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'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine''' ('''DOM''') or '''STP''' is a [[psychedelics|psychedelic drug]] of the [[Substituted Phenethylamines|substituted phenethylamine]] and [[Amphetamines|substituted amphetamine]] chemical classes. It is a member of the [[DOx]] family of compounds.
'''2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine''' (also known as '''DOM''' and '''STP''' or '''"Serenity, Tranquility and Peace"''') is a lesser-known [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] substance of the [[chemical class::Substituted amphetamine|amphetamine]] class. DOM is a member of the [[DOx]] family of compounds which are known for their high potency, long duration, and mixture of [[psychedelic]] and [[stimulant]] effects. It produces its effects by acting on [[serotonin]] receptors in the brain.
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines.<ref>Shulgin, Alexander (1991). Pihkal : a chemical love story. Berkeley, CA: Transform Press. pp. 53–56.</ref> It has very limited history of human usage prior to the 1991 publication of its synthesis and pharmacology in ''[[PiHKAL]]'' (''Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved'').<ref name="PiHKAL">http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml</ref> by [[Alexander Shulgin]]. In modern times, it is used as a recreational drug and an entheogen, rarely sold on the streets and almost exclusively obtained as a grey area research chemical through the use of online vendors.
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by [[Alexander Shulgin]].<ref name="DOM">{{cite book|title=PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story|title-link=PiHKAL|author-link1=Alexander Shulgin|author1=Alexander Shulgin|author2=Ann Shulgin|year=1991|publisher=Transform Press|location=United States|isbn=0963009605|oclc=1166889264|pages=53-56}}</ref> It attained some popularity during the summer of 1967 under the name "STP" ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace"),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Berkeley, B.)) | journal=Independent Voices | title=STP’s faster, here’s why | pages=3–5 | date=16 April 1967 | url=http://voices.revealdigital.com/cgi-bin/independentvoices?a=d&d=BFBJFGD19670616.1.3}}</ref> but its use was short-lived due to its side effects. In 1991, the synthesis and pharmacology of DOM was published in Shulgin's book ''[[PiHKAL]]'' ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved").<ref name="PiHKAL">{{Citation | title=Erowid Online Books : “PIHKAL” - The Chemical Story | url=https://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/pihkal/pihkal.shtml}}</ref>.
DOM is a highly dose sensitive psychedelic that is often sold on blotting paper and known for its strong visuals and intense body load. Many reports also indicate that the effects of this chemical may be overly intense for those who are not already experienced with psychedelics.
Over the years, DOM has gained a reputation for being a highly dose-sensitive psychedelic that is often sold on blotting paper and known for its strong visuals, body load and neutral, analytical headspace. Many reports also indicate that the effects of this chemical may be overly difficult to use for those who are not already experienced with psychedelics.
==History and culture==
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines.<ref name="DOM" /> DOM is part of the so-called "magical half-dozen" which refers to Shulgin's self-rated most important phenethylamine compounds, all of which except [[mescaline]] he developed and synthesized himself. They are found within the first book of [[PiHKAL]] and are as follows: [[Mescaline]], DOM, [[2C-B]], [[2C-E]], [[2C-T-2]] and [[2C-T-7]].
In mid-1967, tablets containing 20 mg (later 10 mg) of DOM were widely distributed in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco under the name of "STP" (short for "Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace").{{citation needed}} This short-lived appearance of DOM on the black market proved disastrous for several reasons. First, the tablets contained an excessively high dose of the chemical. This, combined with DOM’s slow onset of action (which encouraged some users, familiar with substances that have quicker onsets, such as LSD, to re-dose) and its remarkably long duration, caused many users to panic and sent some to the emergency room. Second, treatment of such overdoses was complicated by the fact that it was unknown at the time that the tablets called "STP" were DOM.{{citation needed}}
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
[[File:Phenethylamine rests.svg.png|thumb|right|250px||General formula of phenethylamine molecule.]]
