedness, one senses and attributes their identity to everything, giving a sense that the entirety of existence is their self.
It is worth noting that this state of mind is also commonly associated with and occurs alongside [[derealization]]. While depersonalization is the subjective experience of unreality in one's sense of self, derealization is the perception of unreality in the outside world.<ref name="ICD-11-depersonalization-derealization-disorder"/><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" />


This state of mind is commonly associated with and occurs along side of a very similar psychological disorder known as [[derealization]]. While depersonalization is a subjective experience of unreality in one's sense of self, derealization is a perception of the unreality of the outside world.
Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[anxiety]],<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[depression]],<ref name=":3" /> [[time distortion]],<ref name=":5" /> and [[derealization]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mathew, R. J.)), ((Wilson, W. H.)), ((Humphreys, D.)), ((Lowe, J. V.)), ((Weithe, K. E.)) | journal=Biological Psychiatry | title=Depersonalization after marijuana smoking | volume=33 | issue=6 | pages=431–441 | date= March 1993 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0006322393901719 | issn=00063223 | doi=10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9}}</ref>  It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[ketamine]],<ref name=":8" /> [[PCP]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Erard, R.)), ((Luisada, P. V.)), ((Peele, R.)) | journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | title=The PCP Psychosis: Prolonged Intoxication or Drug-Precipitated Functional Illness? | volume=12 | issue=3–4 | pages=235–251 | date= July 1980 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432 | issn=0022-393X | doi=10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pradhan, S. N.)) | journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews | title=Phencyclidine (PCP): Some human studies | volume=8 | issue=4 | pages=493–501 | date= December 1984 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/014976348490006X | issn=01497634 | doi=10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X}}</ref> and [[DXM]]. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[cannabis]],<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Mathew, R. J.)), ((Wilson, W. H.)), ((Chiu, N. Y.)), ((Turkington, T. G.)), ((Degrado, T. R.)), ((Coleman, R. E.)) | journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | title=Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration | volume=100 | issue=1 | pages=67–75 | date= July 1999 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x | issn=0001-690X | doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x}}</ref> [[psychedelics]],<ref name=":8" /> and to a lesser extent during the [[withdrawal]] symptoms of [[depressant|depressants]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Roy-Byrne, P. P.)), ((Hommer, D.)) | journal=The American Journal of Medicine | title=Benzodiazepine withdrawal: Overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety | volume=84 | issue=6 | pages=1041–1052 | date= June 1988 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002934388903099 | issn=00029343 | doi=10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Duncan, J.)) | journal=Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental | title=Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal | volume=3 | issue=3 | pages=171–180 | date= September 1988 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.470030304 | issn=0885-6222 | doi=10.1002/hup.470030304}}</ref> and [[SSRI|SSRI's]]<ref name=":8" />.</onlyinclude>


Depersonalization is a particularly common accompanying effect during states of hallucinogen induced [[anxiety]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[dissociative]] compounds such as [[ketamine]], [[MXE]], [[DCK]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]]. However, it may also occur on other types of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogens]] such as [[psychedelic|psychedelics]], [[deliriant|deliriants]], and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]].</onlyinclude>
===Analysis===
In psychiatry, chronic depersonalization that arises during sobriety is identified as "Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder" and is classified by both the DSM5 and ICD-11 as a single dissociative disorder.<ref name="ICD-11-depersonalization-derealization-disorder"/><ref name=":0" />


Temporary depersonalization/derealization symptoms lasting hours to days are common in the general population. Approximately one-half of all adults have experienced at least one episode of this effect within their lifetime, and the gender ratio for the disorder is 1:1.<ref name=":0" /> Chronic depersonalization is more common within individuals who have experienced severe trauma or prolonged stress and anxiety. The symptoms of both chronic derealization and depersonalization are common within the general population, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 26-74% and 31–66% at the time of a traumatic event.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hunter, E. C. M.)), ((Sierra, M.)), ((David, A. S.)) | journal=Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | title=The epidemiology ofdepersonalisation and derealisation | volume=39 | issue=1 | pages=9–18 | date=1 January 2004 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0701-4 | issn=1433-9285 | doi=10.1007/s00127-004-0701-4}}</ref>
Within the context of [[identity alteration|identity-altering]] effects, depersonalization can be considered as being at the opposite end of the identity spectrum relative to states of [[unity and interconnectedness]]. This is because, during depersonalization, a person senses and attributes their identity to nothing, giving a sense of having no self. However, during a state of unity and interconnectedness, one senses and attributes their identity to everything, giving a sense that the entirety of existence is their self.
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Depersonalization]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Depersonalization]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Depersonalization]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization Depersonlization (Wikipedia)]
*[[Derealization]]
*[[Derealization]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Psychedelics#Subjective_effects|Psychedelics - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
===External links===
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization Depersonalization (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Novel]] [[Category:Effect]]
 
[[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]

Latest revision as of 02:05, 4 June 2022

Depersonalization or depersonalisation (sometimes abbreviated as DP) is medically recognized as the experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's thoughts, body, or actions.[1][2][3][4] During this state, the affected person may feel like they are "on autopilot" and that the world is lacking in significance.[4][5] Individuals who experience depersonalization feel detached from aspects of the self, including feelings (e.g., "I know I have feelings but I don't feel them"),[6] thoughts (e.g., "My thoughts don't feel like my own")[7], and sensations (e.g., touch, hunger, thirst, libido).[3][8][9] This can be distressing to the user, who may become disoriented by the loss of a sense that their self is the origin of their thoughts and actions.

