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! colspan="2" style="background:lightblue;width:265px;font-size:10pt" | Salvia divinorum
{{SubstanceBox/Salvia}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:7pt" | [[Image:Tumblr_inline_mgf2noRvdw1qziutd.png|noframe|295px]]<br /> Skeletal formula of Salvinorin A
'''Salvinorin A''' is the active constituent of the plant [[Salvinorin A#Salvia divinorum|Salvia divinorum]] and is an extremely potent agonist of the kappa-opioid receptor that displays [[atypical]] hallucinogenic effects. It has been used as an [[entheogens|entheogen]] by tribes in Mexico for thousands of years by use in the plant [[Salvinorin_A#Salvia_divinorum|Salvia divinorum]]. Unlike most psychotropics, its structure contains no nitrogen atoms; hence it is not an alkaloid (and cannot be rendered as a salt) but a terpenoid, like [[THC]].
'''Salvinorin A''' is the main active psychoactive molecule within [[Salvia divinorum (botany)|''Salvia Divinorum'']], a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an [[entheogen]] by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring [[hallucinogens]] (such as [[DMT]], [[psilocin]] and [[mescaline]]) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a [[Chemical class::terpenoid]] and not an [[alkaloid]] as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.
It also differs in subjective experience compared to other [[Psychoactive class::hallucinogen]]s, and has been described as an atypical [[psychedelic]] although this formal classification is debatable.{{citation needed}}
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
Salvinorin A is part of the terpenoid class.
Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane molecule, an oxygenated cyclic diterpenoid. It contains four isoprene groups bound to its oxygenated polycyclic rings. Salvinorin A is unique as it is not an [[alkaloid]]; it contains no nitrogen atoms unlike almost all known classical, natural, or synthetic [[hallucinogens]].
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
Salvinorin A is a potent kappa-opioid agonist. It does not however have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most psychedelic drugs.
Salvinorin A is a potent [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor [[agonist]]. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor, the receptor targeted by most [[psychedelic]] substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the [[Opioid#Kappa_.28.CE.BA.29|κ-opioid]] receptor rather than the [[Opioid#Mu_.28.CE.BC.29|μ-opioid]] receptor.
=Subjective effects=
Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at [[dopamine|D<sub>2</sub>]] receptors,<ref name="d2">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Seeman, P.)), ((Guan, H.-C.)), ((Hirbec, H.)) | journal=Synapse | title=Dopamine D2 High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil | volume=63 | issue=8 | pages=698–704 | date= August 2009 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/syn.20647 | issn=08874476 | doi=10.1002/syn.20647}}</ref> which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects.
==Physical effects==
The physical effects of Salvia can be broken down into nine components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
*'''[[Physical effects: Changes in gravity|Changes in gravity]]''' - the most prominent physical sensation of a salvia trip is known by many people as “Salvia Gravity”. This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dosage until it is all encompassing, beginning with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the tripper up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if you are being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens.
==Subjective effects==
*'''[[Physical effects: Changes in felt bodily form|Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - this effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvia gravity and can be described as non painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves and a variety of other sudden changes.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
*'''[[Physical effects: Spontaneous tactile sensations|Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - for some unlucky people this is sometimes accompanied by the sensation of intense, sharp and cold pins and needles all over a persons skin, which can quickly become very uncomfortable. Most people however will never experience this feeling.
==Cognitive effects==
{{effects/base
The cognitive effects of salvia can be broken down into ten components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of salvia is described by many as one of extreme cognitive suppression and a strong feelings of confusion. The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Sedation]]''' - Salvia tends to produce a strong sedative effect in a dose-dependent manner.
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt gravity]]''' - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the user up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens.
*'''[[Effect::Changes in felt bodily form]]''' - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - For some unlucky people, this is sometimes accompanied by the sensation of intense, sharp and cold pins and needles all over a person's skin which can quickly become very uncomfortable. Most people, however, will never experience this feeling.
*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
}}
The prominent cognitive components of a salvia trip can be broken down into,
{{effects/visual|
====Distortions====
When a user of this substance keeps their eyes open throughout the duration of a moderate to strong trip, a number of open eye distortions and alterations are usually present. These are significantly more simplistic from that of open eye distortions found with other classes of [[hallucinogen]]s. They seem to play heavily on different sections of the user's vision and generally include:
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Extreme laughter|Extreme laughter]]''' - the average first time salvia user generally experiences a mixture of extreme gigglyness and confusion.
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]''' - This effect is usually characterized by a total loss of depth perception and a complete flattening of the visual field into a 2-dimensional image. It can also make objects seem further away or closer in distance than they actually are.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Ego suppression, loss and death|Ego suppression, loss and death]]''' - this trip feels particularly intense on a mental level due to the near instant cognitive transition into ego death which can occur very suddenly at moderate to high dosages. This feels as if you are receiving the sensory input of your trip, but not fully conscious enough to think about the implications of it until you come down.
