Psychoactive acacias: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 23:21, 4 August 2022

This is a list of Acacia species (sensu lato) that are known to contain psychoactive alkaloids, or are suspected of containing such alkaloids due to being psychoactive. The presence and constitution of alkaloids in nature can be highly variable, due to environmental and genetic factors.

Acacias Known to Contain Psychoactive Alkaloids
Acacia acinacea	0.04-0.82% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.08% in ripe pods, mostly phenethylamine^[1]
Acacia acuminata ssp. acuminata	DMT in bark (up to 1.6%) and in leaves (0.6-1.0%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine;^[2] 0.72% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine^[3]
Acacia acuminata ssp. burkittii (syn. A. burkittii)	DMT in bark (0.2-1.2%), 0.1% alkaloids from leaves (mostly NMT);^[2] 1.5% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine^[3]
Acacia adunca	β-methyl-phenethylamine (N-methyl-phenethylamine), 2.4% in leaves;^[4] 3.2% alkaloids in aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers) - about 70% was β-methyl-phenethylamine, with smaller amounts of phenethylamine^[3]
Acacia albida	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Besides this, there are independent claims of DMT in leaves and bark based on human bioassay,^[2] and traces of 5-MeO-DMT, DMT and NMT were tentatively identified by TLC in twigs.^[7] Root bark contains alkaloids that were not identified^[8]
Acacia alpina	Dimethyltryptamine active levels in leaf^[9]
Acacia aneura	Ash used in Pituri.^[10] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.^[11] Not known if psychoactive per se.
Acacia angustissima	0.028% β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves,^[12] DMT (0.00012-0.00102%) and N-methyltyramine (0.00011-0.005%) in leaves;^[13] DMT and 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC from roots in one test, not detected in follow up; 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC in seeds^[7]
Acacia aroma	Has been claimed to contain tryptamine alkaloids^[14] and significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds,^[15] but this needs confirmation and supporting information
Acacia auriculiformis	5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified in stem bark^[7]
Acacia baileyana	0.02% alkaloids in spring (80% tetrahydroharman, 20% tryptamine), 0.028% autumn (tryptamine) and none in summer, with leaves of Californian plants;^[16] traces of DMT and unidentified indoles tentatively detected in seeds^[7]
Acacia beauverdiana	Claimed to be psychoactive,^[17] but supporting information is needed. Ash used in pituri^[10]
Acacia berlandieri	Hordenine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine in leaves;^[18] 0.28-0.66% N-methylphenethylamine in leaves. Causes stock intoxications in Texas.^[12]^[19] Claims of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and many other alkaloids^[20] are suspect^[21]
Acacia buxifolia	0.65% alkaloids from leaves and stems, 0.58% from pods and 0.09% from seeds, mostly phenethylamine^[1]
Acacia caesia	Tryptamine and DMT N-oxide from bark^[22]
Acacia cardiophylla	0.02-0.06% alkaloids from stems and leaves, consisting of tryptamine and phenethylamine;^[3] one screening found no alkaloids^[23]
Acacia catechu (syn. A. polyacantha, A. suma)	Claims of DMT in the plant^[24] have been referenced to works that do not support the claim. Needs research.
Acacia caven	Claims of tryptamines in this species are unreferenced. Leaves of this (and/or other plants) and tobacco, are occasionally smoked with Anadenanthera seeds for psychoactive effects^[25]
Acacia chundra (syn. A. catechu var. sundra)	Claims of DMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark are unreferenced. Needs research.
Acacia colei	Claimed to contain up to 1.8% DMT in bark, 0.2-0.6% in leaf,^[26] but others have found no alkaloids, or nearly none in this species^[2]
Acacia complanata	0.3% N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, traces of tetrahydroharman in leaf and stem;^[27]^[28] need confirmation
Acacia concinna	2.1% Nicotine (w/w), 1.2% calycotomine (d/w) from leaves^[29]^[30]
Acacia confusa	0.074% alkaloids from stems (20% DMT, 80% NMT);^[31] NMT and an unidentified tryptamine alkaloid from trunk bark;^{[citation needed]} 2.85% alkaloids from root bark (45% DMT, 55% NMT);^[32] 0.005% DMT, 0.009% DMT N-oxide, 0.006% NMT and 0.007% N-chloromethyl-DMT (might be artefact of extraction) from unspecified parts^[33]
Acacia constricta	0.02% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine (tentatively identified)^[12]
