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'''4-HO-DET''' also known as '''4-hydroxy-diethyl-tryptamine''', '''CZ-74''', or '''ethocin''' is a [[hallucinogen]]ic [[psychedelic]] drug of the [[tryptamine]] family.
This compound was first discovered in the late 1950s by [[Albert Hofmann]] and [[Franz Troxler]]<ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US3072530</ref><ref>https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/psilocin.esters.pdf</ref>. The substance was used together with its phosphoryloxy-analog [[4-PO-DET]] in human clinical trials in the 1960s by the German researchers Hanscarl Leuner and G. Baer.
'''4-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine''' (also known as '''4-HO-DET''', '''CZ-74''', and '''Ethocin''') is a lesser-known synthetic [[psychoactive class::psychedelic]] of the [[chemical class::tryptamine]] chemical class that produces [[psilocin]]-like [[psychedelic]] effects when [[Routes of administration|adminstered]]. 4-HO-DET is a close structural and functional analog of [[psilocin]] (4-HO-DMT), the principal psychoactive component in [[magic mushrooms]]. It is notable for sharing many of its core features while retaining subtle variations in its duration, visual, cognitive and bodily effects.
Today it is used as a recreational or [[entheogen]]ic compound through the use of online research chemical vendors. However, it remains relatively uncommon and has very little history of human usage.
This compound was first discovered in the late 1950s by [[wikipedia:Albert Hofmann|Albert Hofmann]] and Franz Troxler<ref>{{cite web|title=US Patent 3072530 - Therapeutic indoles for psychic stimulation and relief of mental depression|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3072530/en|access-date=July 18, 2020|website=Google Patents}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/psilocin.esters.pdf|publisher=United States Patent Office|title=Esters of Indoles|date=January 29, 1963|id=3,075,992}}</ref> in their investigation of various [[psychedelic]] compounds that were structurally and chemically related to the principle active components he isolated from [[magic mushrooms]], [[psilocybin]] ('''4-PO-DMT''') and [[psilocin]] ('''4-HO-DMT'''). The substance was used together with its phosphoryloxy-analog [[wikipedia:4-PO-DET|4-PO-DET]] in human clinical trials in the 1960s by the German researchers Hanscarl Leuner <ref>"Psycholytische Therapie nach Hanscarl Leuner – Grundlagen, Praxis, Perspektiven" (in German), Torsten Passie, Michael Schlichting, Ralf Bolle (published September, 2023).</ref> and G. Baer.
Since its inception, 4-HO-DET has remained relatively uncommon and has very little documentation of human usage, with the majority of [[psychedelic]] users preferring more traditional [[psychedelics]] like the [[psilocybin]] and [[psilocin]] in [[psilocybin mushrooms]], or more recently, [[4-AcO-DMT]]. Today, it is either used as a recreational substance or an [[entheogen]], has no documentation of being sold on the streets and is primarily acquired through the use of online [[research chemical]] vendors.
==Chemistry==
==Chemistry==
{{chemistry}}
4-HO-DET, or 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, is a synthetic indole alkaloid molecule of the [[tryptamine]] chemical class. Tryptamines share a core structure comprised of a bicyclic indole heterocycle attached at R<sub>3</sub> to an amino group via an ethyl side chain. 4-HO-DET is substituted at R<sub>4</sub> of its indole heterocycle with a hydroxyl functional group OH−. It also contains two ethyl chains bound to the terminal amine R<sub>N</sub> of its tryptamine backbone ([[DET]]).
4-HO-DET is the lower homolog of [[4-AcO-DET]], the N-substituted diethyl homolog of [[4-HO-DMT]] ('''psilocin''') and the 4-hydroxy analog of [[DET]].
==Pharmacology==
==Pharmacology==
{{Main|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
{{Further|Serotonergic psychedelic}}
4-HO-DET acts as a [[Serotonin#The_5-HT_System|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]]. The [[psychedelic]] effects are believed to come from 4-HO-DET's efficacy at the 5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptors. However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain elusive.
As with its structurally related tryptamines, 4-HO-DET principally acts as a [[Serotonin#The_5-HT_system|5-HT<sub>2A</sub>]] [[Agonist#Agonists|partial agonist]], through which it exerts its psychedelic effects.{{citation needed}}
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain an object of scientific elucidation.