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Thought deceleration|Thought deceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]''' - This effect can be described as specific objects with the external environment or the surroundings as a whole changing in physical size and becoming impossibly huge or small in size.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Suppression of information processing|Suppression of information processing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental cubism]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Suppression of language|Suppression of language]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Anxiety|Anxiety]]''' - general paranoia, anxiety and panic are very common for the unprepared and this can be accounted for by the fact that k-opoid antaganists have been shown to cause such feelings in people.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: States of unity and interconnectedness|States of unity and interconnectedness]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Amnesia|Amnesia]]'''
It’s these effects which create for an experience devoid of personal introspection. This substance is best described as a drug that does not create profound personal insights, just profound and interesting experiences.
At moderate to high doses in darkness or with closed eyes, a full array of level 1 - 4 hallucinatory structures becomes present once the user has become disconnected from their body. This is an effect which is most commonly found within [[dissociative]]s such as [[ketamine]] and [[DXM]]. The hallucinatory structures of salvia are distinctively different in style and are significantly more likely to be based on mathematical constructs such as vast and elaborate fractals.
==Visual effects==
In terms of stylistic appearance, they also tend to contain significantly more detail in their style with a greater variety of materials and abstract detail comprising the structures.
===Distortions===
Another key difference between the manifestation of this effect within salvia and those found within [[dissociative]]s is the extremely prominent sense that the user actually is the structures that they are visually perceiving. This can be described as the sensation that they have become the structure itself and can physically feel every detail and moving part across itself. In comparison, this effect is only present at level 4 within the classical [[dissociative]] drugs, but is often present across all levels within salvia.
When a user of this substance keeps their eyes open throughout the duration of a moderate - strong trip, a number of open eye distortions and alterations are usually present. These are significantly more simplistic from that of open eye distortions found with other classes of [[hallucinogens|hallucinogen]]. They seem to play heavily on different sections of your vision and generally include,
*'''Depth perception distortions''' - this effect is usually characterized by a total loss of depth perception and a complete flattening of the visual field into a 2-dimensional image. It can also make objects seem further away or closer in distance than they actually are.
These constructs and structures are often so huge that they appear to expand across hundreds to thousands of miles and gradually change by means of panning, zooming and rotating slowly into view as more and more detail is gradually revealed. As dose increases so does the level of detail and intricacy of these structures. This continues until level 4 when the sensation of seeing the entire universe condensed into an infinitely vast and intricate self-transforming machine form becomes present.
*'''Size distortions''' - this effect can be described as specific objects with the external environment or the surroundings as a whole changing in physical size and becoming impossibly huge or small in size.
===Structures===
====Hallucinatory states====
At moderate to high dosages with darkness or closed eyes, a full array of level 1 - 4 hallucinatory structures. This is an effect which is most commonly found within dissociatives such as [[ketamine]] and [[DXM]]. They are distinctively different in style however and significantly more likely to be based on mathematical constructs such as vast and elaborate fractals.
Salvia produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is just as consistent as that of any of the classical psychedelics. These effects include:
In terms of stylistic appearance they also tend to contain significantly more detail to their style, with a greater variety of materials and abstract detail which comprise the structures. This often takes the form of extremely complex machinescapes with intricate interlocking mechanical parts which move between each other in a variety of ways.
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]''' - In comparison to psychedelics, the transformations found within salvinorin A are significantly more solid, believable and realistic in appearance. They are commonly manifested as objects within the external environment coming alive or changing in some way.
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' - The imagery on salvia is described as more solid than psychedelics and does not seem to be composed of condensed visual [[geometry]] as with the imagery found within psychedelics. It is often embedded within and across structures which often become solid fractal representations of the original image. At higher doses, this particular effect commonly contains a full array of hallucinations with [[Scenarios and plots|plots, scenarios]], [[Settings, sceneries, and landscapes|settings]] and [[autonomous entity]] contact. They can be described as both lucid and delirious in their believability, fixed in style and often ominous or sinister in nature. A unique aspect to the hallucinatory scenarios found within salvia are how commonly they are manifested with a 2nd person perspective in comparison to other classes of hallucinogens. This is commonly described as suddenly becoming a random object with common examples often including a conveyor belt, a wall, a book or a specific part of a building.
Another key difference between the manifestion of this effect within salvia and those found within dissociatives is the extremely prominent sense that you are the structures that you are visually perceiving. This can be described as the sensation that you have become the structure itself and can feel every detail and moving part across itself. In comparison this effect is only present at level 4 within the classical dissociatives but is often present across all levels within salvia.