DOM, or 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is a molecule of the [[substituted amphetamine]] class. Amphetamines are substituted phenethylamines containing a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH<sub>2</sub>) group through an ethyl chain and a methyl group bound to the alpha carbon R<sub>α</sub>. DOM contains methoxy functional groups (OCH<sub>3</sub>) attached to carbons R<sub>2</sub> and R<sub>5</sub> and a methyl group attached to carbon R<sub>4</sub> of the phenyl ring. DOM is the amphetamine analogue of the phenethylamine [[2C-D]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation | title=#62 DOB PiHKAL | url=http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=62}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title=#68 DOM PiHKAL | url=http://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=68}}</ref>
DOM is a substituted alpha-methylated phenethylamine, a class of compounds commonly known as amphetamines. <ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=gvanBNhSQ5YC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=DOM+is+a+substituted+alpha-methylated+phenethylamine,&source=bl&ots=QBm-rgNHFs&sig=cOGzSnEkZP--IEpEJZQLldyoxwc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gIfUUrL3IbPRsASMnIH4Cw&ved=0CF4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=DOM%20is%20a%20substituted%20alpha-methylated%20phenethylamine%2C&f=false</ref> The phenethylamine equivalent (lacking the alpha-methyl group) is [[2C-D]].
This is one of the last of the experimental compounds within the phenethylamine family on which any animal toxicity studies were performed prior to human studies. The <abbr>LD50</abbr> of DOM is between 100 - 125 mg/kg for a mouse. An effective dose in a human of 2 mg (for an 80 kg man) is equivalent to 25 μg/kg.
As with DOI, the presence of a heavy atom, the bromine atom, in DOB makes the radioactive isotope labelled material a powerful research tool.<ref name=":0" />
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
DOM is a selective [[5-HT2A receptor|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]], [[5-HT2B receptor|5-HT<sub>2B</sub>]], and [[5-HT2C receptor|5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor]] [[partial agonist]]. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its [[agonist]]ic properties at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the [[5-HT2|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]] subfamily. DOM is a [[Chirality (chemistry)|chiral]] molecule, and ''R''-(-)-DOM is the more active [[enantiomer]], functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin [[5-HT]] family of receptors; mainly of the [[5-HT2]] subtype.<ref>Sanders-Bush, Burris, KD; Knoth, K, (September 1988). "Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis" http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2843634</ref>
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
DOM is a selective [[agonist|partial agonist]] at the [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]] family. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its [[agonist]]ic properties at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> and 5-HT<sub>2B</sub> receptors, but less so on the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the [[Serotonin#The 5-HT System|5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor]] subfamily. DOM is a [[Chirality|chiral]] molecule, and ''R''-(-)-DOM is the more active [[enantiomer]], functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin family of receptors (mainly of the 5-HT<sub>2</sub> subtype).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Sanders-Bush, E.)), ((Burris, K. D.)), ((Knoth, K.)) | journal=The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | title=Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis | volume=246 | issue=3 | pages=924–928 | date= September 1988 | issn=0022-3565}}</ref> However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
The 2,6-dimethoxy positional isomer of DOM, known as Ψ-DOM, is also mentioned in ''PiHKAL'' as being active, as is the alpha-ethyl homologue Ariadne. Analogues where the methoxy groups at the 2,5- positions of the aromatic ring have been altered have also been synthesised and tested as part of an effort to identify the binding mode of DOM at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor. Both the 2- and 5- O-desmethyl derivatives 2-DM-DOM and 5-DM-DOM, and the 2- and 5- ethyl analogues 2-Et-DOM and 5-Et-DOM have been tested, but in all cases were significantly less potent than the corresponding methoxy compound, showing the importance of the oxygen lone pairs in 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> binding.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Eckler, J. R.)), ((Chang-Fong, J.)), ((Rabin, R. A.)), ((Smith, C.)), ((Teitler, M.)), ((Glennon, R. A.)), ((Winter, J. C.)) | journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | title=Behavioral characterization of 2-O-desmethyl and 5-O-desmethyl metabolites of the phenylethylamine hallucinogen DOM | volume=75 | issue=4 | pages=845–852 | date= July 2003 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009130570300159X | issn=00913057 | doi=10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00159-X}}</ref>
There is a strong implication that some metabolic conversion occurs in the lung, and it is only after this that the truly active metabolite is available for central action. This is consistent with the relatively slow onset of effect, and the very long duration of action.<ref name=":0" />
==Subjective effects==
User reports suggest that DOM is relatively clear-headed and absent of side-effects in comparison to [[DOC]] or [[DOB]].