It is perfectly normal for people to slip into this state temporarily,[10] often without even realizing it. For example, many people often note that they enter a detached state of autopilot during stressful situations or when performing monotonous routine tasks such as driving.

It is worth noting that this state of mind is also commonly associated with and occurs alongside derealization. While depersonalization is the subjective experience of unreality in one's sense of self, derealization is the perception of unreality in the outside world.[2][3][5][8][9]

Depersonalization is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as anxiety,[3][6] depression,[6] time distortion,[7] and derealization.[8][11] It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of dissociative compounds, such as ketamine,[10] PCP,[12][13] and DXM. However, it can also occur under the influence of cannabis,[10][11][14] psychedelics,[10] and to a lesser extent during the withdrawal symptoms of depressants[15][16] and SSRI's[10].

Analysis

In psychiatry, chronic depersonalization that arises during sobriety is identified as "Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder" and is classified by both the DSM5 and ICD-11 as a single dissociative disorder.[2][8]

Temporary depersonalization/derealization symptoms lasting hours to days are common in the general population. Approximately one-half of all adults have experienced at least one episode of this effect within their lifetime, and the gender ratio for the disorder is 1:1.[8] Chronic depersonalization is more common within individuals who have experienced severe trauma or prolonged stress and anxiety. The symptoms of both chronic derealization and depersonalization are common within the general population, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 26-74% and 31–66% at the time of a traumatic event.[17]

Within the context of identity-altering effects, depersonalization can be considered as being at the opposite end of the identity spectrum relative to states of unity and interconnectedness. This is because, during depersonalization, a person senses and attributes their identity to nothing, giving a sense of having no self. However, during a state of unity and interconnectedness, one senses and attributes their identity to everything, giving a sense that the entirety of existence is their self.

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 818–20. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Depersonalization-derealization disorder". International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2022. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Kolev, O. I., Georgieva-Zhostova, S. O., Berthoz, A. (28 January 2014). "Anxiety Changes Depersonalization and Derealization Symptoms in Vestibular Patients". Behavioural Neurology. 2014: e847054. doi:10.1155/2014/847054. ISSN 0953-4180. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sierra, M., Senior, C., Dalton, J., McDonough, M., Bond, A., Phillips, M. L., O’Dwyer, A. M., David, A. S. (1 September 2002). "Autonomic Response in Depersonalization Disorder". Archives of General Psychiatry. 59 (9): 833. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.833. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Radovic, F., Radovic, S. (2002). "Feelings of Unreality: A Conceptual and Phenomenological Analysis of the Language of Depersonalization". Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology. 9 (3): 271–279. doi:10.1353/ppp.2003.0048. ISSN 1086-3303. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Phillips, M. L., Medford, N., Senior, C., Bullmore, E. T., Suckling, J., Brammer, M. J., Andrew, C., Sierra, M., Williams, S. C. R., David, A. S. (December 2001). "Depersonalization disorder: thinking without feeling". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 108 (3): 145–160. doi:10.1016/S0925-4927(01)00119-6. ISSN 0925-4927. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Melges, F. T. (1 September 1970). "Temporal Disintegration and Depersonalization During Marihuana Intoxication". Archives of General Psychiatry. 23 (3): 204. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030012003. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Dissociative Disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.) (Fifth Edition ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 22 May 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08. ISBN 9780890425558. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sierra, M., Baker, D., Medford, N., David, A. S. (October 2005). "Unpacking the depersonalization syndrome: an exploratory factor analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale". Psychological Medicine. 35 (10): 1523–1532. doi:10.1017/S0033291705005325. ISSN 0033-2917. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Stein, D. J., Simeon, D. (September 2009). "Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Depersonalization". CNS Spectrums. 14 (9): 467–471. doi:10.1017/S109285290002352X. ISSN 1092-8529. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Humphreys, D., Lowe, J. V., Weithe, K. E. (March 1993). "Depersonalization after marijuana smoking". Biological Psychiatry. 33 (6): 431–441. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(93)90171-9. ISSN 0006-3223. 
  12. ↑ Erard, R., Luisada, P. V., Peele, R. (July 1980). "The PCP Psychosis: Prolonged Intoxication or Drug-Precipitated Functional Illness?". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 12 (3–4): 235–251. doi:10.1080/02791072.1980.10471432. ISSN 0022-393X. 
  13. ↑ Pradhan, S. N. (December 1984). "Phencyclidine (PCP): Some human studies". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 8 (4): 493–501. doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90006-X. ISSN 0149-7634. 
  14. ↑ Mathew, R. J., Wilson, W. H., Chiu, N. Y., Turkington, T. G., Degrado, T. R., Coleman, R. E. (July 1999). "Regional cerebral blood flow and depersonalization after tetrahydrocannabinol adrninistration". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 100 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10916.x. ISSN 0001-690X. 
  15. ↑ Roy-Byrne, P. P., Hommer, D. (June 1988). "Benzodiazepine withdrawal: Overview and implications for the treatment of anxiety". The American Journal of Medicine. 84 (6): 1041–1052. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90309-9. ISSN 0002-9343. 
  16. ↑ Duncan, J. (September 1988). "Neuropsychiatric aspects of sedative drug withdrawal". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. 3 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1002/hup.470030304. ISSN 0885-6222. 
  17. ↑ Hunter, E. C. M., Sierra, M., David, A. S. (1 January 2004). "The epidemiology ofdepersonalisation and derealisation". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 39 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0701-4. ISSN 1433-9285. 
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