Acacia coriacea	Ash used in Pituri.^[10]^[25] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia cornigera	May be psychoactive, as the root is used as an aphrodisiac, and may have been added to the Central American balché beverage.^[25] Claims of tryptamines in this species^[34] might be speculation. Research needed.
Acacia cultriformis	0.02-0.07% alkaloids in leaves and stems, including tryptamine (tentatively identified) and a phenethylamine. 0.04% alkaloids in seeds and unripe seed pods;^[1]^[3]^[35] tentative observation of 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, stems and flowers^[7]
Acacia cuthbertsonii	Has been included on a list of psychoactive plants,^[17] but requires supporting information
Acacia delibrata	Has been included on a list of psychoactive plants,^[17] but requires supporting information
Acacia drepanolobium	DMT in bark (up to 1.4%) and leaves (0.5-0.8%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine^[2]
Acacia falcata	Psychoactive,^[17] but less than 0.02% alkaloids^[36]
Acacia farnesiana	Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT and an unidentified β-carboline from immature seed pods;^[7] tryptamine in stem bark.^[22] A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine from flowers is not supported by the reference given.^[37] Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.^[11] Alkaloids are present in the bark^[38] and leaves.^[39] Others found no alkaloids.^[23] Claims of amphetamines and mescaline in the tree^[34] appear to be groundless
Acacia filiciana	Has been added to pulque,^[25] but its psychoactivity is unknown
Acacia floribunda	Up to 0.18% alkaloids from tops, mostly tryptamine with some phenethylamine; 0.15-1.18% alkaloids from flowers, equal amounts tryptamine and phenethylamine;^[35]^[40] traces of unidentified alkaloid from bark.^[1] Recently found to actually contain mostly DMT (up to 0.1% from leaves, 0.3-0.5% from bark), with bark also containing NMT, and small amounts of tryptamine, harman and norharman^[2]
Acacia greggii	0.016% alkaloids from leaves, including (tentatively identified) N-methyl-β-phenethylamine and tyramine^[12]
Acacia harpophylla	0.1-0.6% alkaloids in leaves, consisting of phenethylamine and hordenine at a ratio of 2:3; 0.3% alkaloids in bark^[4]^[23]
Acacia holoserica	Hordenine, 1.2% in bark^[4]
Acacia horrida	Has been claimed to be psychoactive, but this is not supported by the reference given^[25]
Acacia implexa	Claimed to be psychoactive,^[41] but this requires supporting information
Acacia jurema	Putative species claimed to contain DMT and NMT, without a reference; possibly assumed due to supposed use in jurema wine
Acacia karroo	Probably psychoactive; roots used in Zimbabwe as an aphrodisiac and to treat dizziness, convulsions and body pains^[42]
Acacia kempeana	Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.^[25]
Acacia kettlewelliae	1.3-1.88% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly (92%) phenethylamine;^[3] 0.9% β-methyl-phenethylamine from leaves^[4]
Acacia laeta	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Needs research
Acacia leucophloea	Tryptamine in root bark^[22]
Acacia lingulata	Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.^[25]
Acacia longifolia	0.2-1% alkaloids from tops, 0.14-0.29% from flowers; consisted mostly of tryptamine-like alkaloids (tryptamine itself found in some flowers), with small amount of phenethylamine.^[1]^[35]^[40] Some strains have been found to contain up to 0.2% DMT in unspecified parts.^[2]^[43] Leaves, bark, pods, seeds and flowers all contained varying levels of histamine amides^[44]
Acacia sophorae	Contains alkaloids in leaves, stems and unripe seed pods^[23]^[35] but they have been poorly investigated. A claim of tryptamine in leaveand bark^[15] requires a proper reference. Several reports of DMT content unconfirmed^[2]
Acacia macradenia	Claimed to contain tryptamine,^[15] but without a reference. Needs research
Acacia maidenii	0.13-0.71% alkaloids from bark, consisting of NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio;^[23]^[45] both also present in leaves. Some varieties of the species are not good alkaloid sources.^[2] Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT in wood and twigs, NMT in root^[7]
Acacia mangium	Rumoured to contain DMT or similar psychoactive alkaloids^[2]
Acacia melanoxylon	Some plants may contain DMT in the bark and leaf, but may have been misidentified as most do not.^[2] Traces of alkaloids detected in bark, leaf and seed; sometimes no alkaloids^[1]^[23]
Acacia mellifera	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Needs research
Acacia mucronata sbsp. longifolia	DMT, NMT, tryptamine, other alkaloids^[46]
