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Spirituality intensification: Difference between revisions

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<onlyinclude>'''Spirituality enhancement''' can be described as the experience of a shift in a person’s personal beliefs regarding their existence and place within the universe, their relationship to others, and what they value as meaningful in life. It results in a person rethinking the significance they place on certain key concepts, holding some in higher regard than they did previously, and dismissing others as less important.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety ">Gasser, P., Kirchner, K., & Passie, T. (2015). LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: a qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(1), 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114555249</ref> These concepts and notions are not limited to but generally include:
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'''Spirituality intensification''' is defined as the experience of a shift in a person’s personal beliefs regarding their existence and place within the universe, their relationship to others, and what they value as meaningful in life. It results in a person rethinking the significance they place on certain key concepts, holding some in higher regard than they did previously, and dismissing others as less important.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gasser, P.)), ((Kirchner, K.)), ((Passie, T.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | title=LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects | volume=29 | issue=1 | pages=57–68 | date= January 2015 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881114555249 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/0269881114555249}}</ref> These concepts and notions are not limited to but generally include:


*An increased sense of personal purpose.<ref>Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Annals of behavioral medicine, 24(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06</ref>
*An increased sense of personal purpose.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Peterman, A. H.)), ((Fitchett, G.)), ((Brady, M. J.)), ((Hernandez, L.)), ((Cella, D.)) | journal=Annals of Behavioral Medicine | title=Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—spiritual well-being scale (FACIT-Sp) | volume=24 | issue=1 | pages=49–58 | date= February 2002 | url=https://academic.oup.com/abm/article/24/1/49-58/4631552 | issn=0883-6612 | doi=10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06}}</ref>
*An increased interest in the pursuit of developing personal religious and spiritual ideologies.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality">Trichter, S., Klimo, J., & Krippner, S. (2009). Changes in spirituality among ayahuasca ceremony novice participants. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399905</ref><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects">Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2011). Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology, 218(4), 649-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5</ref>
*An increased interest in the pursuit of developing personal religious and spiritual ideologies.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Trichter, S.)), ((Klimo, J.)), ((Krippner, S.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Changes in Spirituality Among Ayahuasca Ceremony Novice Participants | volume=41 | issue=2 | pages=121–134 | date= June 2009 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2009.10399905 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2009.10399905}}</ref><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Griffiths, R. R.)), ((Johnson, M. W.)), ((Richards, W. A.)), ((Richards, B. D.)), ((McCann, U.)), ((Jesse, R.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects | volume=218 | issue=4 | pages=649–665 | date= December 2011 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5}}</ref>
**The formation of complex personal religious beliefs.
**The formation of complex personal religious beliefs.
*An increased sense of compassion towards nature and other people.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users">Lerner, M., & Lyvers, M. (2006). Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38(2), 143-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838</ref>
*An increased sense of compassion towards nature and other people.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lerner, M.)), ((Lyvers, M.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study | volume=38 | issue=2 | pages=143–147 | date= June 2006 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838}}</ref>
