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{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/Noopept}}
{{SubstanceBox/Omberacetam}}
'''Noopept''' ('''GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester''') is a [[peptide]] promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a [[nootropic]]. The registered brand name Noopept (Ноопепт) is trademarked by the manufacturer JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals. The compound is patented in both the US and Russia with patent of Russian Federation number 2119496, US Patent number 5,439,930 issued 8/8/1995.[1]
'''Omberacetam''' (also known as '''GVS-111''' and '''Noopept'''<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=PubChem | title=Noopept | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/180496}}</ref>) is a [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] substance of the [[chemical class::peptide]] class. Omberacetam is promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a [[psychoactive class::nootropic]] with neuroprotective properties.
Omberacetam is easily accessible through the use of online vendors as a legal dietary supplement in the U.S. and as a medication in other countries. It is growing in popularity due to its effectiveness as a cognitive enhancing compound and because its active dose range is between 10 and 30 mg, which is much lower than compounds that offer similar effects such as the [[racetam]]s. When compared to the traditional [[racetam]]s, omberacetam has been found to be, according to studies, 1000 times more potent than the prototypical racetam drug, [[piracetam]].
As a peptide, the oral bioavailability is very low. [[Insufflation]] and [[sublingual]] administration are sometimes preferred because its bioaccessibility is on average 10%.<ref>Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 38, No. 12, pp. 3 – 5, December, 2004.</ref> Doses of 10 – 30 mg once a day for up to 56 days at a time, with extended breaks in between each period of usage, have been trialed<ref name="Neznamov2009">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Neznamov, G. G.)), ((Teleshova, E. S.)) | journal=Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology | title=Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=311–321 | date= March 2009 | issn=0097-0549 | doi=10.1007/s11055-009-9128-4}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | vauthors=IJEST | year=2021 | title=Finding the optimal dosage for nootropic agent Noopept: An analysis of available literature | url=https://www.ijest.org/optimal-dosage-noopept-ptardner-1120/}}</ref>.
Omberacetam is not technically a [[racetam]] molecule (due to not having a 2-oxo-pyrollidine skeleton). Despite this fact, the INN nomenclature considers it a member of the racetam family.
It is sold as a dietary supplement in the US and as a medication in other countries. Online however, noopept is freely available as a highly effective [[nootropic]] and [[stimulant]] which is effective at enhancing both cognition and productivity in a manner which is distinct but physically and mentally comfortable.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
Omberacetam, or N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, is a synthetic [[peptide]]. A peptide is a chain of simple amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Omberacetam contains a phenylacetyl subunit bound to a small peptide chain of proline and glycine. The proline amino acid is composed of a carboxylic acid group bound to a [[pyrrolidine]] ring at C2. The glycine amino acid is bound to proline with a peptide bond. The glycine residue also has been esterified with an ethyl group. Omberacetam is structurally similar to the endogenous neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine, for which it is a [[prodrug]]. Omberacetam is a dipeptide conjugate of [[piracetam]] although it is not a racetam as it lacks a pyrrolidone cycle.
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Noopept is not a racetam (due to not having a 2-oxo-pyrrolidine skeleton),[2] but is generally grouped together in the same category because it shares similar mechanisms of action with the racetam family, mainly modulation of the acetylcholine system, as well as modulation of AMPA receptors.[3] When compared to traditional racetams, it has been found to be, according to studies, 1000 times more potent than the prototypical racetam drug, piracetam.[4] Noopept is a prodrug for the endogenous peptide cyclopropylglycine.
Omberacetam modulates the [[acetylcholine]] system as well as the [[AMPA]] [[receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ostrovskaia, R. U.)), ((Gudasheva, T. A.)), ((Voronina, T. A.)), ((Seredenin, S. B.)) | journal=Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia | title=[The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept] | volume=65 | issue=5 | pages=66–72 | date= October 2002 | issn=0869-2092}}</ref> This modulation essentially allows acetylcholine to accumulate at higher levels than that which it otherwise would. As acetylcholine is involved in the function of memory, this could potentially account for its [[nootropic]] effects. Some research also suggests that NMDA receptors are involved in omberacetam's mechanism of action.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Andreeva, N. A.)), ((Stel’mashuk, E. V.)), ((Isaev, N. K.)), ((Ostrovskaya, R. U.)), ((Gudasheva, T. A.)), ((Viktorov, I. V.)) | journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine | title=[No title found] | volume=130 | issue=10 | pages=969–972 | date= 2000 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1002828707337 | issn=00074888 | doi=10.1023/A:1002828707337}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kovalev, G. I.)), ((Vorob’ev, V. V.)), ((Akhmetova, E. R.)) | journal=Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine | title=NMDA component in the effects of piracetam and new nootropic peptide GVS-111 on the neocortical and hippocampal EEG in conscious rats | volume=128 | issue=2 | pages=822–825 | date= August 1999 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02433825 | issn=0007-4888 | doi=10.1007/BF02433825}}</ref>
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the compounds effects continues to remain elusive.