Acacia nilotica	One ublished report of DMT in the leaf^[5] may derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Later analysis tentatively found 5-MeO-DMT in stems, leaves and roots; DMT, NMT and 5-MeO-DMT were tentatively observed in seeds, but follow-up tests were negative.^[7]^[47] Bark contains unidentified alkaloids^[48] Bark in one sample subsequently found to contain an alkaloid which has an Rf value suggesting DMT.
Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens	DMT and Harmane derivatives^[49]
Acacia obtusifolia	0.15-0.6% alkaloids from bark, 0.07% from fresh tips,^[2]^[23]^[50] 0.15-0.3% from dried leaves. A small population seems to contain mainly DMT in bark, with most also containing other alkaloids including NMT, tryptamine, harman and norharman; leaves may contain more NMT than DMT. Some assays showed tentative presence of 5-MeO-DMT and/or bufotenine but these are unconfirmed and other assays did not detect them^[2]^[51]^[52]
Acacia oerfota (syn. A. nubica)	0.016% DMT in leaf;^[6] a claim of NMT in this species is unreferenced
Acacia penninervis	Claimed to be psychoactive,^[17] but supporting information is needed. Bark and leaves have been used to poison fish^[53]
Acacia phlebophylla	0.3% DMT in leaf;^[54] a claim of NMT^[9] could not be found in the reference given and needs verification. Species is rare and threatened
Acacia podalyriaefolia	0.11-0.29% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.11% from seeds and pods, mostly tryptamine and sometimes with phenethylamine also present;^[1]^[3]^[35] a later analysis found 0.06% tryptamine from leaves (w/w)^[55]
Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha (syn. A. campylacantha)	0.004%% DMT in leaf;^[6] claims of NMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark^[56] are not supported by the reference given
Acacia pravissima	Up to 0.44% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly phenethylamine^[35]
Acacia prominens (syn. A. praetervisa)	0.17-0.65% alkaloids from stems and leaves, 1.8% from flowering tops, consisting of phenethylamine and β-methyl-phenethylamine^[1]^[3]^[35]^[57]
Acacia pruinocarpa	Ash used in Pituri.^[10]^[25] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia pruinosa	0.02-0.09% alkaloids from stems and leaves,^[35] 0.04% from tops, mostly tryptamine with some phenethylamine^[40]
Acacia pycnantha	Less than 0.01% total alkaloids in leaf,^[35] sometimes none.^[23] 0.4% DMT in single tree^[58]
Acacia retinodes	0.01% Nicotine was reported from leaves, but identity of the plant was not certain;^[59] claims of DMT and NMT in the plant^[60] require verification or a proper reference
Acacia rigidula	0.025% alkaloids from leaves, including N-methyl-phenethylamine and N-methyl-tyramine (both tentatively identified).^[12] Claims of DMT, NMT, amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and many other alkaloids^[61] are suspect^[21]
Acacia roemeriana	0.036% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine, tyramine and N-methyl-tyramine^[12]
Acacia salicina	Ash used in Pituri.^[10]^[25] Not known if psychoactive.
Acacia schaffneri	A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine, phenethylamine, amphetamines and mescaline in this species^[34] lacks a reference and is highly dubious
Acacia schottii	β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves, tentatively identified^[12]
Senegalia senegal	0.003% DMT in leaf;^[6] claim of DMT in bark^[15] requires verification
Acacia seyal	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Ether extracts about 1-7% of the dried leaf mass.^[11]
Acacia sieberiana	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] However it is rumoured that unpublished analysis has found DMT in the plant^[2]
Acacia simplex (syn. A. simplicifolia)	3.6% alkaloids from leaves and stem bark (40% NMT, 22.5% DMT, 12.7% 2-methyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline, and traces of N-formyl-NMT which might be an artefact of extraction)^[62]
Acacia spectabilis	0.21-0.35% alkaloids from leaves and stems, about 2/3 phenethylamine^[3]
Acacia suaveolens	Up to 0.89% alkaloids from leaves and stems, 0.05-0.17% from unripe pods, mostly phenethylamine^[1]^[35]
Acacia texensis	0.008% alkaloids from leaves including β-methyl-phenethylamine and tyramine (tentatively identified)^[12]
Acacia tortilis	Published reports of DMT in the leaf^[5] derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.^[6] Needs research
Acacia vestita	Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem (up to 83% of total alkaloids); alkaloid content was highest in autumn and spring (0.12-0.28%), lowest in summer and winter (0.03-0.08%)^[3]
Acacia victoriae	Tentative positive for DMT in aerial parts of a 1 yr old plant, and 5-MeO-DMT in roots of 2 yr old seedlings;^[7] a formal screening found no alkaloids in leaf and stem.^[23] Appears to contain DMT based on human bioassays^[2]

Acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled^[36]

Species containing a concentration of alkaloids of 0-0.02% include:

External links

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 White, E.P. 1951. “Legumes examined for alkaloids – additions and corrections.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 33B:54-60.
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 independent assay
↑ ^3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 White, E.P. 1957. “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species for alkaloids.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 38B:718-725.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Fitzgerald, J. (1964). "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. III. The occurrence of phenylethylamine derivatives in Acacia species". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 17 (1): 160. doi:10.1071/CH9640160. ISSN 0004-9425.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Shulgin, A. T., Shulgin, A. (1997). Tihkal: the continuation. Transform. ISBN 9780963009692.
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 Wahba Khalil, S. K., Elkheir, Y. M. (April 1975). "Dimethyltryptamine from the leaves of certain Acacia species of northern Sudan". Lloydia. 38 (2): 176–177. ISSN 0024-5461.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 ^7.8 Keeper, T., Friends (2007). Some Simple Tryptamines (2nd ed.).
↑ Salisu, Y., Agunu, A., Ibrahim, G. (2009). "Hypoglycaemic effects of Acacia albida Del. (Mimosaceae) methanol root bark extract" (PDF). Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci. 8 (1): 66–72.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Shaman Australis
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06 ^{[dead link]}
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Camp, B. J., Norvell, M. J. (July 1966). "The phenylethylamine alkaloids of native range plants". Economic Botany. 20 (3): 274–278. doi:10.1007/BF02904278. ISSN 0013-0001.
↑ McSweeney, C. S., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P., Palmer, B., Krause, D. O. (June 2005). "Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: Anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 121 (1–2): 175–190. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.017. ISSN 0377-8401.
↑ Maya Ethnobotanicals ^{[dead link]}
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Akacje (in polish)
↑ Repke, D. B., Mandell, D. M., Thomas, J. H. (June 1973). "Alkaloids of Acacia baileyana". Lloydia. 36 (2): 211–213. ISSN 0024-5461.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 ^17.4 www.bushfood.net
↑ Adams, H. R., Camp, B. J. (August 1966). "`The isolation and identification of three alkaloids from Acacia Berlandieri". Toxicon. 4 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(66)90002-X. ISSN 0041-0101.
↑ Camp, B. J., Moore, J. A. (March 1960). "A Quantitative Method for the Alkaloid of Acacia berlandieri**Received August 21, 1959, from the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.). 49 (3): 158–160. doi:10.1002/jps.3030490309. ISSN 0095-9553.
↑ Clement, B. A., Goff, C. M., Forbes, T. D. A. (September 1997). "Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri". Phytochemistry. 46 (2): 249–254. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00240-9. ISSN 0031-9422.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Ask Dr. Shulgin Online September 26, 2001
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Ghosal, S. (March 1972). "OCCURRENCE OF PSYCHODELIC SUBSTANCES IN SOME INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS". Planta Medica. 21 (02): 200–209. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1099544. ISSN 0032-0943.
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 ^23.6 ^23.7 ^23.8 Collins, D. J., Culvenor, C. C. J., Lamberton, J. A., Loder, J. W., Price, J. R. (1 January 1990). Plants for Medicines: A Chemical and Pharmacological Survey of Plants in the Australian Region. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643102743.
↑ Crowley, M. Secret Drugs of Buddhism.
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 ^25.5 ^25.6 ^25.7 ^25.8 Rätsch, C. (2005). The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications. Park Street Press. ISBN 9780892819782.
↑ Dr Karl’s Q&A forum
↑ Johns, S. R., Lamberton, J. A., Sioumis, A. A. (1966). "Alkaloids of the Australian leguminosae. 7. Nb-methyltetrahydroharman from Acadia complanata A.Cunn. ex Benth".
↑ Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies
↑ Gupta, G., Nigam, S. (October 1970). "CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEAVES OF ACACIA CONCINNA". Planta Medica. 18 (05): 55–62. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1099805. ISSN 0032-0943.
↑ SBEPL
↑ Arthur, H. R., Loo, S. N., Lamberton, J. A. (1967). "Nb-methylated trytamines and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong".
↑ Liu, K.-C. et al. 1977. “Studies on the constituents of the cortex radicis of Acacia confusa.” Chemistry (The Chinese Chemical Society, Taiwan) 1:15-16.
↑ Buchanan, M. S., Carroll, A. R., Pass, D., Quinn, R. J. (April 2007). "NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues fromAcacia confusa". Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 45 (4): 359–361. doi:10.1002/mrc.1959. ISSN 0749-1581.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German) ^{[dead link]}
↑ ^35.00 ^35.01 ^35.02 ^35.03 ^35.04 ^35.05 ^35.06 ^35.07 ^35.08 ^35.09 White, E.P. 1944a. “Isolation of β-phenethylamine from Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:139-142.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Hegnauer, R. (30 July 1996). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783764351656.
↑ Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases
↑ www.bpi.da.gov.ph
↑ Acacia farnesiana
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 White, E.P. 1944b. “Isolation of tryptamine from some Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:157-162.
↑ Lista över hallucinogena växter, svampar och djur - Magiska Molekylers Wiki (in Swedish)
↑ Stafford, G. I., Pedersen, M. E., Staden, J. van, Jäger, A. K. (October 2008). "Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 119 (3): 513–537. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010. ISSN 0378-8741.
↑ Lycaeum Acacia longifolia Template:WebCite
↑ Repke, D. B. (April 1975). "The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia". Lloydia. 38 (2): 101–105. ISSN 0024-5461.
↑ Fitzgerald, J., Sioumis, A. (1965). "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. V. The occurrence of methylated tryptamines in Acacia maidenii F. Muell". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 18 (3): 433. doi:10.1071/CH9650433. ISSN 0004-9425.
↑ Baker, G. (2009). "Garden of Eden: The Shamanic Use of Psychoactive Flora and Fauna and the Study of Consciousness [Book Review]".
↑ Heffter, B. 1996. "Ask Barney" column. Crash Collusion magazine 8:39-43. Berkeley, California.
↑ Banso, A. (28 February 2009). "Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica". Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 3 (2): 082–085. doi:10.5897/JMPR.9000985. ISSN 1996-0875.
↑ Oliver-Bever, B. (23 January 1986). Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521268158.
↑ Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies
↑ Mulga. 2005. "HPLC-MS analysis of Acacia obtusifolia." The Entheogen Review 14(1):113-115.
↑ Trout, K. 2005. "Some thoughts on analysis and comparisons of extracts and synthetic DMT." The Entheogen review 14(1):116-118.
↑ Hurst, E. (1942). The poison plants of New South Wales. Printed by the Snelling Printing Works Pty. Ltd. for the New South Wales Poison Plants Committee.
↑ Rovelli, B., Vaughan, G. N. (3 September 2006). "Alkaloids of Acacia. I. NbNb-Dimethyltryptamine in Acacia phlebophylla F. Muell". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 20 (6): 1299. doi:10.1071/CH9671299.
↑ Balandrin, M. F., Kinghorn, A. D., Smolenski, S. J., Dobberstein, R. H. (September 1978). "Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives". Journal of Chromatography A. 157: 365–370. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)92354-9. ISSN 0021-9673.
↑ Hortipedia
↑ White, E.P. 1954. “The occurrence of N-methyl-β-phenylethylamine in Acacia prominens A. Cunn.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 35B:451-455.
↑ Nen. Talk at Intra Cortex 2002 Doon Doon, NSW
↑ Fikenscher, L. H. (16 April 1960). "[The occurrence of nicotine in the genus Acacia]". Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 95: 233–235. ISSN 0031-6911.
↑ Pflanzentabelle APB (German)
↑ Clement, B. A., Goff, C. M., Forbes, T. D. A. (November 1998). "Toxic amines and alkaloids from acacia rigidula". Phytochemistry. 49 (5): 1377–1380. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01022-4. ISSN 0031-9422.
↑ Poupat, C. et al. 1976. “Alcaloïdes de Acacia simplicifolia.” Phytochemistry 15:2019-2020.