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, DOM is usually considered to be mildly stimulating at levels which do not become overwhelming, encouraging users to move around, run, dance, climb and generally engage in physical activities. In comparison, it is more stimulating than psychedelics like [[psilocin]], but less stimulating than most compounds of the [[DOx]] family.
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous bodily sensations]]''' - The "body high" of DOM is reported to be somewhat intense in comparison to most classical [[psychedelics]]. However, in comparison to [[DOC]] and the overwhelming forcefulness of [[2C-E]], it can be considered relatively mild and natural in feel. The sensation itself can be described as a constantly present yet somewhat mild energetic pins and needles sensation that encompasses one's entire body. This is coupled with a euphoric, fast-moving, sharp and location specific tingling sensation. It is usually felt over every square inch of the skin, but occasionally manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves.
*'''[[Effect::Tactile enhancement]]''' - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensation are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most DOM experiences. If [[Level 8A]] visuals are reached, an intense sensation of suddenly becoming aware of and being able to feel every single nerve ending across a person's entire body all at once is consistently present.
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]''' - Mild to extreme nausea is typically reported at moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
*'''[[Effect::Appetite suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Vasoconstriction]]''' - This effect is usually only present at higher dosages, but can be particularly uncomfortable and persistent.
*'''[[Effect::Dehydration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased salivation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Teeth grinding]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Diarrhea]]'''
}}
{{effects/visual|
Reports describe DOM as having less pronounced visuals proportional to it's accompanying physical and mental effects at low to moderate dosages. Higher ones do tend to display a unique set of visual effects which is not found with similar substances.
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]] and [[Drifting#morphing|morphing]])'' - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and unrealistic/cartoon-like in style.
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::After images]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Brightness alteration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Diffraction]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
The visual geometry of DOM is described as being very unique and may share some similarity with [[2C-D]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Geometry#Variations|variations]] as intricate in style, equally algorithmic and abstract in form, equally synthetic and organic in style, structured in organization, brightly lit in lighting, multicolored in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. Higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::8A Geometry|level 8A]] visual geometry over [[8B Geometry|level 8B]].
====Hallucinatory states====
DOM produces a full range of high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more or less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used [[psychedelic]]s. These effects include:
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other psychedelics such as [[LSD]], DOM is extremely high in its internal hallucinations when approaching higher dosages. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They can be comprehensively described in terms of their [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability and [[Effect::geometry]]-based in appearance. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of DOM are described by many as a combination of prominent mental stimulation and a powerful enhancement of a person's current mental state.
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement]]''' - This component is consistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] and [[2C-B]], but still prove strong enough to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects.
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Emotion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]''' - While DOM is technically able to produce states of ego dissolution, it tends to more often than not develop only in extremely high doses, with grave physical and mental side effects being apparent and is often of a terrifying nature.
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
}}
{{effects/auditory|
*'''[[Effect::Auditory enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucination]]'''
}}
{{effects/multisensory|
*'''[[Effect::Synaesthesia]]''' - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
}}
{{effects/transpersonal|
Transpersonal states on DOM are reported to occur less reliably and consistently than classical psychedelics. This can perhaps be attributed its the prominent physical and stimulating effects, which tends to interfere with the user's ability to fully immerse themselves in the experience.