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - The stimulation which omberacetam presents can be considered as primarily subtle and encouraged rather than forceful and distinct.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The "body high" which omberacetam presents can be described as a faint, all-encompassing, soft and consistent tingling sensation.
*'''[[Effect::Headaches]]'''
}}
{{effects/visual|
*'''[[Effect::Acuity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour enhancement]]''' - Some anecdotal reports state that it makes colours appear more vibrant.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational omberacetam use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because omberacetam has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried omberacetam within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this drug.
High doses of omberacetam (above 20 mg) can cause short-term memory loss, brain fog, irritability, sleep disturbances, and headache<ref name="Neznamov2009" />.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
The chronic use of omberacetam can be considered as [[Addiction potential::non-addictive with a low potential for abuse]]. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among users.
Tolerance to many of the effects of omberacetam [[Time to full tolerance::develops over several weeks of prolonged and repeated use]].{{Citation needed|reason=According to Dr. Rita Ostrovskaya, one of the creators of omberacetam, and many studies in Russia, tolerance does not seem to appear when taken at recommended dosages.<ref name="rita ostrovskaya on tolerance">{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWYJAbW9AP0&t=962 | title = Dr. Rita Ostrovskaya on omberacetam tolerance | quote = Tolerance? No, there is no tolerance. No. No, tolerance because we advise that people use [omberacetam], and then take an interval. For example, [take it] three times per year.}}</ref>|date=June 2017}} This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Omberacetam may present cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[racetam]] [[nootropic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of omberacetam certain [[nootropic]]s such as [[coluracetam]] and [[piracetam]] may have a reduced effect.
===Dangerous Interactions===
*[[Psychedelics]] - Anecdotal reports suggest that combining psychedelics with omberacetam strongly intensifies psychedelics effects. Independent research and caution are strongly advised before using these drugs in combination.
==Legal status==
==Legal issues==
*'''Australia:''' Omberacetam is a Schedule 4 prescription drug and needs a valid prescription to be taken. It is not sold within the country.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Administration, A. G. D. of H. T. G.)) | year=2019 | title=1.2 Racetams | url=https://www.tga.gov.au/book-page/12-racetams}}</ref>
*'''Canada:''' Omberacetam does not have a Drug Identification Number (DIN), meaning that it cannot be imported for resale or distribution. Omberacetam is not scheduled nor controlled in Canada, making import for personal reasons legal.{{citation needed}}
*'''Russia:''' Noopept in Russia is a drug of medicine and is available without a prescription.<ref>{{Citation | title=Государственный реестр лекарственных средств | url=https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=6e1f901d-6924-4721-87d5-c82880be8286&t=}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' Omberacetam is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' Omberacetam has no schedule assigned to it in the United States, making it unregulated and therefore legally available for anyone in the country to buy, possess and use.{{citation needed}} The Food and Drug Administration has nevertheless issued import alerts for imports of Omberacetam, considering it an analog of piracetam. FDA considers such racetam-family substances Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that require new drug applications and adequate labelling before being imported.<ref>{{Citation | title=Import Alert 66-66 | url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cms_ia/importalert_202.html}}</ref> Similarly, warnings have been issued for claims of medical and pharmacological effects of this officially non-drug substance.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Nutrition, C. for F. S. and A.)) | year=2019 | title=Peak Nootropics LLC aka Advanced Nootropics - 557887 - 02/05/2019 | url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/peak-nootropics-llc-aka-advanced-nootropics-557887-02052019}}</ref>
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Omberacetam (also known as GVS-111 and Noopept[1]) is a nootropic substance of the peptide class. Omberacetam is promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a nootropic with neuroprotective properties.
Omberacetam is easily accessible through the use of online vendors as a legal dietary supplement in the U.S. and as a medication in other countries. It is growing in popularity due to its effectiveness as a cognitive enhancing compound and because its active dose range is between 10 and 30 mg, which is much lower than compounds that offer similar effects such as the racetams. When compared to the traditional racetams, omberacetam has been found to be, according to studies, 1000 times more potent than the prototypical racetam drug, piracetam.