}}
These constructs and structures are often so huge that they appear to expand across hundreds to thousands of miles and gradually change by means of panning, zooming and rotating slowly into view as more and more detail is gradually revealed. As dosage increases, so does the level of detail and intricacy of these structures. This continues until level 4 when the sensation of seeing the entire universe condensed into an infinitely vast and intricate self transforming machine form becomes present.
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of salvinorin A can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of salvia is described by many as one of extreme cognitive suppression and strong feelings of [[confusion]]. It’s these effects which create an experience devoid of personal introspection. This substance is best described as a drug that does not create profound personal insights, but simply creates powerful and interesting experiences.
===Hallucinatory states===
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
Salvia produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is just as consistent of that of any classical psychedelics. These effects include,
*[[Visual effects - Psychedelics#Transformations|Transformations]] - in comparison to psychedelics, the transformations found within salvia are significantly more solid, believable and realistic in appearance. They are commonly manifested as objects within the external environment coming alive or changing in some way and can only occur when the eyes are kept open.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety]]''' - General paranoia, anxiety and panic are very common for the unprepared and this can be accounted for by the fact that k-opioid [[agonist|agonists]] have been shown to cause such feelings in people.
*[[Visual effects - Psychedelics#Imagery|Imagery]] - The imagery on salvia is described as more solid than psychedelics and does not seem to be composed of condensed visual geometry as with imagery found within psychedelics and dissociatives. It is often embedded within and across structures and are likely to become solid fractal representations of the original image.
*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]'''
*[[Visual effects - Psychedelics#Hallucinations|Hallucinations]] - this particular effect commonly contains a full array of hallucinations with plots, settings, autonomous entity contact and scenarios. They are common at high dosages and can be described as mostly internal in their manifestation but occasionally external with open eyes. They are both lucid and delirious in their believability, fixed in style and often ominous and a little sinister in style.
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive dysphoria]]'''
*'''Consistent 2nd person hallucinations''' - A unique aspect to the hallucinatory scenarios found within salvia are how commonly they are manifested with a 2nd person perspective in comparison to other classes of hallucinogens. This is commonly described as suddenly becoming a random object with common examples often include a conveyer belt, a wall, a book or a specific part of a building.
*'''[[Effect::Confusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Ego replacement]]''' - This effect differs qualitatively from [[psychedelics]] in that it usually comes about in the form of another human being, animal or even plant.
*'''[[Effect::Feelings of impending doom]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Language suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]''' - The average first time salvia user generally experiences a mixture of extreme giggles and confusion.
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' - This substance is particularly intense in its cognitive effects due to the near instant transition from sobriety into [[Effect::ego death]] (complete memory failure) which can occur very suddenly at moderate to high doses. Throughout the experience, this feels as if the user is receiving the sensory input of their trip but are not fully conscious enough to process the implications of it until the offset.
At the present moment the scientific literature is currently classing Salvinorin A as a hallucinogen which fits the criteria as either a dissociative or an A-typical dissociative.
{{effects/multisensory|
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]'''
Encyclopedia Psychonautica argues that although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out of body experiences with dissociatives. This is not enough to argue that it falls under the same classification, for example the hallucinatory structures, although similar are vastly different in their style and complexity. Along side of this, out of body experiences with dissociatives are triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain and quite literally disconnect the user from its body. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is simply not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors.
The effects of salvia have a completely unique subjective style and pharmacology that is not found within any other category of hallucinogen and is thus an entirely new class of its own.
[[File:Salvia-divinorum-plants.jpg|300px|thumb|right|The leaves of a Salvia divinorum plant]]
==Salvia divinorum==
'''''Salvia Divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. {{citation needed}}
'''''Salvia divinorum''''' (also known as '''Diviner's Sage''', '''Ska María Pastora''', '''Seer's Sage''', and by its genus name '''''Salvia''''') is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high, has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes.
===Forms of Salvia Divinorum===
===Forms of Salvia Divinorum===
====Fresh leaf====
====='''Fresh leaf''' (sublingual)=====
Fresh leaf is mostly used for making a quid of leaves and holding it under the tongue for sublingual absorption. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it doesn't break up in one's mouth and it's easier to chew.
The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for [[Routes of administration#Sublingual|sublingual absorption]]. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency.
*'''Light -''' 10 g fresh / 2 g dried
*'''Light -''' 10 g fresh / 2 g dried
*'''Common -''' 30 g fresh / 6 g dried
*'''Common -''' 30 g fresh / 6 g dried
*'''Strong -''' 50 g fresh / 10 g dried
*'''Strong -''' 50 g fresh / 10 g dried
====Dried leaf====
====='''Dried leaf''' (smoked)=====
Dried leaf is usually prepared by just taking leaf and leaving it out in the sun. Leaf can also be dried in the oven at about 150 degrees F for however long it takes until they become crispy. Dried salvia leaf is used for smoking. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, that person should soak them in water for ten minutes otherwise sublingual absorption can become a disgusting mess. Soaking them in water can lose potency.