*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''
}}
}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
The physical effects of DOM can be broken down into six components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
*'''[[Physical effects: Spontaneous tactile sensations|Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - the body high of DOM is manifested as somewhat intense in comparison to most classical psychedelics, however in comparison to [[DOC]] and the overwhelming forcefulness of [[2C-E]], it can actually be considered quite mild. The sensation itself can be described as a constantly present yet somewhat mild energetic pins and needles sensation that encompasses a person’s entire body. This is coupled with a euphoric, fast moving, sharp and location specific tingling sensation. It is usually felt over every square inch of the skin but occasionally manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves.
==Toxicity and harm potential==
*'''[[Physical effects: Stimulation|Stimulation]]''' - in terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the tripper DOM is usually considered to be extremely stimulating at levels which do not become overwhelming, resulting in a shakiness and unsteadiness of the hands but encouraging trippers to move around, run, dance, climb and generally engage in physical activities. In comparison, other more commonly used psychedelics such as [[psilocin]] are generally sedating and relaxed.
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational DOM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]].
*'''[[Physical effects: Enhancement of touch|Enhancement of touch]]''' - feelings of enhanced tactile sensation are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most DOM trips. Once Level 7A visuals are reached, an intense sensation of suddenly becoming aware of and being able to feel every single nerve ending across a person's entire body all at once is consistently present.
*'''[[Physical effects: Nausea|Nausea]]''' - mild to extreme nausea are reported when consumed in moderate to high dosages and either passes once the tripper has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
*'''[[Physical effects: Vasoconstriction|Vasoconstriction]]''' - this effect is usually only present at higher dosages but can be particularly uncomfortable.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
The head space of DOM is described by many as one of extreme mental stimulation and a powerful enhancement of a person's current mental state.
The total sum of these cognitive components regardless of the setting generally includes:
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Introspection|Introspection]]''' - this component is consistently manifested only in the context of a non social setting in which the user is alone.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Increased empathy, love and sociability|Increased empathy, love and sociability]]''' - this component is consistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as [[MDMA]] and [[2C-B]] but still prove strong enough to provide long lasting therapeutic effects.
DOM is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Acceleration of thought|Acceleration of thought]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Time distortion|Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Feelings of fascination, importance and awe|Feelings of fascination, importance and awe]]'''
Tolerance to the effects of DOM is built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of DOM all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
As for visual distortions and alterations, the effects experienced are detailed below:
{{DOxOD}}
*'''[[Visual effects: Drifting|Drifting]]''' ''([[Visual effects: Drifting#Melting|Melting]], [[Visual effects: Drifting#Flowing|Flowing]], [[Visual effects: Drifting#Breathing|Breathing]] and [[Visual effects: Drifting# morphing|morphing]])'' - In comparison to other psychedelics this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in their appearance and unrealistic/ cartoon like in style.
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[Psilocetin|4-AcO-DMT]], [[Ayahuasca]] than that of [[LSD]], [[2C-B]] or [[2C-I]]. They can be comprehensively described as structured in their organization, organic in geometric style, intricate in complexity, large in size, fast and smooth in motion, colourful in scheme, glossy in color, sharp in their edges and equally rounded and angular in their corners. They give off a contradictory natural and synthetic feel to them that at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Visual effects - Psychedelics#7B - Exposure to inner mechanics of human consciousness|Level 7B]] visual geometry over [[Visual effects - Psychedelics#7A - Exposure to entirety of neurological structure|Level 7A]].
*'''[[DangerousInteraction::Lithium]]''':<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Nayak, S.)), ((Gukasyan, N.)), ((Barrett, F. S.)), ((Erowid, E.)), ((Erowid, F.)), ((Griffiths, R. R.)) | year=2021 | title=Classic psychedelic coadministration with lithium, but not lamotrigine, is associated with seizures: an analysis of online psychedelic experience reports | publisher=PsyArXiv | url=https://osf.io/r726d}}</ref> Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics can significantly increase the risk of [[psychosis]] and [[seizures]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=83935|title=A Nice Little Trip to the Hospital: Lithium & LSD|author=<nowiki>"wanderlei"</nowiki>|publisher=Erowid|publication-date=October 3, 2010|access-date=January 7, 2020|id=ExpID: 83935|work=Erowid Experience Vaults}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://erowid.org/experiences/exp.php?ID=75153|title=Having a Seizure and Passing Out: Lithium & LSD|author=<nowiki>"MissDja1a"</nowiki>|publisher=Erowid|publication-date=December 16, 2008|access-date=January 7, 2020|id=ExpID: 75153|work=Erowid Experience Vaults}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Psychonaut/comments/17uspp/please_read_a_cautionary_tale_concerning_lsd|title=Please Read: a cautionary tale concerning LSD|author=<nowiki>"throwaway_naut"</nowiki>|publisher=Reddit|work=r/Psychonaut|year=2014|access-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> As a result, this combination should be '''strictly avoided'''.
