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<onlyinclude>'''Psychosis''' is as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."<ref>What is Psychosis? (National Institute of Mental health) | https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/raise/what-is-psychosis.shtml</ref><ref>Kapur, S. (2003). Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. American journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13</ref> The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).<ref>American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), 827-8. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms</ref> Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
<onlyinclude>
'''Psychosis''' is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kapur, S.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia | volume=160 | issue=1 | pages=13–23 | date= January 2003 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13}}</ref> The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).<ref>A{{cite journal|title=Glossary of Technical Terms|journal=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.)|year=2013|pages=827-8|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms}}</ref> Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.
 
Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:


Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild [[delusions]] to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder.<ref>American Psychiatric Association, 1994 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Revision IV (DSM-IV)</ref><ref>Gelder, Michael G.; Mayou, Richard; Geddes, John (2005). Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-19-852863-0.</ref><ref> "Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained a Challenge (Timeline)". Scientific American Mind | https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/throughout-history-defining-schizophrenia-has-remained-challenge/</ref> Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:
*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
*[[Auditory hallucination|Auditory hallucinations]]
*[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]
*[[External hallucinations|Visual hallucinations]]
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*[[Thought connectivity]]
*[[Thought connectivity]]


Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>Jones, J., Dougherty, J., & Cannon, L. (1986). Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis. The American journal of emergency medicine, 4(4), 369-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8</ref><ref>Hall, R. C., Popkin, M. K., & McHenry, L. E. (1977). Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome. Am J Psychiatry, 134(3), 312-314. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>Strassman, R. J. (1984). Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis, 172(10), 577-595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6384428</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>Luisada, P. V. (1978). The phencyclidine psychosis: phenomenology and treatment. NIDA Res Monogr, 21(21), 241-253.</ref><ref>Lahti, A. C., Holcomb, H. H., Medoff, D. R., & Tamminga, C. A. (1995). Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia. Neuroreport, 6(6), 869-872. https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7612873</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>Hall, W., & Degenhardt, L. (2000). Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of clinical and epidemiological evidence. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-1614.2000.00685.x</ref><ref>Hurst, D., Loeffler, G., & McLay, R. (2011). Psychosis associated with synthetic cannabinoid agonists: a case series. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(10), 1119-1119. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>Glasner-Edwards, S., & Mooney, L. J. (2014). Methamphetamine psychosis: epidemiology and management. CNS drugs, 28(12), 1115-1126. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40263-014-0209-8</ref><ref>Bramness, J. G., Gundersen, Ø. H., Guterstam, J., Rognli, E. B., Konstenius, M., Løberg, E. M., ... & Franck, J. (2012). Amphetamine-induced psychosis-a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable?. BMC psychiatry, 12(1), 221. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-244X-12-221</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>Preskorn, S. H., & Denner, L. J. (1977). Benzodiazepines and withdrawal psychosis: report of three cases. Jama, 237(1), 36-38. https://www.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>Kathmann, N., Soyka, M., Bickel, R., & Engel, R. R. (1996). ERP changes in alcoholics with and without alcohol psychosis. Biological psychiatry, 39(10), 873-881.  
Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic]] compounds, such as [[deliriant|deliriants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Jones, J.)), ((Dougherty, J.)), ((Cannon, L.)) | journal=The American Journal of Emergency Medicine | title=Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis | volume=4 | issue=4 | pages=369–371 | date= July 1986 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0735675786903128 | issn=07356757 | doi=10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Angel’s Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome | volume=134 | issue=3 | pages=312–314 | date= March 1977 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.134.3.312 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/ajp.134.3.312}}</ref> [[psychedelic|psychedelics]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Strassman, R. J.)) | journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | title=Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature | volume=172 | issue=10 | pages=577–595 | date= October 1984 | issn=0022-3018 | doi=10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001}}</ref> [[dissociative|dissociatives]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lahti, A. C.)), ((Holcomb, H. H.)), ((Medoff, D. R.)), ((Tamminga, C. A.)) | journal=Neuroreport | title=Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia | volume=6 | issue=6 | pages=869–872 | date=1 April 1995 | url=https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011 | issn=1473-558X | doi=10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011}}</ref> and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hall, W.)), ((Degenhardt, L.)) | journal=Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry | title=Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence | volume=34 | issue=1 | pages=26–34 | date= February 2000 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x | issn=0004-8674 | doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hurst, D.)), ((Loeffler, G.)), ((McLay, R.)) | journal=American Journal of Psychiatry | title=Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series | volume=168 | issue=10 | pages=1119–1119 | date= October 2011 | url=http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176 | issn=0002-953X | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176}}</ref>. However, it can also occur under the influence of [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Glasner-Edwards, S.)), ((Mooney, L. J.)) | journal=CNS Drugs | title=Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management | volume=28 | issue=12 | pages=1115–1126 | date=1 December 2014 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8 | issn=1179-1934 | doi=10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bramness, J. G.)), ((Gundersen, Ø. H.)), ((Guterstam, J.)), ((Rognli, E. B.)), ((Konstenius, M.)), ((Løberg, E.-M.)), ((Medhus, S.)), ((Tanum, L.)), ((Franck, J.)) | journal=BMC Psychiatry | title=Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=221 | date=5 December 2012 | url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | issn=1471-244X | doi=10.1186/1471-244X-12-221}}</ref> particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as [[benzodiazepines]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Preskorn, S. H.)), ((Denner, L. J.)) | journal=JAMA | title=Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases | volume=237 | issue=1 | pages=36–38 | date=3 January 1977 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018 | issn=0098-7484 | doi=10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018}}</ref> or [[alcohol]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Gross, M. M.)), ((Lewis, E.)), ((Hastey, J.)) | veditors=((Kissin, B.)), ((Begleiter, H.)) | date= 1974 | chapter=The Biology of Alcoholism | title=Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome | publisher=Springer US | pages=191–263 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6 | isbn=9781468429398}}</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}}. This is not to be confused with [[HPPD]], a persisting presence of sensory disturbances resembling those produced by the use of [[hallucinogenic]] substances.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6</ref>; this is known as [[delirium tremens]] (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation,<ref>Coren, S. (1998). Sleep deprivation, psychosis and mental efficiency. Psychiatric Times, 15(3), 1-3. http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/sleep-disorders/sleep-deprivation-psychosis-and-mental-efficiency</ref> emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.{{citation needed}}
</onlyinclude>
</onlyinclude>
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Psychosis]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Psychosis]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Colour enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
*[[Stimulant psychosis]]
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*[[Internal hallucinations]]
*[[Internal hallucinations]]
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]
*[[Delusion|Delusions]]
===External links===
===External links===
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia Catatonia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia Catatonia (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis Psychosis (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis Psychosis (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[category:Multisensory]][[category:Cognitive]][[category:Psychological]][[Category:Effect]]
 