==Subjective effects==
==Subjective effects==
{{EffectStub}}
{{effectStub}}
The effects listed below are based upon the [[subjective effects index]] and personal experiences of [[PsychonautWiki]] [[Special:TopUsers|contributors]]. The listed effects will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier dosages will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects.
In comparison to other isolated synthetic [[tryptamine]] compounds such as [[4-AcO-DMT]] and [[4-HO-DMT]], [[4-HO-DET]] has been reported as being similar in terms of its visual, cognitive and physical effects, albeit with a slightly longer duration, less in the way of bodily effects, and more "synthetic" or "algorithmic"-style visuals.
===Physical effects===
The physical effects of 4-HO-DET can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
*'''[[Effect::Excessive yawning]]''' - This effect seems to be uniquely pronounced among psilocin and related tryptamines. It can occur to a lesser degree on LSD and very rarely on psychedelic phenethylamines like mescaline. It typically occurs in combination with watery eyes. However, many anecdotal reports suggest that this component is not as noticeable compared to the aforementioned psychedelics
*'''[[Effect::Watery eyes]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Frequent urination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Muscle contractions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Olfactory hallucination]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pupil dilation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Runny nose]]'''
===Cognitive effects===
}}
The cognitive effects of 4-HO-DET can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.
The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include:
{{effects/visual|
*'''[[Effect::Current mind state enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Mindfulness]]
*'''[[Effect::Thought loops]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Delusions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought disorganization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]'''
===Visual effects===
====Enhancements====
====Enhancements====
4-HO-DET presents a full and complete array of visual enhancements which generally includes:
4-HO-DET presents a full and complete array of visual distortions which generally includes:
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]])''
*'''[[Effect::Drifting]]''' ''([[Drifting#Melting|melting]], [[Drifting#Breathing|breathing]], [[Drifting#Morphing|morphing]] and [[Drifting#Flowing|flowing]])''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tracers]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour tinting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depth perception distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Symmetrical texture repetition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Colour shifting]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of [[psilocin]], [[ayahuasca]] and [[2C-T-7]] than [[LSD]] or [[2C-B]]. It can be comprehensively described through its [[Visual_effects:_Geometry#Variations|variations]] as intricate in complexity, abstract in form, mostly synthetic in style, unstructured in organization, dimly lit and monotone in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, slow in speed, smooth in motion, equally rounded and angular in corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. They have a notably "synthetic" feel to them and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of [[Effect::Level 8B]] visual geometry over [[Level 8A]].
====Hallucinatory states====
====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Machinescapes]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Transformations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucinations]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::alterations in perspective]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
*'''[[Effect::External hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')
}}
|{{effects/cognitive|
The cognitive effects of 4-HO-DET can be described as mildly more stimulating and lucid in style when compared to other similar psychedelics such as [[psilocybin]] or [[2C-C]] which tend to be more sedating. It has also been characterized as possessing a more "neutral", "analytical" headspace with minimal memory disruptions or emotional confusion compared to [[psilocybin mushrooms]].
The most prominent of these typical effects generally include:
*'''[[Effect::Analysis enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased sense of humor]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Laughter fits]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Novelty enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Personal bias suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought connectivity]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought loops]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Wakefulness]]'''
===Auditory effects===
}}
The auditory effects of 4-HO-DET are common in their occurrence and exhibit a full range of effects which commonly includes:
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 4-HO-DET use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown. This is because 4-HO-DET is a research chemical with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the psychedelic community who have tried 4-HO-DET suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 4-HO-DET use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact [[Toxicity::toxic dose is unknown]]. This is because 4-HO-DET is a [[research chemical]] with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the psychonaut community who have tried 4-HO-DET suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
===Tolerance and addiction potential===
4-HO-DET is non-habit forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
4-HO-DET is [[Addiction potential::not habit-forming]] and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of 4-HO-DET is built [[Time to full tolerance::almost immediately after ingestion]]. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::7 days]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 4-HO-DET presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[psychedelic]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of 4-HO-DET all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
An almost immediate tolerance is built to 4-HO-DET after ingestion, preventing one from experiencing its full effects more often than every 4-7 days unless they increase their dose significantly.
