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Salbutamol was discovered 1966, by a team lead by David Jack, the first medication launched was ''[[wikipedia:Ventolin|Ventolin]]''. Until today Salbutamol remains one of the most effective rescue inhalers {{citation needed}}.<ref name=SirDavidJack_telegraph>
{{cite news|title=Sir David Jack, who has died aged 87, was the scientific brain behind the rise of the pharmaceuticals company Glaxo|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/finance-obituaries/8897458/Sir-David-Jack.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125011155/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/finance-obituaries/8897458/Sir-David-Jack.html|archive-date=25 November 2011}}</ref>
Salbutamol has a history of being used for doping due to its bronchodilating effects.<ref name="Fitch 2017 pp. 977–982">{{cite journal | last=Fitch | first=Ken D. | title=The enigma of inhaled salbutamol and sport: unresolved after 45 years | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | volume=9 | issue=7 | date=2017 | issn=1942-7603 | doi=10.1002/dta.2184 | pages=977–982}}</ref>
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
{{chemistry}}
Salbutamol is sold as a [[wikipedia:racemic mixture|racemic mixture]]. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer (R)<ref name="PharmaXChange.info 2011 i568">{{cite web | last=Metha | first=Akul | title=Adrenergics and Cholinergic their Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Structure Activity Relationships | website=PharmaXChange.info | date=2011-01-27 | url=https://pharmaxchange.info/2011/01/medicinal-chemistry-of-the-peripheral-nervous-system-adrenergics-and-cholinergic-their-biosynthesis-metabolism-and-structure-activity-relationships/ | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{pharmacology}}
{{pharmacology}}
Salbutamol acts on β2-adrenergic receptors inducing muscle relaxation.<ref name="Johnson Merrell Bounds 2024 s398">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Donavon B. | last2=Merrell | first2=Brigham J. | last3=Bounds | first3=Connor G. | title=Albuterol | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2024-01-10 | pmid=29489143 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482272/ | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
===Parmacokinetics===
Inhaled Salbutamol affects bronchial muscles without entering the bloodstream. Trace amounts appear two to three hours after inhalation.
Within 24h approximately 70% of the administered dose is eliminated.<ref name="Johnson Merrell Bounds 2024 s398">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Donavon B. | last2=Merrell | first2=Brigham J. | last3=Bounds | first3=Connor G. | title=Albuterol | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2024-01-10 | pmid=29489143 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482272/ | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
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==Toxicity and harm potential==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{toxicity}}
Salbutamol as physical dependence and addiction potential. Safe usage is about twice a week.<ref>Patient safety spotlight: the risks of overprescribing Salbutamol inhalers for asthma|https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/regulate/article/patient-safety-spotlight-risks-overprescribing-salbutamol-inhalers-asthma</ref>
'''Warning:''' Overdose can result in [[wikipedia:lactic acidosis|lactic acidosis]], [[wikipedia:arrhythmias|arrhythmias]], [[wikipedia:tremors|tremors]], [[wikipedia:hypoglykemia|hypoglykemia]] or [[wikipedia:hyperglykemia|hyperglykemia]].<ref name="Johnson Merrell Bounds 2024 s398">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Donavon B. | last2=Merrell | first2=Brigham J. | last3=Bounds | first3=Connor G. | title=Albuterol | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=2024-01-10 | pmid=29489143 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482272/ | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Lethal dosage===
===Lethal dosage===
The LD50 in mice is relatively high with > 2500 mg per kg.<ref name="PfizerData">{{cite web | publisher= Pfizer Ltd. | title=MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET | url=https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/products/material_safety_data/PZ00701.pdf | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Salbutamol as physical dependence and addiction potential. Safe usage is about twice a week.<ref name="General Pharmaceutical Council 2022 u597">{{cite web | title=Patient safety spotlight: the risks of overprescribing Salbutamol inhalers for asthma | website=General Pharmaceutical Council | date=2022-05-31 | url=https://www.pharmacyregulation.org/regulate/article/patient-safety-spotlight-risks-overprescribing-salbutamol-inhalers-asthma | access-date=2024-03-12}}</ref>
===Dangerous interactions===
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
*'''[[MAOIs]]''' Increased risk of adverse [[wikipedia:cardiovescular|cardiovescular]] events
*'''[[wikipedia:Diuretics]]''' May worsen ECG changes and hypoglykemia
*'''[[wikipedia:Digoxin|Digoxin]]'''
==Legal status==
==Legal status==
{{LegalStub}}
{{LegalStub}}
*'''Canada''': Salbutamol is a prescription-only medication.<ref>https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/index.php</ref>
*'''Germany''': Salbutamol is a prescription-only medication.
*'''United Kingdom''': Salbutamol is a prescription-only medication.<ref>https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/salbutamol-inhaler/about-salbutamol-inhalers/</ref>
It may contain incorrect information, particularly with respect to dosage, duration, subjective effects, toxicity and other risks. It may also not meet PW style and grammar standards.
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Salbutamol (also known as Albuterol, or by brand names including Ventolin) is a stimulant substance of the phenethylamine class, acting as a β₂ adrenergic receptor agonist. It is commonly used for the treatment of asthma and COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
Salbutamol was discovered 1966, by a team lead by David Jack, the first medication launched was Ventolin. Until today Salbutamol remains one of the most effective rescue inhalers [citation needed].[1]
Salbutamol has a history of being used for doping due to its bronchodilating effects.[2]
Salbutamol is sold as a racemic mixture. The (R)-(−)-enantiomer (CIP nomenclature) is shown in the image at right (top), and is responsible for the pharmacologic activity; the (S)-(+)-enantiomer (bottom) blocks metabolic pathways associated with elimination of itself and of the pharmacologically active enantiomer (R)[3]
Salbutamol acts on β2-adrenergic receptors inducing muscle relaxation.[4]
Parmacokinetics
Inhaled Salbutamol affects bronchial muscles without entering the bloodstream. Trace amounts appear two to three hours after inhalation.
Within 24h approximately 70% of the administered dose is eliminated.[4]
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
↑Fitch, Ken D. (2017). "The enigma of inhaled salbutamol and sport: unresolved after 45 years". Drug Testing and Analysis. 9 (7): 977–982. doi:10.1002/dta.2184. ISSN1942-7603.