As a peptide, the oral bioavailability is very low. Insufflation and sublingual administration are sometimes preferred because its bioaccessibility is on average 10%.[2] Doses of 10 – 30 mg once a day for up to 56 days at a time, with extended breaks in between each period of usage, have been trialed[3][4].
Omberacetam is not technically a racetam molecule (due to not having a 2-oxo-pyrollidine skeleton). Despite this fact, the INN nomenclature considers it a member of the racetam family.
Omberacetam, or N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, is a synthetic peptide. A peptide is a chain of simple amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Omberacetam contains a phenylacetyl subunit bound to a small peptide chain of proline and glycine. The proline amino acid is composed of a carboxylic acid group bound to a pyrrolidine ring at C2. The glycine amino acid is bound to proline with a peptide bond. The glycine residue also has been esterified with an ethyl group. Omberacetam is structurally similar to the endogenous neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine, for which it is a prodrug. Omberacetam is a dipeptide conjugate of piracetam although it is not a racetam as it lacks a pyrrolidone cycle.
Pharmacology
Omberacetam modulates the acetylcholine system as well as the AMPAreceptors.[5] This modulation essentially allows acetylcholine to accumulate at higher levels than that which it otherwise would. As acetylcholine is involved in the function of memory, this could potentially account for its nootropic effects. Some research also suggests that NMDA receptors are involved in omberacetam's mechanism of action.[6][7]
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - The stimulation which omberacetam presents can be considered as primarily subtle and encouraged rather than forceful and distinct.
Spontaneous physical sensations - The "body high" which omberacetam presents can be described as a faint, all-encompassing, soft and consistent tingling sensation.
There are currently 0 experience reports describing the effects of this substance in our experience index. You can also submit your own experience report using the same link.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational omberacetam use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because omberacetam has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried omberacetam within the community suggest that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
High doses of omberacetam (above 20 mg) can cause short-term memory loss, brain fog, irritability, sleep disturbances, and headache[3].
Tolerance and addiction potential
The chronic use of omberacetam can be considered as non-addictive with a low potential for abuse. It does not seem to be capable of causing psychological dependence among users.
Tolerance to many of the effects of omberacetam develops over several weeks of prolonged and repeated use.[citation needed] This results in users having to administer increasingly larger doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). Omberacetam may present cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all racetamnootropics]], meaning that after the consumption of omberacetam certain nootropics such as coluracetam and piracetam may have a reduced effect.
Dangerous Interactions
Psychedelics - Anecdotal reports suggest that combining psychedelics with omberacetam strongly intensifies psychedelics effects. Independent research and caution are strongly advised before using these drugs in combination.
Legal status
Australia: Omberacetam is a Schedule 4 prescription drug and needs a valid prescription to be taken. It is not sold within the country.[9]
Canada: Omberacetam does not have a Drug Identification Number (DIN), meaning that it cannot be imported for resale or distribution. Omberacetam is not scheduled nor controlled in Canada, making import for personal reasons legal.[citation needed]
Russia: Noopept in Russia is a drug of medicine and is available without a prescription.[10]
United Kingdom: Omberacetam is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[11]
United States: Omberacetam has no schedule assigned to it in the United States, making it unregulated and therefore legally available for anyone in the country to buy, possess and use.[citation needed] The Food and Drug Administration has nevertheless issued import alerts for imports of Omberacetam, considering it an analog of piracetam. FDA considers such racetam-family substances Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) that require new drug applications and adequate labelling before being imported.[12] Similarly, warnings have been issued for claims of medical and pharmacological effects of this officially non-drug substance.[13]
↑ 3.03.1Neznamov, G. G., Teleshova, E. S. (March 2009). "Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin". Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology. 39 (3): 311–321. doi:10.1007/s11055-009-9128-4. ISSN0097-0549.
↑Ostrovskaia, R. U., Gudasheva, T. A., Voronina, T. A., Seredenin, S. B. (October 2002). "[The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept]". Eksperimental’naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia. 65 (5): 66–72. ISSN0869-2092.
↑Andreeva, N. A., Stel’mashuk, E. V., Isaev, N. K., Ostrovskaya, R. U., Gudasheva, T. A., Viktorov, I. V. (2000). "[No title found]". Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 130 (10): 969–972. doi:10.1023/A:1002828707337. ISSN0007-4888.
↑"Dr. Rita Ostrovskaya on omberacetam tolerance". Tolerance? No, there is no tolerance. No. No, tolerance because we advise that people use [omberacetam], and then take an interval. For example, [take it] three times per year.
↑Administration, A. G. D. of H. T. G. (2019), 1.2 Racetams