[White_1951-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 White, E.P. 1951. “Legumes examined for alkaloids – additions and corrections.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 33B:54-60.

[independent_assay-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 independent assay

[White1957-3] 3.00 ^3.01 ^3.02 ^3.03 ^3.04 ^3.05 ^3.06 ^3.07 ^3.08 ^3.09 White, E.P. 1957. “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species for alkaloids.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 38B:718-725.

[fitz2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Fitzgerald, J. (1964). "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. III. The occurrence of phenylethylamine derivatives in Acacia species". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 17 (1): 160. doi:10.1071/CH9640160. ISSN 0004-9425.

[TIHKAL-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 Shulgin, A. T., Shulgin, A. (1997). Tihkal: the continuation. Transform. ISBN 9780963009692.

[Khalil-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 Wahba Khalil, S. K., Elkheir, Y. M. (April 1975). "Dimethyltryptamine from the leaves of certain Acacia species of northern Sudan". Lloydia. 38 (2): 176–177. ISSN 0024-5461.

[SST-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 ^7.6 ^7.7 ^7.8 Keeper, T., Friends (2007). Some Simple Tryptamines (2nd ed.).

[8] Salisu, Y., Agunu, A., Ibrahim, G. (2009). "Hypoglycaemic effects of Acacia albida Del. (Mimosaceae) methanol root bark extract" (PDF). Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci. 8 (1): 66–72.

[shaman-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Shaman Australis

[enth-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America

[qjnjxk-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06 ^{[dead link]}

[CampNorvell-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 ^12.7 Camp, B. J., Norvell, M. J. (July 1966). "The phenylethylamine alkaloids of native range plants". Economic Botany. 20 (3): 274–278. doi:10.1007/BF02904278. ISSN 0013-0001.

[13] McSweeney, C. S., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P., Palmer, B., Krause, D. O. (June 2005). "Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: Anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility". Animal Feed Science and Technology. 121 (1–2): 175–190. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.017. ISSN 0377-8401.

[14] Maya Ethnobotanicals ^{[dead link]}

[herbarium-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Akacje (in polish)

[16] Repke, D. B., Mandell, D. M., Thomas, J. H. (June 1973). "Alkaloids of Acacia baileyana". Lloydia. 36 (2): 211–213. ISSN 0024-5461.

[bushfood-17] 17.0 ^17.1 ^17.2 ^17.3 ^17.4 www.bushfood.net

[AdamsCamp-18] Adams, H. R., Camp, B. J. (August 1966). "`The isolation and identification of three alkaloids from Acacia Berlandieri". Toxicon. 4 (2): 85–90. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(66)90002-X. ISSN 0041-0101.

[CampMoore-19] Camp, B. J., Moore, J. A. (March 1960). "A Quantitative Method for the Alkaloid of Acacia berlandieri**Received August 21, 1959, from the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station". Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.). 49 (3): 158–160. doi:10.1002/jps.3030490309. ISSN 0095-9553.

[20] Clement, B. A., Goff, C. M., Forbes, T. D. A. (September 1997). "Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri". Phytochemistry. 46 (2): 249–254. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00240-9. ISSN 0031-9422.

[askShulgin-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Ask Dr. Shulgin Online September 26, 2001

[Ghosal-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Ghosal, S. (March 1972). "OCCURRENCE OF PSYCHODELIC SUBSTANCES IN SOME INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS". Planta Medica. 21 (02): 200–209. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1099544. ISSN 0032-0943.

[CSIRO-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 ^23.4 ^23.5 ^23.6 ^23.7 ^23.8 Collins, D. J., Culvenor, C. C. J., Lamberton, J. A., Loder, J. W., Price, J. R. (1 January 1990). Plants for Medicines: A Chemical and Pharmacological Survey of Plants in the Australian Region. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643102743.

[crowley-24] Crowley, M. Secret Drugs of Buddhism.

[Rätsch-25] 25.0 ^25.1 ^25.2 ^25.3 ^25.4 ^25.5 ^25.6 ^25.7 ^25.8 Rätsch, C. (2005). The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications. Park Street Press. ISBN 9780892819782.

[26] Dr Karl’s Q&A forum

[27] Johns, S. R., Lamberton, J. A., Sioumis, A. A. (1966). "Alkaloids of the Australian leguminosae. 7. Nb-methyltetrahydroharman from Acadia complanata A.Cunn. ex Benth".

[28] Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies

[29] Gupta, G., Nigam, S. (October 1970). "CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEAVES OF ACACIA CONCINNA". Planta Medica. 18 (05): 55–62. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1099805. ISSN 0032-0943.

[30] SBEPL

[31] Arthur, H. R., Loo, S. N., Lamberton, J. A. (1967). "Nb-methylated trytamines and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong".

[32] Liu, K.-C. et al. 1977. “Studies on the constituents of the cortex radicis of Acacia confusa.” Chemistry (The Chinese Chemical Society, Taiwan) 1:15-16.