*An increased sense of [[Unity and interconnectedness|unity and interconnectedness]] between oneself, nature, "god", and the universe as a whole.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety" /><ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psiloMYST">Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., & Jesse, R. (2006). Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance. Psychopharmacology, 187(3), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5</ref><ref name="psilo-openness" >MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., & Griffiths, R. R. (2011). Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1453-1461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881111420188</ref><ref name="psilo-neuronal-oscillations">Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., & Volleinweider, F. X. (2015). Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations. Psychopharmacology, 232(19), 3663-3676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7</ref><ref name="illicit-use-of-lsd">Lyvers, M., & Meester, M. (2012). Illicit use of LSD or psilocybin, but not MDMA or nonpsychedelic drugs, is associated with mystical experiences in a dose-dependent manner. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 44(5), 410-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.736842</ref>
*An increased sense of [[Unity and interconnectedness|unity and interconnectedness]] between oneself, nature, "god", and the universe as a whole.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety" /><ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psiloMYST">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Griffiths, R. R.)), ((Richards, W. A.)), ((McCann, U.)), ((Jesse, R.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance | volume=187 | issue=3 | pages=268–283 | date= August 2006 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5}}</ref><ref name="psilo-openness">{{cite journal | vauthors=((MacLean, K. A.)), ((Johnson, M. W.)), ((Griffiths, R. R.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | title=Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness | volume=25 | issue=11 | pages=1453–1461 | date= November 2011 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881111420188 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/0269881111420188}}</ref><ref name="psilo-neuronal-oscillations">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Kometer, M.)), ((Pokorny, T.)), ((Seifritz, E.)), ((Volleinweider, F. X.)) | journal=Psychopharmacology | title=Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations | volume=232 | issue=19 | pages=3663–3676 | date= October 2015 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7 | issn=0033-3158 | doi=10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7}}</ref><ref name="illicit-use-of-lsd">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Lyvers, M.)), ((Meester, M.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner | volume=44 | issue=5 | pages=410–417 | date=1 November 2012 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.2012.736842 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.736842}}</ref>
*A decreased sense of value placed upon money and material objects.<ref name="values-psych-users" />
*A decreased sense of value placed upon money and material objects.<ref name="values-psych-users" />
*A decreased fear and greater acceptance of death and the finite nature of existence.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety"/><ref name="psilo-anxiety/depression-reduction">Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., ... & Su, Z. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1165-1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512</ref><ref>Richards, W., Grof, S., Goodman, L., & Kurland, A. (1972). LSD-assisted psychotherapy and the human encounter with death. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 4(2), 121. https://www.erowid.org/references/refs_view.php?ID=6424</ref><ref>Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., & Greer, G. R. (2011). Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of general psychiatry, 68(1), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116</ref>
*A decreased fear and greater acceptance of death and the finite nature of existence.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety" /><ref name="psilo-anxiety/depression-reduction">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ross, S.)), ((Bossis, A.)), ((Guss, J.)), ((Agin-Liebes, G.)), ((Malone, T.)), ((Cohen, B.)), ((Mennenga, S. E.)), ((Belser, A.)), ((Kalliontzi, K.)), ((Babb, J.)), ((Su, Z.)), ((Corby, P.)), ((Schmidt, B. L.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | title=Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial | volume=30 | issue=12 | pages=1165–1180 | date= December 2016 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881116675512 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/0269881116675512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Grob, C. S.)), ((Danforth, A. L.)), ((Chopra, G. S.)), ((Hagerty, M.)), ((McKay, C. R.)), ((Halberstadt, A. L.)), ((Greer, G. R.)) | journal=Archives of General Psychiatry | title=Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer | volume=68 | issue=1 | pages=71 | date=3 January 2011 | url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116 | issn=0003-990X | doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116}}</ref>