DOM and other substituted amphetamines produce a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics. This holds particularly true in comparison to other substances within the [[phenethylamines|phenethylamine]] family. These effects include:
*'''[[[[UnsafeInteraction::Tramadol|Tramadol]]]]''' - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Talaie, H.)), ((Panahandeh, R.)), ((Fayaznouri, M. R.)), ((Asadi, Z.)), ((Abdollahi, M.)) | journal=Journal of Medical Toxicology | title=Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=63–67 | date= June 2009 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03161089 | issn=1556-9039 | doi=10.1007/BF03161089}}</ref> and [[psychedelics]] may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[[[UncertainInteraction::Stimulants|Stimulants]]]]''' - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable [[anxiety]], [[Panic attacks|panic]], [[thought loops]] and [[paranoia]]. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.{{citation needed}}
*'''[[Visual effects: Internal hallucinations (psychedelic)|Internal hallucinations]]''' - in comparison to other psychedelics such as [[LSD]], DOM is extremely high in imagery embedded within visual geometry. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of religious, spiritual, mystical or a transcendental nature in their overall theme.
Internationally, mescaline is part of the the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 as a Schedule I substance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/attachments/10451/convention_1971_en.pdf|title=CONVENTION ON PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES 1971|publisher=United Nations|access-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref>
==Lethal Dosage==
The toxicity and long term health effects of recreational DOM has limited research in a scientific context. This is because DOM is a research chemical with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried DOM within the psychedelic community suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
==Tolerance and Addiction Potential==
*'''Australia''': Australia has a blanket ban over all substituted phenethylamines including the entire [[DOx]] family.<ref>New Psychoactive Substances (National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre 2014) | https://comorbidity.edu.au/sites/default/files/cre/page/New%20Psychoactive%20Substances.pdf</ref>
DOM is not physically addictive and many users experience a frequency self-regulating quality to the drug. Tolerance for DOM seems to be very mild and does not build up without repeated use over a short period of time.
*'''Austria''': DOM is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).{{citation needed}}
*'''Brazil''': Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 as "STP".<ref>http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/documents/10181/3115436/%281%29RDC_130_2016_.pdf/fc7ea407-3ff5-4fc1-bcfe-2f37504d28b7</ref>
*'''Belgium''': DOM is a Schedule I drug.<ref>https://www.wiv-isp.be/epidemio/epien/birn/EWS03.pdf</ref>
*'''Canada''': DOM is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Branch, L. S.)) | year=2022 | title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Controlled Drugs and Substances Act | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-38.8/page-13.html}}</ref>
*'''Germany''': DOM is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I), former: Opiumgesetz (Opium Act) as of April 15, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=//*%5B@attr_id=%27bgbl171s0315.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl171s0315.pdf%27%5D__1576103284216|title=Fünfte Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Anlage I BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=§ 29 BtMG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz|access-date=December 11, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Latvia''': DOM is a Schedule I controlled substance.<ref>{{Citation | title=Zaudējis spēku - Noteikumi par Latvijā kontrolējamajām narkotiskajām vielām, psihotropajām vielām un prekursoriem | url=https://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=121086}}</ref>
*'''New Zealand''': DOM is a Class A drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Switzerland''': DOM is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis D.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': DOM is a Class A drug.<ref>{{Citation | title=Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2#commentary-M_F_83d9b65b-d638-43b1-ea64-c129d6f1ef0a}}</ref>
*'''United States''': DOM is a Schedule I drug.{{citation needed}}
*'''Czech Republic''': DOM is a Schedule I drug.<ref>{{Citation | title=463/2013 Sb. Nařízení vlády o seznamech návykových látek | url=https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463}}</ref>
=Legal Issues=
==See also==
*'''UK:''' DOM is a Class A drug.