[33] Buchanan, M. S., Carroll, A. R., Pass, D., Quinn, R. J. (April 2007). "NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues fromAcacia confusa". Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry. 45 (4): 359–361. doi:10.1002/mrc.1959. ISSN 0749-1581.

[fachforum-34] 34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German) ^{[dead link]}

[White_1944a-35] 35.00 ^35.01 ^35.02 ^35.03 ^35.04 ^35.05 ^35.06 ^35.07 ^35.08 ^35.09 White, E.P. 1944a. “Isolation of β-phenethylamine from Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:139-142.

[chemotaxonomie-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Hegnauer, R. (30 July 1996). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783764351656.

[drduke2-37] Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

[38] www.bpi.da.gov.ph

[39] Acacia farnesiana

[White_1944b-40] 40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 White, E.P. 1944b. “Isolation of tryptamine from some Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:157-162.

[41] Lista över hallucinogena växter, svampar och djur - Magiska Molekylers Wiki (in Swedish)

[Safford2008-42] Stafford, G. I., Pedersen, M. E., Staden, J. van, Jäger, A. K. (October 2008). "Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 119 (3): 513–537. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010. ISSN 0378-8741.

[43] Lycaeum Acacia longifolia Template:WebCite

[44] Repke, D. B. (April 1975). "The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia". Lloydia. 38 (2): 101–105. ISSN 0024-5461.

[45] Fitzgerald, J., Sioumis, A. (1965). "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. V. The occurrence of methylated tryptamines in Acacia maidenii F. Muell". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 18 (3): 433. doi:10.1071/CH9650433. ISSN 0004-9425.

[46] Baker, G. (2009). "Garden of Eden: The Shamanic Use of Psychoactive Flora and Fauna and the Study of Consciousness [Book Review]".

[Heffter-47] Heffter, B. 1996. "Ask Barney" column. Crash Collusion magazine 8:39-43. Berkeley, California.

[48] Banso, A. (28 February 2009). "Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica". Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 3 (2): 082–085. doi:10.5897/JMPR.9000985. ISSN 1996-0875.

[49] Oliver-Bever, B. (23 January 1986). Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521268158.

[50] Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies

[51] Mulga. 2005. "HPLC-MS analysis of Acacia obtusifolia." The Entheogen Review 14(1):113-115.

[52] Trout, K. 2005. "Some thoughts on analysis and comparisons of extracts and synthetic DMT." The Entheogen review 14(1):116-118.

[Hurst_1942-53] Hurst, E. (1942). The poison plants of New South Wales. Printed by the Snelling Printing Works Pty. Ltd. for the New South Wales Poison Plants Committee.

[54] Rovelli, B., Vaughan, G. N. (3 September 2006). "Alkaloids of Acacia. I. NbNb-Dimethyltryptamine in Acacia phlebophylla F. Muell". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 20 (6): 1299. doi:10.1071/CH9671299.

[55] Balandrin, M. F., Kinghorn, A. D., Smolenski, S. J., Dobberstein, R. H. (September 1978). "Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives". Journal of Chromatography A. 157: 365–370. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)92354-9. ISSN 0021-9673.

[56] Hortipedia

[57] White, E.P. 1954. “The occurrence of N-methyl-β-phenylethylamine in Acacia prominens A. Cunn.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 35B:451-455.

[58] Nen. Talk at Intra Cortex 2002 Doon Doon, NSW

[59] Fikenscher, L. H. (16 April 1960). "[The occurrence of nicotine in the genus Acacia]". Pharmaceutisch Weekblad. 95: 233–235. ISSN 0031-6911.

[60] Pflanzentabelle APB (German)

[61] Clement, B. A., Goff, C. M., Forbes, T. D. A. (November 1998). "Toxic amines and alkaloids from acacia rigidula". Phytochemistry. 49 (5): 1377–1380. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01022-4. ISSN 0031-9422.