Although difficult to fully specify due to the subjective aspect of spirituality enhancement, these changes in to a person's belief system can often result in profound changes in a person's personality<ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psilo-openness" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo">Studerus, E., Kometer, M., Hasler, F., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2011). Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(11), 1434-1452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110382466</ref> which can sometimes be distinctively noticeable to the people around those who undergo it. This shift can occur suddenly but will usually increase gradually over time as a person repeatedly uses the [[psychoactive substance]] which is inducing it.
Although difficult to fully specify due to the subjective aspect of spirituality intensification, these changes in to a person's belief system can often result in profound changes in a person's personality<ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psilo-openness" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Studerus, E.)), ((Kometer, M.)), ((Hasler, F.)), ((Vollenweider, F. X.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | title=Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies | volume=25 | issue=11 | pages=1434–1452 | date= November 2011 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881110382466 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/0269881110382466}}</ref> which can sometimes be distinctively noticeable to the people around those who undergo it. This shift can occur suddenly but will usually increase gradually over time as a person repeatedly uses the [[psychoactive substance]] which is inducing it.


Spirituality enhancement is unlikely to be an isolated effect component but rather the result of a combination of an appropriate setting<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /> in conjunction with other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]], [[autonomous voice communication]], [[novelty enhancement]], [[perception of interdependent opposites]], [[perception of predeterminism]], [[perception of self-design]], [[personal bias suppression]], and [[unity and interconnectedness]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of [[dissociative|dissociatives]], such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]], and [[DXM]].
Spirituality intensification is unlikely to be an isolated effect component but rather the result of a combination of an appropriate setting<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /> in conjunction with other coinciding effects such as [[analysis enhancement]], [[autonomous voice communication]], [[novelty enhancement]], [[perception of interdependent opposites]], [[perception of predeterminism]], [[perception of self-design]], [[personal bias suppression]], and [[unity and interconnectedness]]. It is most commonly induced under the influence of [[dosage#common|moderate]] [[dosage|dosages]] of [[psychedelic]] compounds, such as [[LSD]], [[psilocybin]], and [[mescaline]]. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of [[dissociative|dissociatives]], such as [[ketamine]], [[PCP]], and [[DXM]].
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====Analysis====
====Analysis====
There have been a number of in-depth scientific studies which unanimously support the legitimate existence of the spiritual effects induced by [[hallucinogen]] usage.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety" /><ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psiloMYST" /><ref name="psilo-openness" /><ref name="psilo-neuronal-oscillations" /><ref name="illicit-use-of-lsd" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" /><ref>Richards, W. A. (2008). The phenomenology and potential religious import of states of consciousness facilitated by psilocybin. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 30(1), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2013.785855</ref><ref>The Marsh Chapel Experiment | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Chapel_Experiment</ref><ref>Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., Johnson, M. W., McCann, U. D., & Jesse, R. (2008). Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of psychopharmacology, 22(6), 621-632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300</ref><ref name="attitudes-to-drug-induced-religious">Bakalar, J. B. (1985). Social and intellectual attitudes toward drug-induced religious experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 25(4), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167885254008</ref><ref>Móró, L., Simon, K., Bárd, I., & Rácz, J. (2011). Voice of the psychonauts: Coping, life purpose, and spirituality in psychedelic drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(3), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661</ref><ref name="psych-pharm-review">Nichols, D. E. (2016). Psychedelics. Pharmacological reviews, 68(2), 264-355. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.115.011478</ref><ref>Luke, D. (2012). Psychoactive substances and paranormal phenomena: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31(1), 12. https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1097&context=ijts-transpersonalstudies</ref><ref>Luke, D. P., & Kittenis, M. (2005). A preliminary survey of paranormal experiences with psychoactive drugs. Journal of Parapsychology, 69(2), 305-327. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/42bd/1b8c1734a0bf31b57af957228052b6819cce.pdf</ref>
There have been a number of in-depth scientific studies which unanimously support the legitimate existence of the spiritual effects induced by [[hallucinogen]] usage.<ref name="LSD-life-threatening-anxiety" /><ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="psiloMYST" /><ref name="psilo-openness" /><ref name="psilo-neuronal-oscillations" /><ref name="illicit-use-of-lsd" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Cummins, C.)), ((Lyke, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Peak Experiences of Psilocybin Users and Non-Users | volume=45 | issue=2 | pages=189–194 | date= April 2013 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2013.785855 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2013.785855}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Griffiths, R.)), ((Richards, W.)), ((Johnson, M.)), ((McCann, U.)), ((Jesse, R.)) | journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology | title=Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later | volume=22 | issue=6 | pages=621–632 | date= August 2008 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881108094300 | issn=0269-8811 | doi=10.1177/0269881108094300}}</ref><ref name="attitudes-to-drug-induced-religious">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bakalar, J. B.)) | journal=Journal of Humanistic Psychology | title=Social and Intellectual Attitudes Toward Drug-Induced Religious Experience | volume=25 | issue=4 | pages=45–66 | date= October 1985 | url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167885254008 | issn=0022-1678 | doi=10.1177/0022167885254008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Móró, L.)), ((Simon, K.)), ((Bárd, I.)), ((Rácz, J.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=188–198 | date= July 2011 | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2011.605661 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2011.605661}}</ref><ref name="psych-pharm-review">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Nichols, D. E.)) | veditors=((Barker, E. L.)) | journal=Pharmacological Reviews | title=Psychedelics | volume=68 | issue=2 | pages=264–355 | date= April 2016 | url=http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1124/pr.115.011478 | issn=0031-6997 | doi=10.1124/pr.115.011478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Luke, D.)) | journal=International Journal of Transpersonal Studies | title=Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=97–156 | date=1 January 2012 | url=https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=ijts-transpersonalstudies | issn=13210122 | doi=10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Luke, D.)), ((Kittenis, M.)) | journal=Journal of Parapsychology | title=A preliminary survey of paranormal experiences with psychoactive drugs | volume=69 | pages=305–327 | date= 2005 | url=https://koestlerunit.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/2005_-_jp_-_luke___kittenis.pdf}}</ref>
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Frequently, new [[psychedelic]] users rate their experience to be either the single most meaningful experience of their life or among the top five most meaningful experiences of their life.<ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="psiloMYST" /><ref name="psilo-anxiety/depression-reduction" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" />
Frequently, new [[psychedelic]] users rate their experience to be either the single most meaningful experience of their life or among the top five most meaningful experiences of their life.<ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="psiloMYST" /><ref name="psilo-anxiety/depression-reduction" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" />