*'''USA:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.
*'''Canada:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.
*'''New Zealand:''' DOM is a Class C drug.
*'''Belgium:''' DOM is a Schedule I drug.
==References==
<references/>
==See Also==
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Psychedelics]]
*[[Phenethylamines]]
*[[Phenethylamines]]
*[[Alexander Shulgin]]
*[[DOx]]
*[[DOx]]
*[[DOC]]
*[[DOC]]
*[[DOI]]
*[[2C-D]]
==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine DOM (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/dom/dom.shtml DOM (Erowid Vault)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/read.php?domain=pk&id=68 DOM (PiHKAL / Isomer Design)]
===Discussion===
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/291980-The-Big-amp-Dandy-DOM-Thread The Big & Dandy DOM Thread (Bluelight)]
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (also known as DOM and STP or "Serenity, Tranquility and Peace") is a lesser-known psychedelic substance of the amphetamine class. DOM is a member of the DOx family of compounds which are known for their high potency, long duration, and mixture of psychedelic and stimulant effects. It produces its effects by acting on serotonin receptors in the brain.
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin.[1] It attained some popularity during the summer of 1967 under the name "STP" ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace"),[2] but its use was short-lived due to its side effects. In 1991, the synthesis and pharmacology of DOM was published in Shulgin's book PiHKAL ("Phenethylamines I Have Known And Loved").[3].
Over the years, DOM has gained a reputation for being a highly dose-sensitive psychedelic that is often sold on blotting paper and known for its strong visuals, body load and neutral, analytical headspace. Many reports also indicate that the effects of this chemical may be overly difficult to use for those who are not already experienced with psychedelics.
DOM was first synthesized and tested in 1963 by Alexander Shulgin, who was investigating the effect of 4-position substitutions on psychedelic amphetamines.[1] DOM is part of the so-called "magical half-dozen" which refers to Shulgin's self-rated most important phenethylamine compounds, all of which except mescaline he developed and synthesized himself. They are found within the first book of PiHKAL and are as follows: Mescaline, DOM, 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7.
In mid-1967, tablets containing 20 mg (later 10 mg) of DOM were widely distributed in the Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco under the name of "STP" (short for "Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace").[citation needed] This short-lived appearance of DOM on the black market proved disastrous for several reasons. First, the tablets contained an excessively high dose of the chemical. This, combined with DOM’s slow onset of action (which encouraged some users, familiar with substances that have quicker onsets, such as LSD, to re-dose) and its remarkably long duration, caused many users to panic and sent some to the emergency room. Second, treatment of such overdoses was complicated by the fact that it was unknown at the time that the tablets called "STP" were DOM.[citation needed]
Chemistry
DOM, or 4-methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, is a molecule of the substituted amphetamine class. Amphetamines are substituted phenethylamines containing a phenyl ring bound to an amino (NH2) group through an ethyl chain and a methyl group bound to the alpha carbon Rα. DOM contains methoxy functional groups (OCH3) attached to carbons R2 and R5 and a methyl group attached to carbon R4 of the phenyl ring. DOM is the amphetamine analogue of the phenethylamine 2C-D.[4][5]
This is one of the last of the experimental compounds within the phenethylamine family on which any animal toxicity studies were performed prior to human studies. The LD50 of DOM is between 100 - 125 mg/kg for a mouse. An effective dose in a human of 2 mg (for an 80 kg man) is equivalent to 25 μg/kg.