Dried leaf is usually prepared by simply taking the leaf and leaving it out in the sun. The leaf can also be dried in the oven at about 150 degrees Fahrenheit until it becomes crispy. Dried salvia leaf is used for smoking.
*'''Light -''' 0.25 g dried
*'''Common -''' 0.5 g dried
*'''Strong -''' 0.75–1.00 g dried
====='''Extracts'''=====
Commercial salvia extracts are easily accessible both online and within local head shops in certain countries. They are sold in varying forms depending on how concentrated they are and are usually marketed as being 5X, 10X, 15X, 80X, etc. This symbolizes that the extract is X times stronger in psychoactive effects than those that can be had from the regular leaves (5X is 5 times as strong as regular leaf). The stronger the extract, the stronger the experience; use at your own risk.
====='''Tincture'''=====
This is made by dissolving pure salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).
====='''Tea'''=====
A [[Hot water extraction from dried Salvia Divinorum leaves|tea]] can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals.
*'''''Salvia Recognita''''' (also known as '''Turkish Cliff Sage''') is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less potent than its relative ''Salvia Divinorum''. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers.
*'''''Salvia Glutinosa''''' (also known as '''Jupiter's Sage''') is a psychoactive plant which is far less potent than Salvia Recognita. Its native habitat is in forested areas located around Central and East Europe and West Asia, where it grows in partial shade in calcareous soils, at elevations of 330 - 5,250 feet (100 - 1,600 metres) above sea level. The plant grows up to a 16-24 inches (40 - 60 cm) tall and hairy leafs that span from 5.1 inches (13 cm) inches with petioles of about 3.1 - 3.9 inches (7.9 - 9.9 centimetres), and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers.
==Classification==
Currently, the scientific literature classifies salvinorin A as a [[hallucinogen]]. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a [[dissociative]] or an atypical dissociative with some [[psychedelic]] and even [[deliriant|delirious]] qualities.{{citation needed}}
Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives ([[NMDA receptor antagonist]]s), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.{{citation needed}}
The effects of salvia have a subjectively unique style and pharmacology that is not found within any other category of [[hallucinogen]], this has led many within the [[psychonaut]] community assert that it deserves recognition for falling into an entirely new class of its own. Any compound within this subjective and pharmacological class could potentially be referred to as a "salviagenic". This would also include various other similar analogues such as [[Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether|Salvinorin B]] and many others.<ref>{{Citation | title=Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A - Salvia Divinorum - Welcome to the DMT-Nexus | url=https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823}}</ref>
==Research==
Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kivell, B. M.)), ((Ewald, A. W. M.)), ((Prisinzano, T. E.)) | journal=Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.) | title=Salvinorin A analogs and other κ-opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse | volume=69 | pages=481–511 | date= 2014 | issn=1557-8925 | doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00012-3}}</ref>
===Near-death experience===
A 2019 large-scale study found that [[ketamine]], ''Salvia divinorum'', and [[DMT]] (and other classical psychedelic substances) are linked to [[near-death experience]]s.<ref name="pmid=30711788">{{cite journal |last1=Martial |first1=C |last2=Cassol |first2=H |last3=Charland-Verville |first3=V |last4=Pallavicini |first4=C |last5=Sanz |first5=C |last6=Zamberlan |first6=F |last7=Vivot |first7=RM |last8=Erowid |first8=F |last9=Erowid |first9=E |last10=Laureys |first10=S |last11=Greyson |first11=B |last12=Tagliazucchi |first12=E |title=Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. |journal=Consciousness and cognition |date=March 2019 |volume=69 |pages=52-69 |doi=10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011 |pmid=30711788}}</ref>
==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{toxicity}}
{{Further|Responsible use#Hallucinogens}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because salvinorin A is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
Please see Research Articles below in External Links section for dose related scientific research on Salvinorin A.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
Salvinorin A is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of salvinorin A does not occur. In fact, many users report that the effects of this substance can actually become stronger over time and with repeated usage (a phenomenon known as "[[reverse tolerance]]"). Due to its unique set of target receptors, salvinorin A presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::no other [[hallucinogen]]s]].