Any [[psychedelic]] or [[hallucinogen]] intentionally used for religious or spiritual purposes is known in the literature as an [[entheogen]].<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref>Carl A. P. Ruck; Jeremy Bigwood; Danny Staples; Jonathan Ott; R. Gordon Wasson (January–June 1979). "Entheogens". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 11 (1–2): 145–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472098</ref> The ritualized usage of entheogens for religious or spiritual purposes dates back thousands of years and is well established throughout both anthropological and modern evidence.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" /><ref name="attitudes-to-drug-induced-religious" /><ref name="psych-pharm-review" /><ref>Guzmán, G. (2008). Hallucinogenic mushrooms in Mexico: An overview. Economic Botany, 62(3), 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8</ref><ref>Bruhn, J. G., De Smet, P. A., El-Seedi, H. R., & Beck, O. (2002). Mescaline use for 5700 years. The Lancet, 359(9320), 1866. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9</ref><ref>El-Seedi, H. R., De Smet, P. A., Beck, O., Possnert, G., & Bruhn, J. G. (2005). Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 101(1), 238-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022</ref><ref>Pettigrew, J. (2011). Iconography in Bradshaw rock art: breaking the circularity. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 94(5), 403-417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x</ref><ref>Carod-Artal, F. J. (2015). Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. Neurología (English edition), 30(1), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003</ref><ref>Wasson, R. G. (1971). The soma of the Rig Veda: what was it?. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 169-187. https://doi.org/10.2307/600096</ref>
Any [[psychedelic]] or [[hallucinogen]] intentionally used for religious or spiritual purposes is known in the literature as an [[entheogen]].<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ruck, C. A. P.)), ((Bigwood, J.)), ((Staples, D.)), ((Ott, J.)), ((Wasson, R. G.)) | journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | title=Entheogens | volume=11 | issue=1–2 | pages=145–146 | date= January 1979 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.1979.10472098 | issn=0022-393X | doi=10.1080/02791072.1979.10472098}}</ref> The ritualized usage of [[entheogens]] for religious or spiritual purposes dates back thousands of years and is well established throughout both anthropological and modern evidence.<ref name="ayahuasca-spirituality" /><ref name="psilo-persisting-effects" /><ref name="values-psych-users" /><ref name="acute-subacute-long-psilo" /><ref name="attitudes-to-drug-induced-religious" /><ref name="psych-pharm-review" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Guzmán, G.)) | journal=Economic Botany | title=Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in Mexico: An Overview | volume=62 | issue=3 | pages=404–412 | date= November 2008 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8 | issn=0013-0001 | doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Bruhn, J. G.)), ((De Smet, P. A.)), ((El-Seedi, H. R.)), ((Beck, O.)) | journal=The Lancet | title=Mescaline use for 5700 years | volume=359 | issue=9320 | pages=1866 | date= May 2002 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602087019 | issn=01406736 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((El-Seedi, H. R.)), ((Smet, P. A. G. M. D.)), ((Beck, O.)), ((Possnert, G.)), ((Bruhn, J. G.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Prehistoric peyote use: Alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas | volume=101 | issue=1–3 | pages=238–242 | date= October 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874105002990 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Pettigrew, J.)) | journal=Clinical and Experimental Optometry | title=Iconography in Bradshawb rock art: breaking the circularity | volume=94 | issue=5 | pages=403–417 | date=1 September 2011 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x | issn=0816-4622 | doi=10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Carod-Artal, F. J.)) | journal=Neurología | title=Alucinógenos en las culturas precolombinas mesoamericanas | volume=30 | issue=1 | pages=42–49 | date= January 2015 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0213485311002696 | issn=02134853 | doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wasson, R. G.)) | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | title=The Soma of the Rig Veda: What Was It? | volume=91 | issue=2 | pages=169 | date= April 1971 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/600096?origin=crossref | issn=00030279 | doi=10.2307/600096}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rios, M. D. de)) | journal=Journal of Psychedelic Drugs | title=Hallucinogenic Ritual as Theatre | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=265–268 | date= July 1977 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02791072.1977.10472056 | issn=0022-393X | doi=10.1080/02791072.1977.10472056}}</ref>
===Psychoactive substances===
===Psychoactive substances===
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
Compounds within our [[psychoactive substance index]] which may cause this effect include:
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{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
{{#ask:[[Category:Experience]][[Effect::Spirituality enhancement]]|format=ul|Columns=1}}
===See also===
===See also===
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Responsible use]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
*[[Subjective effects index]]
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*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Dissociatives#Subjective_effects|Dissociatives - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
*[[Deliriants#Subjective_effects|Deliriants - Subjective effects]]
===External links===
===External links===
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology Neurotheology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology Neurotheology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality Spirituality (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality Spirituality (Wikipedia)]
===References===
===References===
<references/>
<references />
[[Category:Cognitive]][[Category:Transpersonal]][[Category:Effect]]
[[Category:Cognitive]]
[[Category:Transpersonal]]
[[Category:Effect]]
{{#set:Featured=true
{{#set:Featured=true
|Belongs to=Cognitive effects
|Belongs to=Cognitive effects
}}
}}

