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Compulsive redosing: Difference between revisions

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'''Compulsive redosing''' can be described as the experience of a powerful urge to continuously redose a [[psychoactive substance]] in an effort to increase or maintain the [[Subjective effects index|subjective effects]] which it induces.  
<onlyinclude>
'''Compulsive redosing''' is defined as the experience of a powerful and difficult to resist urge to continuously redose a [[psychoactive substance]] in an effort to increase or maintain the [[Subjective effects index|subjective effects]] which it induces.<ref name="EverittRobbins2005">{{cite journal|last1=Everitt|first1=Barry J|last2=Robbins|first2=Trevor W|title=Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=11|year=2005|pages=1481–1489|issn=1097-6256|doi=10.1038/nn1579}}</ref><ref name="Volkow2000">{{cite journal|last1=Volkow|first1=N. D.|title=Addiction, a Disease of Compulsion and Drive: Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex|journal=Cerebral Cortex|volume=10|issue=3|year=2000|pages=318–325|issn=14602199|doi=10.1093/cercor/10.3.318}}</ref><ref name="HymanMalenka2001">{{cite journal|last1=Hyman|first1=Steven E.|last2=Malenka|first2=Robert C.|title=Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|volume=2|issue=10|year=2001|pages=695–703|issn=1471-003X|doi=10.1038/35094560}}</ref><ref name="SoussanKjellgren2015">{{cite journal|last1=Soussan|first1=Christophe|last2=Kjellgren|first2=Anette|title=“Chasing the High” – Experiences of Ethylphenidate as Described on International Internet Forums|journal=Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment|volume=9|year=2015|pages=SART.S22495|issn=1178-2218|doi=10.4137/SART.S22495}}</ref>


This effect is considerably more likely to manifest itself when the user has a large supply of the given substance within their possession. It can be avoided by pre-weighing dosages, not keeping the remaining material within sight, exerting self control, and giving the compound to a trusted individual to keep until they deem it safe to return.
This effect is considerably more likely to manifest itself when the user has a large supply of the given substance within their possession. It can be partially avoided by pre-weighing dosages, not keeping the remaining material within sight, exerting self-control, and giving the compound to a trusted individual to keep until they deem it safe to return.


Compulsive redosing is most commonly associated with compounds which induce pleasurable effects such as [[cognitive euphoria]], [[physical euphoria]] or [[anxiety suppression]] alongside of other effects which inhibit the clarity of one's decision-making processes such as [[disinhibition]], [[motivation enhancement]] or [[ego inflation]]. These substances most commonly include [[opioid|opioids]], [[entactogen|entactogens]], [[stimulant|stimulants]], and [[GABAergic|GABAergics]]. However, the effect can also be induced in a less consistent fashion under the influence of certain hallucinogenic compounds such as [[dissociative|dissociatives]], and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]].
Compulsive redosing is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[cognitive euphoria]], [[physical euphoria]], or [[anxiety suppression]] alongside of other effects which inhibit the clarity of one's decision-making processes such as [[disinhibition]], [[motivation enhancement]], and [[ego inflation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of a wide variety of compounds, such as [[opioid|opioids]], [[stimulant|stimulants]],<ref name="Volkow2000" /><ref name="SoussanKjellgren2015" /><ref name="OlivesOrozco2012">{{cite journal|last1=Olives|first1=Travis|last2=Orozco|first2=Benjamin|last3=Stellpflug|first3=Samuel|title=Bath Salts: The Ivory Wave of Trouble|journal=Western Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=13|issue=1|year=2012|pages=58–62|issn=1936900X|doi=10.5811/westjem.2011.6.6782}}</ref> [[GABAergic|GABAergics]],<ref name="Volkow2000" /> and [[Entactogen|entactogens]].<ref name="HymanMalenka2001" /> However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of [[dissociative|dissociatives]] and [[cannabinoid|cannabinoids]].<ref name="HymanMalenka2001" />
</onlyinclude>


===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
[[MDPV]] is extremely potent in this effect; it has been shown that some users end up redosing, even if the negative effects outweigh the positives.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Sewalia K, Grabenauer M, Thomas BF, Marusich JA, Wegner S, Olive MF | display-authors = 6 | title = Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) | journal = Addiction Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–74 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 22784198 | pmc = 3473160 | doi = 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Coppola M, Mondola R | title = 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online | journal = Toxicology Letters | volume = 208 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–5 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22008731 | doi = 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.002 }}</ref>
Substances which may cause this effect include:
Substances which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Substances]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
 
===Experience reports===
===Experience reports===
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
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*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]
*[[N-Acetylcysteine]]
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Novel]] [[Category:Effect]] [[Category:Psychological dependence]]
 
===External links===
 
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence Psychological dependence (Wikipedia)]
 
===References===
[[Category:Cognitive]]  
[[Category:Novel]]  
[[Category:Effect]]  
<references />

Latest revision as of 23:07, 8 April 2024

Compulsive redosing is defined as the experience of a powerful and difficult to resist urge to continuously redose a psychoactive substance in an effort to increase or maintain the subjective effects which it induces.[1][2][3][4]

This effect is considerably more likely to manifest itself when the user has a large supply of the given substance within their possession. It can be partially avoided by pre-weighing dosages, not keeping the remaining material within sight, exerting self-control, and giving the compound to a trusted individual to keep until they deem it safe to return.

Compulsive redosing is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as cognitive euphoria, physical euphoria, or anxiety suppression alongside of other effects which inhibit the clarity of one's decision-making processes such as disinhibition, motivation enhancement, and ego inflation. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of a wide variety of compounds, such as opioids, stimulants,[2][4][5] GABAergics,[2] and entactogens.[3] However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of dissociatives and cannabinoids.[3]


Psychoactive substances

MDPV is extremely potent in this effect; it has been shown that some users end up redosing, even if the negative effects outweigh the positives.[6][7]

Substances which may cause this effect include:

... further results

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Everitt, Barry J; Robbins, Trevor W (2005). "Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (11): 1481–1489. doi:10.1038/nn1579. ISSN 1097-6256. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Volkow, N. D. (2000). "Addiction, a Disease of Compulsion and Drive: Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex". Cerebral Cortex. 10 (3): 318–325. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.318. ISSN 1460-2199. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hyman, Steven E.; Malenka, Robert C. (2001). "Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2 (10): 695–703. doi:10.1038/35094560. ISSN 1471-003X. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Soussan, Christophe; Kjellgren, Anette (2015). ""Chasing the High" – Experiences of Ethylphenidate as Described on International Internet Forums". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. 9: SART.S22495. doi:10.4137/SART.S22495. ISSN 1178-2218. 
  5. ↑ Olives, Travis; Orozco, Benjamin; Stellpflug, Samuel (2012). "Bath Salts: The Ivory Wave of Trouble". Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 13 (1): 58–62. doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.6.6782. ISSN 1936-900X. 
  6. ↑ Watterson LR, Kufahl PR, Nemirovsky NE, Sewalia K, Grabenauer M, Thomas BF, et al. (March 2014). "Potent rewarding and reinforcing effects of the synthetic cathinone 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)". Addiction Biology. 19 (2): 165–74. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00474.x. PMC 3473160 Freely accessible. PMID 22784198. 
  7. ↑ Coppola M, Mondola R (January 2012). "3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV): chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new designer drug of abuse marketed online". Toxicology Letters. 208 (1): 12–5. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.002. PMID 22008731. 
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