[62] Poupat, C. et al. 1976. “Alcaloïdes de Acacia simplicifolia.” Phytochemistry 15:2019-2020.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{proofread}}
 This is a list of '''''[[Acacia]]'' species''' (''sensu lato'') that are known to contain [[psychoactive drug|psychoactive alkaloid]]s, or are suspected of containing such alkaloids due to being psychoactive. The presence and constitution of alkaloids in nature can be highly variable, due to environmental and genetic factors.
@@ Line 7: / Line 6: @@
 | <center>''[[Acacia acinacea]]''</center> || 0.04-0.82% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.08% in ripe pods, mostly phenethylamine<ref name="White 1951" />
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia acuminata ssp. acuminata]]''</center> || [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] in bark (up to 1.6%) and in leaves (0.6-1.0%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine;<ref name="independent assay">recent Net reports, Australian underground info</ref> 0.72% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine<ref name="White1957">White, E.P. 1957. “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species for alkaloids.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 38B:718-725.</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia acuminata ssp. acuminata]]''</center> || [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] in bark (up to 1.6%) and in leaves (0.6-1.0%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine;<ref name="independent assay">independent assay</ref> 0.72% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine<ref name="White1957">White, E.P. 1957. “Evaluation of further legumes, mainly Lupinus and Acacia species for alkaloids.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 38B:718-725.</ref>
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia acuminata ssp. burkittii]] (syn. A. burkittii)''</center> || DMT in bark (0.2-1.2%), 0.1% alkaloids from leaves (mostly NMT);<ref name="independent assay"/> 1.5% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly tryptamine<ref name="White1957" />
@@ Line 13: / Line 12: @@
 | <center>''[[Acacia adunca]]''</center> || [[Beta-methyl-phenethylamine|β-methyl-phenethylamine]] (N-methyl-phenethylamine), 2.4% in leaves;<ref name="fitz2" /> 3.2% alkaloids in aerial parts (stems, leaves, flowers) - about 70% was β-methyl-phenethylamine, with smaller amounts of phenethylamine<ref name="White1957"/>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia albida]]''</center> || Published reports of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL" /> derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil" /> Besides this, there are independent claims of DMT in leaves and bark based on human bioassay,<ref name="independent assay" /> and traces of 5-MeO-DMT, DMT and NMT were tentatively identified by TLC in twigs.<ref name="SST" /> Root bark contains alkaloids that were not identified<ref>Salisu, Y. et al. 2009. “Hypoglycaemic effects of Acacia albida Del. (Mimosaceae) methanol root bark extract.” Nigerian J. of Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(1):66-72.</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia albida]]''</center> || Published reports of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL" /> derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil" /> Besides this, there are independent claims of DMT in leaves and bark based on human bioassay,<ref name="independent assay" /> and traces of 5-MeO-DMT, DMT and NMT were tentatively identified by TLC in twigs.<ref name="SST" /> Root bark contains alkaloids that were not identified<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Salisu, Y.)), ((Agunu, A.)), ((Ibrahim, G.)) | journal=Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci. | title=Hypoglycaemic effects of Acacia albida Del. (Mimosaceae) methanol root bark extract. | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=66–72 | date= 2009 | url=https://journals.abu.edu.ng/njps/pdf/55.pdf}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Alpina mueller.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia alpina]]'' || Dimethyltryptamine active levels in leaf<ref name="shaman">[http://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/index.php?cPath=21_26_72 Shaman Australis]</ref></center>
+| <center>[[File:Alpina mueller.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia alpina]]'' || Dimethyltryptamine active levels in leaf<ref name="shaman">{{Citation | title=Shaman Australis | url=https://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/acacia_spp_cp_72.php}}</ref></center>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia aneura blossom.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center> ||  Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth">[http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=47 Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America]</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk">[http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/03-024.pdf Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>  Not known if psychoactive ''[[wikt:per se|per se]]''.
+| <center>[[File:Acacia aneura blossom.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aneura]]''</center> ||  Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth">{{Citation | title=Duboisia hopwoodii - Pituri Bush - Solanaceae - Central America | url=http://www.entheology.org/edoto/anmviewer.asp?a=47}}</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk">[http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/03-024.pdf Wattle Seed Workshop Proceedings 12 March 2002, Canberra March 2003 RIRDC Publication No 03/024, RIRDC Project No WS012-06] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>  Not known if psychoactive ''[[wikt:per se|per se]]''.
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia angustissima usgs.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia angustissima]]''</center> || 0.028% β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves,<ref name="CampNorvell">Camp, B.J. & Norvell, M.J. 1966. "The phenethylamine alkaloids of native range plants." Economic Botany 20:274-278.</ref> DMT (0.00012-0.00102%) and N-methyltyramine (0.00011-0.005%) in leaves;<ref>English Title: Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility.
+| <center>[[File:Acacia angustissima usgs.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia angustissima]]''</center> || 0.028% β-methyl-phenethylamine in leaves,<ref name="CampNorvell">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camp, B. J.)), ((Norvell, M. J.)) | journal=Economic Botany | title=The phenylethylamine alkaloids of native range plants | volume=20 | issue=3 | pages=274–278 | date= July 1966 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02904278 | issn=0013-0001 | doi=10.1007/BF02904278}}</ref> DMT (0.00012-0.00102%) and N-methyltyramine (0.00011-0.005%) in leaves;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((McSweeney, C. S.)), ((Gough, J.)), ((Conlan, L. L.)), ((Hegarty, M. P.)), ((Palmer, B.)), ((Krause, D. O.)) | journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology | title=Nutritive value assessment of the tropical shrub legume Acacia angustissima: Anti-nutritional compounds and in vitro digestibility | volume=121 | issue=1–2 | pages=175–190 | date= June 2005 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377840105000702 | issn=03778401 | doi=10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.02.017}}</ref> DMT and 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC from roots in one test, not detected in follow up; 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC in seeds<ref name="SST">{{cite book | vauthors=((Keeper, T.)), ((Friends)) | date= 2007 | title=Some Simple Tryptamines |edition=2nd |date=2007 | url=http://archive.org/details/SomeSimpleTryptamines2ndEd2007WithAddendum}}</ref>