Latest revision as of 01:15, 4 October 2022

Spirituality intensification is defined as the experience of a shift in a person’s personal beliefs regarding their existence and place within the universe, their relationship to others, and what they value as meaningful in life. It results in a person rethinking the significance they place on certain key concepts, holding some in higher regard than they did previously, and dismissing others as less important.[1] These concepts and notions are not limited to but generally include:

  • An increased sense of personal purpose.[2]
  • An increased interest in the pursuit of developing personal religious and spiritual ideologies.[3][4]
    • The formation of complex personal religious beliefs.
  • An increased sense of compassion towards nature and other people.[3][4][5]
  • An increased sense of unity and interconnectedness between oneself, nature, "god", and the universe as a whole.[1][3][5][6][7][8][9]
  • A decreased sense of value placed upon money and material objects.[5]
  • A decreased fear and greater acceptance of death and the finite nature of existence.[1][10][11]

Although difficult to fully specify due to the subjective aspect of spirituality intensification, these changes in to a person's belief system can often result in profound changes in a person's personality[5][7][12] which can sometimes be distinctively noticeable to the people around those who undergo it. This shift can occur suddenly but will usually increase gradually over time as a person repeatedly uses the psychoactive substance which is inducing it.

Spirituality intensification is unlikely to be an isolated effect component but rather the result of a combination of an appropriate setting[3] in conjunction with other coinciding effects such as analysis enhancement, autonomous voice communication, novelty enhancement, perception of interdependent opposites, perception of predeterminism, perception of self-design, personal bias suppression, and unity and interconnectedness. It is most commonly induced under the influence of moderate dosages of psychedelic compounds, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. However, it can also occur to a lesser extent under the influence of dissociatives, such as ketamine, PCP, and DXM.


Analysis

There have been a number of in-depth scientific studies which unanimously support the legitimate existence of the spiritual effects induced by hallucinogen usage.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Frequently, new psychedelic users rate their experience to be either the single most meaningful experience of their life or among the top five most meaningful experiences of their life.[4][6][10][12]

Any psychedelic or hallucinogen intentionally used for religious or spiritual purposes is known in the literature as an entheogen.[3][20] The ritualized usage of entheogens for religious or spiritual purposes dates back thousands of years and is well established throughout both anthropological and modern evidence.[3][4][5][12][15][17][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Psychoactive substances

Compounds within our psychoactive substance index which may cause this effect include:

