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'''Mania''' can be described as a state of abnormally elevated energy levels and general arousal. The typical symptoms of mania are the following: heightened mood (either euphoric or irritable), [[thought acceleration]], a flooding of ideas, extreme talkativeness, increased energy, a decreased need for sleep, and hyperactivity. This state of mind can vary wildly in its intensity, from mild mania (hypomania) to full on manic delirium. The accompanying symptoms are most obvious during states of fully developed delirious mania in which the person exhibits increasingly severe manic tendencies that become more and more obscured by other signs and symptoms, such as [[delusion]]s, [[psychosis]], incoherence, catatonia and extreme disorderly behavior.<ref>Semple, David. "Oxford Hand book of Psychiatry" Oxford press,2005.</ref>
<onlyinclude>'''Mania''' can be described as a state of abnormally elevated energy levels and general arousal. The typical symptoms of mania are the following: heightened mood (either euphoric or irritable), [[thought acceleration]], a flooding of ideas, extreme talkativeness, increased energy, a decreased need for sleep, and hyperactivity. This state of mind can vary wildly in its intensity, from mild mania (hypomania) to full-on manic [[psychosis]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Canuso, C. M.)), ((Bossie, C. A.)), ((Zhu, Y.)), ((Youssef, E.)), ((Dunner, D. L.)) | journal=Journal of Affective Disorders | title=Psychotic symptoms in patients with bipolar mania | volume=111 | issue=2–3 | pages=164–169 | date= December 2008 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165032708000979 | issn=01650327 | doi=10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.014}}</ref>. The accompanying symptoms are most obvious during states of fully developed delirious mania in which the person exhibits increasingly severe manic tendencies that become more and more obscured by other signs and symptoms, such as [[delusion]]s, [[psychosis]], incoherence, catatonia and extreme disorderly behavior.


Within the context of clinical psychology, standardized tools such as ''Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale''<ref>A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11566165</ref> and ''Young Mania Rating Scale''<ref>A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity (PubMed.gov / NCBI) | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/728692</ref> can be used to measure severity of manic episodes. It is worth noting that since mania and hypomania is often associated with creativity and artistic talent,<ref>Jamison, Kay R. (1996), Touched with Fire: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament, New York: Free Press, ISBN 0-684-83183-X</ref> it is not always the case that a clearly manic person needs or wants medical help; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are simply unaware that they have severely manic enough to be committed to a psychiatric ward or to commit themselves.  
Within the context of clinical psychology, standardized tools such as ''Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Altman, E.)), ((Hedeker, D.)), ((Peterson, J. L.)), ((Davis, J. M.)) | journal=Biological Psychiatry | title=A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania | volume=50 | issue=6 | pages=468–471 | date=15 September 2001 | issn=0006-3223 | doi=10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01065-4}}</ref> and ''Young Mania Rating Scale''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Young, R. C.)), ((Biggs, J. T.)), ((Ziegler, V. E.)), ((Meyer, D. A.)) | journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science | title=A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity | volume=133 | pages=429–435 | date= November 1978 | issn=0007-1250 | doi=10.1192/bjp.133.5.429}}</ref> can be used to measure severity of manic episodes. It is worth noting that since mania and hypomania is often associated with creativity and artistic talent, it is not always the case that a clearly manic person needs or wants medical help; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are simply unaware that they are severely manic enough to be committed to a psychiatric ward or to commit themselves.  


Although mania is often stereotyped as a “mirror image” of [[depression]], the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable. As irritable mania worsens, the irritability often becomes more pronounced and may eventually result in violent behaviour.
Although mania is often stereotyped as a “mirror image” of [[depression]], the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable. As irritable mania worsens, the irritability often becomes more pronounced and may eventually result in violent behaviour.


Mania is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[ego inflation]] and [[stimulation]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[stimulant]] or [[dissociative]] compounds, such as [[methamphetamine]], [[PCP]], [[2-Oxo-PCE]], and [[cocaine]].  
Mania is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as [[ego inflation]] and [[stimulation]]. It commonly occurs under the influence of [[dosage#heavy|heavy]] [[dosage|doses]] of [[stimulant]] (e.g. [[methamphetamine]], [[cocaine]], [[MDPV]], [[a-PVP]]) or [[dissociative]] (e.g. [[PCP]], [[dextromethorphan]]) compounds.</onlyinclude>
 