===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Psychedelics}}
==Legal issues==
==Legal status==
{{legalStub}}
{{legalStub}}
*'''Sweden''' - 4-HO-DET is classified as a "health hazard" under the Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health as of Nov 1, 2005, in their regulation SFS 2005:733 listed as 4-hydroxi-N,N-dietyltryptamin (4-HO-DET), making it illegal to sell or possess.<ref>http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20050733.pdf</ref>
*'''Germany''': 4-HO-DET is controlled under Anlage I BtMG<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/anlage_i.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: Anlage I|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> (''Narcotics Act, Schedule I''), former: Opiumgesetz (''Opium Act'') as of February 25, 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl167s0197.pdf|title=Vierte Verordnung über die den Betäubungsmitteln gleichgestellten Stoffe|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Teil I: 1967 Nr. 10|publication-date=February 24, 1967|language=de|issn=0341-1095|page=197|}}</ref> It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/btmg_1981/__29.html|title=Gesetz über den Verkehr mit Betäubungsmitteln: § 29|publisher=Bundesamt für Justiz [Federal Office of Justice]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Sweden:''' 4-HO-DET is classified as a health hazard under the Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health as of November 1, 2005 in the regulation SFS 2005:733, making it illegal to sell or possess.<ref>{{cite web|title=Svensk författningssamling Förordning om ändring i förordningen (1999:58) om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor|url=http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/sfs/20050733.pdf|id=SFS 2005:733|language=sv|date=October 6, 2005|publication-date=October 18, 2005|}}</ref>
*'''Switzerland''': 4-HO-DET is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''': 4-HO-DET is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the tryptamine catch-all clause.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule 2: Part I: Class A Drugs|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/38/schedule/2/part/I|work="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971"|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=UK Government}}</ref>
*'''United States''': 4-HO-DET is unscheduled in the United States. It may be considered an analogue of [[psilocin]] (''4-HO-DMT'') which is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. As such, the sale for human consumption or the use for illicit non-medical or industrial intents and purposes could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analogue Act.{{citation needed}}
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
4-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (also known as 4-HO-DET, CZ-74, and Ethocin) is a lesser-known synthetic psychedelic of the tryptamine chemical class that produces psilocin-like psychedelic effects when adminstered. 4-HO-DET is a close structural and functional analog of psilocin (4-HO-DMT), the principal psychoactive component in magic mushrooms. It is notable for sharing many of its core features while retaining subtle variations in its duration, visual, cognitive and bodily effects.
This compound was first discovered in the late 1950s by Albert Hofmann and Franz Troxler[1][2] in their investigation of various psychedelic compounds that were structurally and chemically related to the principle active components he isolated from magic mushrooms, psilocybin (4-PO-DMT) and psilocin (4-HO-DMT). The substance was used together with its phosphoryloxy-analog 4-PO-DET in human clinical trials in the 1960s by the German researchers Hanscarl Leuner [3] and G. Baer.
Since its inception, 4-HO-DET has remained relatively uncommon and has very little documentation of human usage, with the majority of psychedelic users preferring more traditional psychedelics like the psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybin mushrooms, or more recently, 4-AcO-DMT. Today, it is either used as a recreational substance or an entheogen, has no documentation of being sold on the streets and is primarily acquired through the use of online research chemical vendors.
4-HO-DET, or 4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, is a synthetic indole alkaloid molecule of the tryptamine chemical class. Tryptamines share a core structure comprised of a bicyclic indole heterocycle attached at R3 to an amino group via an ethyl side chain. 4-HO-DET is substituted at R4 of its indole heterocycle with a hydroxyl functional group OH−. It also contains two ethyl chains bound to the terminal amine RN of its tryptamine backbone (DET).
4-HO-DET is the lower homolog of 4-AcO-DET, the N-substituted diethyl homolog of 4-HO-DMT (psilocin) and the 4-hydroxy analog of DET.
As with its structurally related tryptamines, 4-HO-DET principally acts as a 5-HT2Apartial agonist, through which it exerts its psychedelic effects.[citation needed]
However, the role of these interactions and how they result in the psychedelic experience continues to remain an object of scientific elucidation.