Experience reports

Anecdotal reports which describe this effect within our experience index include:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Gasser, P., Kirchner, K., Passie, T. (January 2015). "LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 29 (1): 57–68. doi:10.1177/0269881114555249. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  2. ↑ Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., Cella, D. (February 2002). "Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—spiritual well-being scale (FACIT-Sp)". Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 24 (1): 49–58. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06. ISSN 0883-6612. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Trichter, S., Klimo, J., Krippner, S. (June 2009). "Changes in Spirituality Among Ayahuasca Ceremony Novice Participants". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 41 (2): 121–134. doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10399905. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Griffiths, R. R., Johnson, M. W., Richards, W. A., Richards, B. D., McCann, U., Jesse, R. (December 2011). "Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: immediate and persisting dose-related effects". Psychopharmacology. 218 (4): 649–665. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2358-5. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Lerner, M., Lyvers, M. (June 2006). "Values and Beliefs of Psychedelic Drug Users: A Cross-Cultural Study". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 38 (2): 143–147. doi:10.1080/02791072.2006.10399838. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Griffiths, R. R., Richards, W. A., McCann, U., Jesse, R. (August 2006). "Psilocybin can occasion mystical-type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance". Psychopharmacology. 187 (3): 268–283. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0457-5. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 MacLean, K. A., Johnson, M. W., Griffiths, R. R. (November 2011). "Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1453–1461. doi:10.1177/0269881111420188. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kometer, M., Pokorny, T., Seifritz, E., Volleinweider, F. X. (October 2015). "Psilocybin-induced spiritual experiences and insightfulness are associated with synchronization of neuronal oscillations". Psychopharmacology. 232 (19): 3663–3676. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4026-7. ISSN 0033-3158. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lyvers, M., Meester, M. (1 November 2012). "Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (5): 410–417. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.736842. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ross, S., Bossis, A., Guss, J., Agin-Liebes, G., Malone, T., Cohen, B., Mennenga, S. E., Belser, A., Kalliontzi, K., Babb, J., Su, Z., Corby, P., Schmidt, B. L. (December 2016). "Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 30 (12): 1165–1180. doi:10.1177/0269881116675512. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  11. ↑ Grob, C. S., Danforth, A. L., Chopra, G. S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C. R., Halberstadt, A. L., Greer, G. R. (3 January 2011). "Pilot Study of Psilocybin Treatment for Anxiety in Patients With Advanced-Stage Cancer". Archives of General Psychiatry. 68 (1): 71. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.116. ISSN 0003-990X. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Studerus, E., Kometer, M., Hasler, F., Vollenweider, F. X. (November 2011). "Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 25 (11): 1434–1452. doi:10.1177/0269881110382466. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  13. ↑ Cummins, C., Lyke, J. (April 2013). "Peak Experiences of Psilocybin Users and Non-Users". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 45 (2): 189–194. doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.785855. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  14. ↑ Griffiths, R., Richards, W., Johnson, M., McCann, U., Jesse, R. (August 2008). "Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 22 (6): 621–632. doi:10.1177/0269881108094300. ISSN 0269-8811. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Bakalar, J. B. (October 1985). "Social and Intellectual Attitudes Toward Drug-Induced Religious Experience". Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 25 (4): 45–66. doi:10.1177/0022167885254008. ISSN 0022-1678. 
  16. ↑ Móró, L., Simon, K., Bárd, I., Rácz, J. (July 2011). "Voice of the Psychonauts: Coping, Life Purpose, and Spirituality in Psychedelic Drug Users". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 43 (3): 188–198. doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.605661. ISSN 0279-1072. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Nichols, D. E. (April 2016). Barker, E. L., ed. "Psychedelics". Pharmacological Reviews. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. ISSN 0031-6997. 
  18. ↑ Luke, D. (1 January 2012). "Psychoactive Substances and Paranormal Phenomena: A Comprehensive Review". International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. 31 (1): 97–156. doi:10.24972/ijts.2012.31.1.97. ISSN 1321-0122. 
  19. ↑ Luke, D., Kittenis, M. (2005). "A preliminary survey of paranormal experiences with psychoactive drugs" (PDF). Journal of Parapsychology. 69: 305–327. 
  20. ↑ Ruck, C. A. P., Bigwood, J., Staples, D., Ott, J., Wasson, R. G. (January 1979). "Entheogens". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 11 (1–2): 145–146. doi:10.1080/02791072.1979.10472098. ISSN 0022-393X. 
  21. ↑ Guzmán, G. (November 2008). "Hallucinogenic Mushrooms in Mexico: An Overview". Economic Botany. 62 (3): 404–412. doi:10.1007/s12231-008-9033-8. ISSN 0013-0001. 
  22. ↑ Bruhn, J. G., De Smet, P. A., El-Seedi, H. R., Beck, O. (May 2002). "Mescaline use for 5700 years". The Lancet. 359 (9320): 1866. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08701-9. ISSN 0140-6736. 
  23. ↑ El-Seedi, H. R., Smet, P. A. G. M. D., Beck, O., Possnert, G., Bruhn, J. G. (October 2005). "Prehistoric peyote use: Alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101 (1–3): 238–242. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022. ISSN 0378-8741. 
  24. ↑ Pettigrew, J. (1 September 2011). "Iconography in Bradshawb rock art: breaking the circularity". Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 94 (5): 403–417. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00648.x. ISSN 0816-4622. 
  25. ↑ Carod-Artal, F. J. (January 2015). "Alucinógenos en las culturas precolombinas mesoamericanas". Neurología. 30 (1): 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003. ISSN 0213-4853. 
  26. ↑ Wasson, R. G. (April 1971). "The Soma of the Rig Veda: What Was It?". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 91 (2): 169. doi:10.2307/600096. ISSN 0003-0279. 
  27. ↑ Rios, M. D. de (July 1977). "Hallucinogenic Ritual as Theatre". Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. 9 (3): 265–268. doi:10.1080/02791072.1977.10472056. ISSN 0022-393X. 
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