==Legal status==
*'''Australia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Australia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Austria:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Belgium:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Belgium.{{citation needed}}
*'''Croatia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Czech Republic:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.{{citation needed}}
*'''Canada:''' Salvia divinorum and its preparations and derivatives (including Salvinorin A) are schedule IV in Canada.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-38.8/page-15.html}}</ref>
*'''Denmark:''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.{{citation needed}}
*'''Germany:''' Salvinorin A is not controlled in Germany, however Salvia Divinorum was added to BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to grow, import, possess, sell, or transfer it as of March 1, 2008 <ref>{{Citation | title=21. BtMÄndV Einundzwanzigste Betäubungsmittelrechts-Änderungsverordnung | url=https://www.buzer.de/gesetz/8104/index.htm}}</ref>
*'''Ireland:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Ireland.{{citation needed}}
*'''Italy:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Italy.{{citation needed}}
*'''Latvia:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Latvia.{{citation needed}}
*'''Lithuania:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Lithuania.{{citation needed}}
*'''New Zealand:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in New Zealand.{{citation needed}}
*'''Poland:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Poland.{{citation needed}}
*'''Romania:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Romania.{{citation needed}}
*'''Spain:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Spain.{{citation needed}}
*'''Sweden:''' Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Sweden.{{citation needed}}
*'''Switzerland''': Salvia divinorum as well as Salvinorin A are controlled substances specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' Salvia is legal to produce, supply, or import if sold not for human consumption under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | year=2022 | title=Legal status of Salvia divinorum | url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum&oldid=1097655490}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' Salvinorin A is illegal in certain states.{{citation needed}}
==See also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Salvia divinorum (botany)|Salvia Divinorum]]
*[[Salvinorin B]]
*[[Hallucinogens]]
*[[Entheogens]]
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Salvinorin A (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?domain=pk&id=2841 Salvinorin A (Isomer Design)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/plants/salvia/ Salvia (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_recognita Salvia Recognita (Wikipedia)]
===Discussion===
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/359879-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Salvia-Thread-Second-iteration The Big & Dandy Salvia Thread - Second iteration (Bluelight)]
*[https://www.dmt-nexus.me/forum/default.aspx?g=posts&t=4823 Salvinorin Analogues; Beyond Salvinorin A (DMT Nexus)]
==='''Research Articles'''===
*'''Light :''' 0.25g
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3089685/ Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant ''Salvia divinorum'']
*'''Common :''' 0.5g
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3581702/ Dose-related Effects of Salvinorin A in Humans: Dissociative, Hallucinogenic, and Memory Effects]
*'''Strong :''' 0.75 - 1.00g
====Extracts====
==Literature==
Salvia extracts are freely available both online and within local head shops in certain countries. They are sold in varying forms of 5X, 10X, 15X, 80X, etc. This symbolises that the extract being consumed is X times stronger than regular leaves (5X is 5 times as strong as regular leaf). The stronger the extract, the stronger the experience; use are your own risk.
====Tincture====
*Johnson MW, Maclean KA, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. (2010) Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Dec 4.
This is made by dissolving pure salvinorin-A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water although potency may be decreased.
*Baggott MJ, Erowid E, Erowid F, Galloway GP, Mendelson J. (2010). Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: An internet-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Oct 1;111(3):250-6
*Mendelson JE, Coyle JR, Lopez JC, Baggott MJ, Flower K, Everhart ET, Munro TA, Galloway GP, Cohen BM. (2010). Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
=Toxicity and Harm Potential=
==References==
==Lethal Dosage==
<references />
There has not been any studies to determine the LD<sub>50</sub> of Salvinorin A.
==Tolerance and Addiction Potential==
Anecdotal reports suggest that Salvinorin A has a "reverse tolerance", meaning that less of the drug is needed with each consecutive trip to cause an effect. Tolerance will eventually build up over time however, although this may be years. There is no real addictive potential.
=Legal Issues=
[[Category:Naturally-occurring substance]]
*'''Australia :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
[[Category:Salvinorin]]
*'''Belgium :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
[[Category:Psychedelic]]
*'''Croatia :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
[[Category:Dissociative]]
*'''Czech Republic :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
[[Category:Entheogen]]
*'''Denmark :''' Salvinorin A is a Class B drug.
*'''Germany :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Ireland :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Italy :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Latvia :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Lithuania :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Poland :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Romania :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Spain :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''Sweden :''' Possession and sale is illegal.
*'''UK :''' Possession and sale is legal
*'''USA :''' Salvinorin A is illegal is some states, but not all.
==See Also==
{{#set:Featured=true}}
*[[Portal:Trip Reports#Salvia divinorum|Salvinorin A Trip Reports]]
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Salvinorin A is the main active psychoactive molecule within Salvia Divinorum, a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans. It is structurally distinct from other naturally occurring hallucinogens (such as DMT, psilocin and mescaline) because it contains no nitrogen atoms, making it a terpenoid and not an alkaloid as is the norm. This means it cannot be rendered as a salt.