===Hypomania===
===Hypomania===
Hypomania is a lowered state of mania that does little to impair function or decrease quality of life. It may, in fact, increase productivity and creativity. In hypomania, there is less need for sleep and an increase in both goal-motivated behaviour and physical metabolism. Though the elevated mood and energy levels typical of hypomania could be seen as a benefit, mania itself generally has many undesirable consequences including suicidal tendencies, and hypomania can, if the prominent mood is irritable rather than euphoric, be a rather unpleasant experience. By definition, hypomania cannot feature psychosis, nor can it require psychiatric hospitalisation (voluntary or involuntary).
Hypomania is a lowered state of mania that does little to impair function or decrease the person's quality of life.<ref>{{Citation | title=APA Dictionary of Psychology | url=http://dictionary.apa.org/hypomania | access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> It may, in fact, increase productivity and creativity. In hypomania, there is less need for sleep and an increase in both goal-motivated behaviour and physical metabolism. Though the elevated mood and energy levels typical of hypomania could be seen as a benefit, mania itself generally has many undesirable consequences including suicidal tendencies, and hypomania can, if the prominent mood is irritable rather than euphoric, be a rather unpleasant experience. By definition, hypomania cannot feature psychosis, nor does it require psychiatric hospitalisation (voluntary or involuntary).


When manic episodes are separated into stages of a progression according to symptomatic severity and associated features, hypomania constitutes the first stage of the syndrome, wherein the cardinal features (euphoria or heightened irritability, pressure of speech and activity, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and flight of ideas) are most plainly evident.
When manic episodes are separated into stages of a progression according to symptomatic severity and associated features, hypomania constitutes the first stage of the syndrome, wherein the cardinal features (euphoria or heightened irritability, pressure of speech and activity, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and flight of ideas) are most plainly evident.
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Mania]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Psychoactive substance]][[Effect::Mania]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
===Experience reports===
Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our [[experience index]] include:
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Mania]]|format=ul|Columns=2}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
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===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Cognitive]] [[Category:Psychological]] [[Category:Effect]]
 
[[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]

Latest revision as of 04:42, 4 October 2022

Mania can be described as a state of abnormally elevated energy levels and general arousal. The typical symptoms of mania are the following: heightened mood (either euphoric or irritable), thought acceleration, a flooding of ideas, extreme talkativeness, increased energy, a decreased need for sleep, and hyperactivity. This state of mind can vary wildly in its intensity, from mild mania (hypomania) to full-on manic psychosis[1]. The accompanying symptoms are most obvious during states of fully developed delirious mania in which the person exhibits increasingly severe manic tendencies that become more and more obscured by other signs and symptoms, such as delusions, psychosis, incoherence, catatonia and extreme disorderly behavior.

Within the context of clinical psychology, standardized tools such as Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale[2] and Young Mania Rating Scale[3] can be used to measure severity of manic episodes. It is worth noting that since mania and hypomania is often associated with creativity and artistic talent, it is not always the case that a clearly manic person needs or wants medical help; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are simply unaware that they are severely manic enough to be committed to a psychiatric ward or to commit themselves.

Although mania is often stereotyped as a “mirror image” of depression, the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable. As irritable mania worsens, the irritability often becomes more pronounced and may eventually result in violent behaviour.

Mania is often accompanied by other coinciding effects such as ego inflation and stimulation. It commonly occurs under the influence of heavy doses of stimulant (e.g. methamphetamine, cocaine, MDPV, a-PVP) or dissociative (e.g. PCP, dextromethorphan) compounds.

Hypomania

Hypomania is a lowered state of mania that does little to impair function or decrease the person's quality of life.[4] It may, in fact, increase productivity and creativity. In hypomania, there is less need for sleep and an increase in both goal-motivated behaviour and physical metabolism. Though the elevated mood and energy levels typical of hypomania could be seen as a benefit, mania itself generally has many undesirable consequences including suicidal tendencies, and hypomania can, if the prominent mood is irritable rather than euphoric, be a rather unpleasant experience. By definition, hypomania cannot feature psychosis, nor does it require psychiatric hospitalisation (voluntary or involuntary).

When manic episodes are separated into stages of a progression according to symptomatic severity and associated features, hypomania constitutes the first stage of the syndrome, wherein the cardinal features (euphoria or heightened irritability, pressure of speech and activity, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and flight of ideas) are most plainly evident.

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Annectdotal reports which describe this effect with our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Canuso, C. M., Bossie, C. A., Zhu, Y., Youssef, E., Dunner, D. L. (December 2008). "Psychotic symptoms in patients with bipolar mania". Journal of Affective Disorders. 111 (2–3): 164–169. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.02.014. ISSN 0165-0327. 
  2. ↑ Altman, E., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., Davis, J. M. (15 September 2001). "A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania". Biological Psychiatry. 50 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01065-4. ISSN 0006-3223. 
  3. ↑ Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., Meyer, D. A. (November 1978). "A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity". The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 133: 429–435. doi:10.1192/bjp.133.5.429. ISSN 0007-1250. 
  4. ↑ APA Dictionary of Psychology, retrieved 4 June 2022 
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