As with DOI, the presence of a heavy atom, the bromine atom, in DOB makes the radioactive isotope labelled material a powerful research tool.[4]
DOM is a selective partial agonist at the 5-HT2 receptor family. Its psychedelic effects are mediated by its agonistic properties at the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors, but less so on the 5-HT2C receptor. Due to its selectivity, DOM is often used in scientific research when studying the 5-HT2 receptor subfamily. DOM is a chiral molecule, and R-(-)-DOM is the more active enantiomer, functioning as a potent agonist of the serotonin family of receptors (mainly of the 5-HT2 subtype).[6] However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
The 2,6-dimethoxy positional isomer of DOM, known as Ψ-DOM, is also mentioned in PiHKAL as being active, as is the alpha-ethyl homologue Ariadne. Analogues where the methoxy groups at the 2,5- positions of the aromatic ring have been altered have also been synthesised and tested as part of an effort to identify the binding mode of DOM at the 5-HT2A receptor. Both the 2- and 5- O-desmethyl derivatives 2-DM-DOM and 5-DM-DOM, and the 2- and 5- ethyl analogues 2-Et-DOM and 5-Et-DOM have been tested, but in all cases were significantly less potent than the corresponding methoxy compound, showing the importance of the oxygen lone pairs in 5-HT2A binding.[7]
There is a strong implication that some metabolic conversion occurs in the lung, and it is only after this that the truly active metabolite is available for central action. This is consistent with the relatively slow onset of effect, and the very long duration of action.[4]
Subjective effects
User reports suggest that DOM is relatively clear-headed and absent of side-effects in comparison to DOC or DOB.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
Stimulation - In terms of its effects on the physical energy levels of the user, DOM is usually considered to be mildly stimulating at levels which do not become overwhelming, encouraging users to move around, run, dance, climb and generally engage in physical activities. In comparison, it is more stimulating than psychedelics like psilocin, but less stimulating than most compounds of the DOx family.
Spontaneous bodily sensations - The "body high" of DOM is reported to be somewhat intense in comparison to most classical psychedelics. However, in comparison to DOC and the overwhelming forcefulness of 2C-E, it can be considered relatively mild and natural in feel. The sensation itself can be described as a constantly present yet somewhat mild energetic pins and needles sensation that encompasses one's entire body. This is coupled with a euphoric, fast-moving, sharp and location specific tingling sensation. It is usually felt over every square inch of the skin, but occasionally manifests itself in the form of a continuously shifting tingling sensation that travels up and down the body in spontaneous waves.
Tactile enhancement - Feelings of enhanced tactile sensation are consistently present at moderate levels throughout most DOM experiences. If Level 8A visuals are reached, an intense sensation of suddenly becoming aware of and being able to feel every single nerve ending across a person's entire body all at once is consistently present.
Nausea - Mild to extreme nausea is typically reported at moderate to high dosages and either passes once the user has vomited or gradually fades by itself as the peak sets in.
Reports describe DOM as having less pronounced visuals proportional to it's accompanying physical and mental effects at low to moderate dosages. Higher ones do tend to display a unique set of visual effects which is not found with similar substances.
Drifting(melting, flowing, breathing and morphing) - In comparison to other psychedelics, this effect can be described as highly detailed, slow and smooth in motion, static in appearance and unrealistic/cartoon-like in style.
The visual geometry of DOM is described as being very unique and may share some similarity with 2C-D. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as intricate in style, equally algorithmic and abstract in form, equally synthetic and organic in style, structured in organization, brightly lit in lighting, multicolored in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, fast in speed, smooth in motion, equal in rounded and angular corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. Higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of level 8A visual geometry over level 8B.
Hallucinatory states
DOM produces a full range of high-level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is more or less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics. These effects include:
Internal hallucination (autonomous entities; settings, sceneries, and landscapes; perspective hallucinations and scenarios and plots) - In comparison to other psychedelics such as LSD, DOM is extremely high in its internal hallucinations when approaching higher dosages. This particular effect commonly contains hallucinations with scenarios, settings, concepts and autonomous entity contact. They can be comprehensively described in terms of their variations as lucid in believability, interactive in style, new experiences in content, autonomous in controllability and geometry-based in appearance. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, interactive in style and almost exclusively of a personal, religious, spiritual, science-fiction, fantasy, surreal, nonsensical or transcendental nature in their overall theme.