It also differs in subjective experience compared to other hallucinogens, and has been described as an atypical psychedelic although this formal classification is debatable.[citation needed]
Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane molecule, an oxygenated cyclic diterpenoid. It contains four isoprene groups bound to its oxygenated polycyclic rings. Salvinorin A is unique as it is not an alkaloid; it contains no nitrogen atoms unlike almost all known classical, natural, or synthetic hallucinogens.
Pharmacology
Salvinorin A is a potent κ-opioid receptor agonist. It does not have any effect on the 5-HT2A receptor, the receptor targeted by most psychedelic substances, nor does it act as an NMDA receptor antagonist as dissociatives do. The unique structure of salvinorin A lacks features commonly associated with opioid ligand binding such as a guaternary carbon atom linked to a tertiary amine group by two other carbon atoms. Unlike traditional opioid agonists, salvinorin A targets the κ-opioid receptor rather than the μ-opioid receptor.
Salvinorin A also acts as a potent agonist at D2 receptors,[1] which may be partially responsible for its hallucinogenic effects.
Subjective effects
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Sedation - Salvia tends to produce a strong sedative effect in a dose-dependent manner.
Changes in felt gravity - The most prominent physical sensation of a salvinorin A trip is known by many people as “salvia gravity.” This is at least partially present during the mildest of trips and increases proportionally with dose until it is all-encompassing. It begins with a heavy sensation that pulls and tugs at the body. As this increases, it inevitably becomes so powerful that it swiftly lifts the user up and out of their body at extremely high speeds and over vast distances in a direction that often doesn't quite make sense. This feels as if the user is being pushed or pulled into a space vastly different from anything found on the classic hallucinogens.
Changes in felt bodily form - This effect often accompanies the onset of powerful salvinorin A gravity and can be described as non-painful sensations of being stretched horizontally or vertically into infinity, splitting into two halves, and a variety of other sudden changes. This can even include the user feeling as if they have actually become an inanimate object within their current setting.
Spontaneous bodily sensations - For some unlucky people, this is sometimes accompanied by the sensation of intense, sharp and cold pins and needles all over a person's skin which can quickly become very uncomfortable. Most people, however, will never experience this feeling.
When a user of this substance keeps their eyes open throughout the duration of a moderate to strong trip, a number of open eye distortions and alterations are usually present. These are significantly more simplistic from that of open eye distortions found with other classes of hallucinogens. They seem to play heavily on different sections of the user's vision and generally include:
Depth perception distortions - This effect is usually characterized by a total loss of depth perception and a complete flattening of the visual field into a 2-dimensional image. It can also make objects seem further away or closer in distance than they actually are.
Perspective distortions - This effect can be described as specific objects with the external environment or the surroundings as a whole changing in physical size and becoming impossibly huge or small in size.
At moderate to high doses in darkness or with closed eyes, a full array of level 1 - 4 hallucinatory structures becomes present once the user has become disconnected from their body. This is an effect which is most commonly found within dissociatives such as ketamine and DXM. The hallucinatory structures of salvia are distinctively different in style and are significantly more likely to be based on mathematical constructs such as vast and elaborate fractals.
In terms of stylistic appearance, they also tend to contain significantly more detail in their style with a greater variety of materials and abstract detail comprising the structures.
Another key difference between the manifestation of this effect within salvia and those found within dissociatives is the extremely prominent sense that the user actually is the structures that they are visually perceiving. This can be described as the sensation that they have become the structure itself and can physically feel every detail and moving part across itself. In comparison, this effect is only present at level 4 within the classical dissociative drugs, but is often present across all levels within salvia.
These constructs and structures are often so huge that they appear to expand across hundreds to thousands of miles and gradually change by means of panning, zooming and rotating slowly into view as more and more detail is gradually revealed. As dose increases so does the level of detail and intricacy of these structures. This continues until level 4 when the sensation of seeing the entire universe condensed into an infinitely vast and intricate self-transforming machine form becomes present.
Hallucinatory states
Salvia produces a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is just as consistent as that of any of the classical psychedelics. These effects include:
Transformations - In comparison to psychedelics, the transformations found within salvinorin A are significantly more solid, believable and realistic in appearance. They are commonly manifested as objects within the external environment coming alive or changing in some way.
Internal hallucination - The imagery on salvia is described as more solid than psychedelics and does not seem to be composed of condensed visual geometry as with the imagery found within psychedelics. It is often embedded within and across structures which often become solid fractal representations of the original image. At higher doses, this particular effect commonly contains a full array of hallucinations with plots, scenarios, settings and autonomous entity contact. They can be described as both lucid and delirious in their believability, fixed in style and often ominous or sinister in nature. A unique aspect to the hallucinatory scenarios found within salvia are how commonly they are manifested with a 2nd person perspective in comparison to other classes of hallucinogens. This is commonly described as suddenly becoming a random object with common examples often including a conveyor belt, a wall, a book or a specific part of a building.