[[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[Category:Multisensory]]

Latest revision as of 02:29, 7 February 2025

Psychosis is defined as an abnormal condition of the mind and a general psychiatric term for a mental state in which one experiences a "loss of contact with reality."[1] The features of psychoticism are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought disorders exhibiting a wide range of culturally incongruent, odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors and cognitions, including both process (e.g., perception, dissociation) and content (e.g., beliefs).[2] Depending on its severity, this may also be accompanied by difficulty with social interaction and a general impairment in carrying out daily life activities.

Within the context of clinical psychology, psychosis is a very broad term that can mean anything from relatively mild delusions to the complex and catatonic expressions of schizophrenia and bipolar type 1 disorder. Generally speaking, however, psychosis involves noticeable deficits in cognitive functioning and diverse types of hallucinations or delusional beliefs, particularly those that are in regard to the relation between self and others such as delusions of grandiosity, paranoia, or conspiracy. The most common of these signs and symptoms of psychosis are listed as separate subcomponents below:

Psychosis is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of hallucinogenic compounds, such as deliriants,[3][4] psychedelics,[5] dissociatives,[6] and cannabinoids[7][8]. However, it can also occur under the influence of stimulants,[9][10] particularly during the comedown or as a result of prolonged binges. It may also manifest from abrupt discontinuation of long term or heavy usage of certain drugs such as benzodiazepines[11] or alcohol[12]; this is known as delirium tremens (DTs). Aside from substance abuse it may also occur as a result of sleep deprivation, emotional trauma, urinary tract infections, and various other medical conditions.[citation needed]. This is not to be confused with HPPD, a persisting presence of sensory disturbances resembling those produced by the use of hallucinogenic substances.


Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kapur, S. (January 2003). "Psychosis as a State of Aberrant Salience: A Framework Linking Biology, Phenomenology, and Pharmacology in Schizophrenia". American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.13. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  2. ↑ A"Glossary of Technical Terms". Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.): 827–8. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.GlossaryofTechnicalTerms. 
  3. ↑ Jones, J., Dougherty, J., Cannon, L. (July 1986). "Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (4): 369–371. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(86)90312-8. ISSN 0735-6757. 
  4. ↑ "Angel's Trumpet psychosis: a central nervous system anticholinergic syndrome". American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (3): 312–314. March 1977. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.3.312. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  5. ↑ Strassman, R. J. (October 1984). "Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs. A review of the literature". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 172 (10): 577–595. doi:10.1097/00005053-198410000-00001. ISSN 0022-3018. 
  6. ↑ Lahti, A. C., Holcomb, H. H., Medoff, D. R., Tamminga, C. A. (1 April 1995). "Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia". Neuroreport. 6 (6): 869–872. doi:10.1097/00001756-199504190-00011. ISSN 1473-558X. 
  7. ↑ Hall, W., Degenhardt, L. (February 2000). "Cannabis Use and Psychosis: A Review of Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 34 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00685.x. ISSN 0004-8674. 
  8. ↑ Hurst, D., Loeffler, G., McLay, R. (October 2011). "Psychosis Associated With Synthetic Cannabinoid Agonists: A Case Series". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1119–1119. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010176. ISSN 0002-953X. 
  9. ↑ Glasner-Edwards, S., Mooney, L. J. (1 December 2014). "Methamphetamine Psychosis: Epidemiology and Management". CNS Drugs. 28 (12): 1115–1126. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0209-8. ISSN 1179-1934. 
  10. ↑ Bramness, J. G., Gundersen, Ø. H., Guterstam, J., Rognli, E. B., Konstenius, M., Løberg, E.-M., Medhus, S., Tanum, L., Franck, J. (5 December 2012). "Amphetamine-induced psychosis - a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable?". BMC Psychiatry. 12 (1): 221. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-221. ISSN 1471-244X. 
  11. ↑ Preskorn, S. H., Denner, L. J. (3 January 1977). "Benzodiazepines and Withdrawal Psychosis: Report of Three Cases". JAMA. 237 (1): 36–38. doi:10.1001/jama.1977.03270280038018. ISSN 0098-7484. 
  12. ↑ Gross, M. M., Lewis, E., Hastey, J. (1974). "The Biology of Alcoholism". In Kissin, B., Begleiter, H. Acute Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome. Springer US. pp. 191–263. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2937-4_6. ISBN 9781468429398. 
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