Cognitive effects
The cognitive effects of DOM are described by many as a combination of prominent mental stimulation and a powerful enhancement of a person's current mental state.
Empathy, love, and sociability enhancement - This component is consistently manifested only in the context of social settings in which one is within the company of others. These feelings of sociability, love and empathy are a little weaker and less sharp than those found on substances such as MDMA and 2C-B, but still prove strong enough to provide long-lasting therapeutic effects.
Ego death - While DOM is technically able to produce states of ego dissolution, it tends to more often than not develop only in extremely high doses, with grave physical and mental side effects being apparent and is often of a terrifying nature.
Synaesthesia - In its fullest manifestation, this is a very rare and non-reproducible effect. Increasing the dosage can increase the likelihood of this occurring, but seems to only be a prominent part of the experience among those who are already predisposed to synaesthetic states.
Transpersonal states on DOM are reported to occur less reliably and consistently than classical psychedelics. This can perhaps be attributed its the prominent physical and stimulating effects, which tends to interfere with the user's ability to fully immerse themselves in the experience.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational DOM use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown.
Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
DOM is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of DOM is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 3 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 7 days to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). DOM presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all psychedelics]], meaning that after the consumption of DOM all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Overdose
The risk of a DOx overdose is present starting in or past the heavy dose range with sensitive people, or when a DOx is mixed with other substances, particularly stimulants or MAOIs. Non-oral routes also seem to exhibit a higher chance of overdosing, perhaps owing to differences in bioavailability, potency and unpredictability of dosage and effects. The effects of a DOx overdose typically include bizarre, delusional and sometimes violent behavior, amnesia, numbness, confusion and anxiety. The user may not be able to communicate and can be severely agitated. At appropriately high doses, more serious side effects such as psychosis, panic attacks and seizures which in turn further affect a dangerously elevated heart rate, blood pressure and vasoconstriction may occur.[citation needed] Severe vasoconstriction typically develops to its peak several hours into the intoxication and may require medical assistance if blood flow is significantly cut off for extended periods of time.
In the event of an overdose, benzodiazepines or antipsychotics can be administered to mitigate the hyperagitative effects.[citation needed] A powerful vasodilator may also need to be administered to prevent a hypertensive emergency, or in more serious cases, necrosis, organ failure and death from the resulting hypoxia.[citation needed] As a result, emergency medical services should always be sought in the event of a DOx overdose.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Lithium:[8] Lithium is commonly prescribed in the treatment of bipolar disorder; however, there is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics can significantly increase the risk of psychosis and seizures.[9][10][11] As a result, this combination should be strictly avoided.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol lowers the seizure threshold[12] and psychedelics may act as triggers for seizures, particularly in those who are predisposed to them.[citation needed]
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Stimulants affect many parts of the brain. Combined with psychedelics, stimulation can turn into uncontrollable anxiety, panic, thought loops and paranoia. This interaction may cause elevated risk of psychosis.[citation needed]
Legal status
Internationally, mescaline is part of the the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 as a Schedule I substance.[13]
Australia: Australia has a blanket ban over all substituted phenethylamines including the entire DOx family.[14]
Austria: DOM is illegal to possess, produce and sell under the SMG (Suchtmittelgesetz Österreich).[citation needed]
Brazil: Possession, production and sale is illegal as it is listed on Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 as "STP".[15]
Germany: DOM is controlled under Anlage I BtMG (Narcotics Act, Schedule I), former: Opiumgesetz (Opium Act) as of April 15, 1971.[18][19] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[20]
Latvia: DOM is a Schedule I controlled substance.[21]
↑Sanders-Bush, E., Burris, K. D., Knoth, K. (September 1988). "Lysergic acid diethylamide and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine are partial agonists at serotonin receptors linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 246 (3): 924–928. ISSN0022-3565.