Cognitive effects
The cognitive effects of salvinorin A can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. The general head space of salvia is described by many as one of extreme cognitive suppression and strong feelings of confusion. It’s these effects which create an experience devoid of personal introspection. This substance is best described as a drug that does not create profound personal insights, but simply creates powerful and interesting experiences.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
Anxiety - General paranoia, anxiety and panic are very common for the unprepared and this can be accounted for by the fact that k-opioid agonists have been shown to cause such feelings in people.
Ego replacement - This effect differs qualitatively from psychedelics in that it usually comes about in the form of another human being, animal or even plant.
Laughter fits - The average first time salvia user generally experiences a mixture of extreme giggles and confusion.
Memory suppression - This substance is particularly intense in its cognitive effects due to the near instant transition from sobriety into ego death (complete memory failure) which can occur very suddenly at moderate to high doses. Throughout the experience, this feels as if the user is receiving the sensory input of their trip but are not fully conscious enough to process the implications of it until the offset.
Salvia Divinorum (also known as Diviner's Sage, Ska María Pastora, Seer's Sage, and by its genus name Salvia) is a psychoactive plant which is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is within Cloud Forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico where it grows in shady and moist locations. The plant grows to over a meter high and has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. [citation needed]
Forms of Salvia Divinorum
Fresh leaf (sublingual)
The fresh leaf is typically used for making a quid of leaves and is held under the tongue for sublingual absorption. Fresh leaf is preferred for sublingual absorption because it does not break up in one's mouth and is easier to chew. If one plans to use dried leaf for a quid, they should soak them in water for at least ten minutes otherwise ingestion can become highly unpleasant. Soaking the dried leaf in water can also cause it to lose potency.
Light - 10 g fresh / 2 g dried
Common - 30 g fresh / 6 g dried
Strong - 50 g fresh / 10 g dried
Dried leaf (smoked)
Dried leaf is usually prepared by simply taking the leaf and leaving it out in the sun. The leaf can also be dried in the oven at about 150 degrees Fahrenheit until it becomes crispy. Dried salvia leaf is used for smoking.
Light - 0.25 g dried
Common - 0.5 g dried
Strong - 0.75–1.00 g dried
Extracts
Commercial salvia extracts are easily accessible both online and within local head shops in certain countries. They are sold in varying forms depending on how concentrated they are and are usually marketed as being 5X, 10X, 15X, 80X, etc. This symbolizes that the extract is X times stronger in psychoactive effects than those that can be had from the regular leaves (5X is 5 times as strong as regular leaf). The stronger the extract, the stronger the experience; use at your own risk.
Tincture
This is made by dissolving pure salvinorin A or a semi-pure form of it into ethyl alcohol. It is meant to be used sublingually by holding a certain amount under the tongue for a period of time. This type of preparation tends to cause longer but weaker effects. It's worth noting that holding strong tincture under the tongue for long periods of time can eventually cause blistering. It is sometimes best to dilute the pure tincture with water (although potency may be decreased).
Tea
A tea can be made by crushing 3–4 g of dried leaves and boiling them for 5 minutes. Afterwards, let it simmer for around 15 minutes. Salvinorin A is not orally active, so the tea has to be kept in the mouth for around 15–20 seconds for each sip. This tea, if properly brewed and ingested, can produce a trance-like state when closing the eyes and up to an entire night of vivid and intense dreams along with occasional closed eye visuals.
Other salvinorin A containing plants
Salvia Recognita
Salvia Recognita (also known as Turkish Cliff Sage) is a psychoactive plant which is 10 times less potent than its relative Salvia Divinorum. Its native habitat is at the base of cliffs in the central Turkey, where it grows in light shade at elevations of 4,000 feet. The plant grows up to a meter high and leafs that span from 3-4 inches to nearly 1 foot long, and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers.
Salvia Glutinosa (also known as Jupiter's Sage) is a psychoactive plant which is far less potent than Salvia Recognita. Its native habitat is in forested areas located around Central and East Europe and West Asia, where it grows in partial shade in calcareous soils, at elevations of 330 - 5,250 feet (100 - 1,600 metres) above sea level. The plant grows up to a 16-24 inches (40 - 60 cm) tall and hairy leafs that span from 5.1 inches (13 cm) inches with petioles of about 3.1 - 3.9 inches (7.9 - 9.9 centimetres), and occasional white flowers with many whorls of widely spaced flowers.