In comparison to other isolated synthetic tryptamine compounds such as 4-AcO-DMT and 4-HO-DMT, 4-HO-DET has been reported as being similar in terms of its visual, cognitive and physical effects, albeit with a slightly longer duration, less in the way of bodily effects, and more "synthetic" or "algorithmic"-style visuals.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Excessive yawning - This effect seems to be uniquely pronounced among psilocin and related tryptamines. It can occur to a lesser degree on LSD and very rarely on psychedelic phenethylamines like mescaline. It typically occurs in combination with watery eyes. However, many anecdotal reports suggest that this component is not as noticeable compared to the aforementioned psychedelics
The visual geometry that is present throughout this trip can be described as more similar in appearance to that of psilocin, ayahuasca and 2C-T-7 than LSD or 2C-B. It can be comprehensively described through its variations as intricate in complexity, abstract in form, mostly synthetic in style, unstructured in organization, dimly lit and monotone in scheme, glossy in shading, sharp in edges, large in size, slow in speed, smooth in motion, equally rounded and angular in corners, non-immersive in-depth and consistent in intensity. They have a notably "synthetic" feel to them and at higher dosages are significantly more likely to result in states of Level 8B visual geometry over Level 8A.
The cognitive effects of 4-HO-DET can be described as mildly more stimulating and lucid in style when compared to other similar psychedelics such as psilocybin or 2C-C which tend to be more sedating. It has also been characterized as possessing a more "neutral", "analytical" headspace with minimal memory disruptions or emotional confusion compared to psilocybin mushrooms.
The most prominent of these typical effects generally include:
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational 4-HO-DET use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dose is unknown. This is because 4-HO-DET is a research chemical with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people within the psychonaut community who have tried 4-HO-DET suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying the substance by itself at low to moderate doses and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
4-HO-DET is not habit-forming and the desire to use it can actually decrease with use. It is most often self-regulating.
Tolerance to the effects of 4-HO-DET is built almost immediately after ingestion. After that, it takes about 3 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 7 days to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). 4-HO-DET presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all psychedelics]], meaning that after the consumption of 4-HO-DET all psychedelics will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
[[Wikipedia:Lithium_(medication)|DangerousInteraction::Lithium]] - Lithium is commonly prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. There is a large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests taking it with psychedelics significantly increases the risk of psychosis and seizures. As a result, this combination is strictly discouraged.
"[[UncertainInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Cannabis may have an unexpectedly strong and unpredictable synergy with the effects of 4-HO-DET. Caution is advised with this combination as it can significantly increase the risk of adverse psychological reactions like anxiety, paranoia, panic attacks, and psychosis. Users are advised to start off with only a fraction of their normal cannabis dose and take long breaks between hits to avoid unintentional overdose.
"[[UnsafeInteraction" contains a listed "[" character as part of the property label and has therefore been classified as invalid.]] - Tramadol is well-documented to lower the seizure threshold[4] and psychedelics may act to trigger seizures in susceptible individuals.[citation needed]
As such, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. You can help by expanding it.
Germany: 4-HO-DET is controlled under Anlage I BtMG[5] (Narcotics Act, Schedule I), former: Opiumgesetz (Opium Act) as of February 25, 1967.[6] It is illegal to manufacture, possess, import, export, buy, sell, procure or dispense it without a license.[7]
Sweden: 4-HO-DET is classified as a health hazard under the Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health as of November 1, 2005 in the regulation SFS 2005:733, making it illegal to sell or possess.[8]
Switzerland: 4-HO-DET is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[9]
United Kingdom: 4-HO-DET is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom as a result of the tryptamine catch-all clause.[10]
United States: 4-HO-DET is unscheduled in the United States. It may be considered an analogue of psilocin (4-HO-DMT) which is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. As such, the sale for human consumption or the use for illicit non-medical or industrial intents and purposes could be prosecuted as crimes under the Federal Analogue Act.[citation needed]
↑"Esters of Indoles"(PDF). United States Patent Office. January 29, 1963. 3,075,992.
↑"Psycholytische Therapie nach Hanscarl Leuner – Grundlagen, Praxis, Perspektiven" (in German), Torsten Passie, Michael Schlichting, Ralf Bolle (published September, 2023).
↑Talaie, H.; Panahandeh, R.; Fayaznouri, M. R.; Asadi, Z.; Abdollahi, M. (2009). "Dose-independent occurrence of seizure with tramadol". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 5 (2): 63–67. doi:10.1007/BF03161089. ISSN1556-9039.
