Galantamine
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| Galantamine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chemical Nomenclature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common names | Galantamine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Systematic name | (4aS,6R,8aS)-5,6,9,10,11,12-Hexahydro-3-methoxy-11-methyl-4aH-[1]benzofuro[3a,3,2-ef][2]benzazepin-6-ol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Psychoactive class | Nootropic / Oneirogen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical class | Benzazepine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Summary sheet: Galantamine |
Galantamine (Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine) is a water soluble is a reversible, competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is an alkaloid that is obtained synthetically or from the bulbs and flowers of Galanthus caucasicus, Galanthus woronowii and related genera.[2]
Studies of usage in modern medicine began in the Soviet Union in the 1950s by Soviet pharmacologists M. D. Mashkovsky and R. P. Kruglikova–Lvova.[3] The active ingredient was extracted, identified, and studied, particularly in relation to its mechanism of action. Galantamine has been used for decades in Eastern Europe and Russia for various indications such as treatment of myasthenia, myopathy, and sensory and motor dysfunction associated with disorders of the central nervous system. In the US, it is FDA approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[4]
It is available in both a prescription form and as an over the counter supplement.
More recently, Galantamine has been popularized in supplement groups for it's ability to improve dream recall and induce lucid dreaming. It is best taken 30 minutes to one hour before bed. Galantamine has a wide range of unpleasant side effects related to digestion, but this may be mitigated by dosing sublingually, rather than orally.
Chemistry
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It has an empirical formula of C17H21NO3 •HBr and a molecular weight of 368.27.
Pharmacology
Galantamine, a tertiary alkaloid, is a competitive and reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, a neurochemical responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. Higher concentrations of acetylcholine have been linked to higher levels of cognition and focus.
Subjective effects
The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
Physical effects
Cognitive effects
Visual effects
Distortions
Toxicity and harm potential
Galantamine is non-addictive, is not known to cause harm in reasonable doses, and has an extremely low toxicity relative to dose. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a careful context, it presents few negative cognitive, psychiatric or toxic physical consequences, though some exist.
It is strongly recommended that one be familiar with harm reduction practices when using this drug.
Tolerance and addiction potential
Galantamine is not known to be not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Galantamine does not seem to build up an immediate tolerance, and, due to its long half life, becomes stronger with prolonged use. Caution should be heeded when taking Galantamine for extended periods longer than two weeks. Galantamine presents cross-tolerance with no other known compounds, meaning that after the consumption of Galantamine all other psychoactive compounds will not have a reduced effect.
See also
References
- ↑ Farlow, M. R. (2003). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of galantamine". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (15): 1383–1392. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342150-00005. ISSN 0312-5963.
- ↑ http://www.nnfcc.co.uk/publications/nnfcc-project-factsheet-sustainable-production-of-the-natural-product-galanthamine-defra-nf0612
- ↑ http://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/pj-online-christmas-2004-snowdrops-the-heralds-of-spring-and-a-modern-drug-for-alzheimer8217s-disease/20013614.article
- ↑ Medline plus, Galantamine | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a699058.html