Classification
Currently, the scientific literature classifies salvinorin A as a hallucinogen. However, there is additional debate as to whether it can correctly be labeled as a dissociative or an atypical dissociative with some psychedelic and even delirious qualities.[citation needed]
Although salvia shares states of hallucinatory structures and out-of-body experiences commonly reported with typical dissociatives (NMDA receptor antagonists), this is arguably not sufficient so that it falls under the same classification. For example, the hallucinatory structures (although similar) are vastly different in their style and complexity. Alongside this, the out-of-body experiences commonly reported with dissociatives are presumed to be triggered by the way in which NMDA receptor antagonists block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. This is accompanied by a distinctive feeling of dissociation, disconnection and detachment which is not present on salvia as it works on an entirely different set of receptors, the function of which in the human brain is almost entirely unknown.[citation needed]
The effects of salvia have a subjectively unique style and pharmacology that is not found within any other category of hallucinogen, this has led many within the psychonaut community assert that it deserves recognition for falling into an entirely new class of its own. Any compound within this subjective and pharmacological class could potentially be referred to as a "salviagenic". This would also include various other similar analogues such as Salvinorin B and many others.[3]
Research
Salvinorin A is currently being researched in relation to its properties as an anti-addiction drug, and several analogs with improved pharmacokinetic profiles have been shown to have anti-addictive effects as well.[4]
Near-death experience
A 2019 large-scale study found that ketamine, Salvia divinorum, and DMT (and other classical psychedelic substances) are linked to near-death experiences.[2]
Toxicity and harm potential
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational salvinorin A use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown. This is because salvinorin A is a research chemical with very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Due to its unusually potent and potentially overwhelming effects, it is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance.
Please see Research Articles below in External Links section for dose related scientific research on Salvinorin A.
Tolerance and addiction potential
Salvinorin A is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of salvinorin A does not occur. In fact, many users report that the effects of this substance can actually become stronger over time and with repeated usage (a phenomenon known as "reverse tolerance"). Due to its unique set of target receptors, salvinorin A presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::no other hallucinogens]].
Legal status
Australia: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Australia.[citation needed]
Austria: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the NPSG (Neue-Psychoaktive-Substanzen-Gesetz Österreich).[citation needed]
Belgium: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Belgium.[citation needed]
Croatia: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Croatia.[citation needed]
Czech Republic: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Czech Republic.[citation needed]
Canada: Salvia divinorum and its preparations and derivatives (including Salvinorin A) are schedule IV in Canada.[5]
Denmark: Salvinorin A is a Class B drug in Denmark.[citation needed]
Germany: Salvinorin A is not controlled in Germany, however Salvia Divinorum was added to BtMG Anlage I, making it illegal to grow, import, possess, sell, or transfer it as of March 1, 2008 [6]
Ireland: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Ireland.[citation needed]
Italy: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Italy.[citation needed]
Latvia: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Latvia.[citation needed]
Lithuania: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Lithuania.[citation needed]
New Zealand: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in New Zealand.[citation needed]
Poland: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Poland.[citation needed]
Romania: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Romania.[citation needed]
Spain: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Spain.[citation needed]
Sweden: Salvinorin A is illegal to possess and sell in Sweden.[citation needed]
Switzerland: Salvia divinorum as well as Salvinorin A are controlled substances specifically named under Verzeichnis D.[7]
United Kingdom: Salvia is legal to produce, supply, or import if sold not for human consumption under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[8][9]
United States: Salvinorin A is illegal in certain states.[citation needed]
Johnson MW, Maclean KA, Reissig CJ, Prisinzano TE, Griffiths RR. (2010) Human psychopharmacology and dose-effects of salvinorin A, a kappa opioid agonist hallucinogen present in the plant Salvia divinorum. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Dec 4.
Baggott MJ, Erowid E, Erowid F, Galloway GP, Mendelson J. (2010). Use patterns and self-reported effects of Salvia divinorum: An internet-based survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010 Oct 1;111(3):250-6
Mendelson JE, Coyle JR, Lopez JC, Baggott MJ, Flower K, Everhart ET, Munro TA, Galloway GP, Cohen BM. (2010). Lack of effect of sublingual salvinorin A, a naturally occurring kappa opioid, in humans: a placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2010 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
↑ 2.02.1Martial, C; Cassol, H; Charland-Verville, V; Pallavicini, C; Sanz, C; Zamberlan, F; Vivot, RM; Erowid, F; Erowid, E; Laureys, S; Greyson, B; Tagliazucchi, E (March 2019). "Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports". Consciousness and cognition. 69: 52–69. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011. PMID30711788.
↑Kivell, B. M., Ewald, A. W. M., Prisinzano, T. E. (2014). "Salvinorin A analogs and other κ-opioid receptor compounds as treatments for cocaine abuse". Advances in Pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.). 69: 481–511. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00012-3. ISSN1557-8925.