-Personal Authors: McSweeney, C. S., Krause, D. O., Palmer, B., Gough, J., Conlan, L. L., Hegarty, M. P.
-Author Affiliation: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Long Pocket Laboratories, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia.
-Document Title: Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005 (Vol. 121) (No. 1/2) 175-190</ref> DMT and 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC from roots in one test, not detected in follow up; 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified by TLC in seeds<ref name="SST">Trout, K. & Friends. 2007. Some Simple Tryptamines. Second edition. Mydriatic Productions, USA.</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia-aroma.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aroma]]''</center> || Has been claimed to contain tryptamine alkaloids<ref>[http://www.maya-ethnobotanicals.com/product_info.phtml/herbid_340/category_ayahuasca Maya Ethnobotanicals] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> and significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds,<ref name="herbarium">[http://herbarium.0-700.pl/Akacje.html Acacia (Polish)]</ref> but this needs confirmation and supporting information
+| <center>[[File:Acacia-aroma.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia aroma]]''</center> || Has been claimed to contain tryptamine alkaloids<ref>[http://www.maya-ethnobotanicals.com/product_info.phtml/herbid_340/category_ayahuasca Maya Ethnobotanicals] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> and significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds,<ref name="herbarium">{{Citation | title=Akacje |language=polish |url=http://herbarium.0-700.pl/Akacje.html}}</ref> but this needs confirmation and supporting information
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Starr 031013-8001 Acacia auriculiformis.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia auriculiformis]]''</center> || 5-MeO-DMT tentatively identified in stem bark<ref name="SST"/>
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Acacia baileyana.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Cootamundra wattle|Acacia baileyana]]''
-| 0.02% alkaloids in spring (80% [[tetrahydroharman]], 20% tryptamine), 0.028% autumn (tryptamine) and none in summer, with leaves of Californian plants;<ref>Repke, D.B. et al. 1973. “Alkaloids of Acacia baileyana.” Lloydia 36(2):211-213.</ref> traces of DMT and unidentified indoles tentatively detected in seeds<ref name="SST"/>
+| 0.02% alkaloids in spring (80% [[tetrahydroharman]], 20% tryptamine), 0.028% autumn (tryptamine) and none in summer, with leaves of Californian plants;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Repke, D. B.)), ((Mandell, D. M.)), ((Thomas, J. H.)) | journal=Lloydia | title=Alkaloids of Acacia baileyana | volume=36 | issue=2 | pages=211–213 | date= June 1973 | issn=0024-5461}}</ref> traces of DMT and unidentified indoles tentatively detected in seeds<ref name="SST"/>
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia beauverdiana]]''</center> || Claimed to be psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood">[http://www.bushfood.net/viewtopic.php?p=3443 www.bushfood.net]</ref> but supporting information is needed. Ash used in [[pituri]]<ref name="enth" />
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]'' || Hordenine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine in leaves;<ref name="AdamsCamp">Adams, H.R. & Camp, B.J. 1966. “The isolation and identification of three alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri.” Toxicon 4:85-90.</ref> 0.28-0.66% N-methylphenethylamine in leaves. Causes stock intoxications in Texas.<ref name="CampNorvell"/><ref name="CampMoore">Camp, B.J. & Moore, J.A. 1960. “A quantitative method for the alkaloid of Acacia berlandieri.” Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 49:158-160.</ref> Claims of [[amphetamines]], [[mescaline]], [[nicotine]] and many other alkaloids<ref>Clement, B.A. et al. 1997. “Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri.” Phytochemistry 46(2):249-254.</ref> are suspect<ref name="askShulgin">[http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm Ask Dr. Shulgin Online: Acacias and Natural Amphetamine]</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Acacia-berlandieri-flowers4.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia berlandieri]]'' || Hordenine, tyramine and N-methyltyramine in leaves;<ref name="AdamsCamp">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Adams, H. R.)), ((Camp, B. J.)) | journal=Toxicon | title=`The isolation and identification of three alkaloids from Acacia Berlandieri | volume=4 | issue=2 | pages=85–90 | date= August 1966 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/004101016690002X | issn=00410101 | doi=10.1016/0041-0101(66)90002-X}}</ref> 0.28-0.66% N-methylphenethylamine in leaves. Causes stock intoxications in Texas.<ref name="CampNorvell"/><ref name="CampMoore">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Camp, B. J.)), ((Moore, J. A.)) | journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.) | title=A Quantitative Method for the Alkaloid of Acacia berlandieri**Received August 21, 1959, from the Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. | volume=49 | issue=3 | pages=158–160 | date= March 1960 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095955315361266 | issn=00959553 | doi=10.1002/jps.3030490309}}</ref> Claims of [[amphetamines]], [[mescaline]], [[nicotine]] and many other alkaloids<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Clement, B. A.)), ((Goff, C. M.)), ((Forbes, T. D. A.)) | journal=Phytochemistry | title=Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia berlandieri | volume=46 | issue=2 | pages=249–254 | date= September 1997 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942297002409 | issn=00319422 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00240-9}}</ref> are suspect<ref name="askShulgin">{{Citation | title=Ask Dr. Shulgin Online September 26, 2001 | url=http://www.cognitiveliberty.org/ccle1/shulgin/adsarchive/acacia.htm}}</ref>
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia buxifolia]]''</center> || 0.65% alkaloids from leaves and stems, 0.58% from pods and 0.09% from seeds, mostly phenethylamine<ref name="White 1951" />
@@ Line 43: / Line 39: @@
 | <center>[[File:Acacia catechu - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-003.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia catechu]] (syn. A. polyacantha, A. suma)''  || Claims of DMT in the plant<ref name="crowley">[http://earthrites.org/magazine_article_drugplants_crowley.htm Crowley, M. Secret Drugs of Buddhism.]</ref> have been referenced to works that do not support the claim. Needs research.
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acaciacaven29b.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia caven]]''</center> ||  Claims of tryptamines in this species are unreferenced. Leaves of this (and/or other plants) and tobacco, are occasionally smoked with [[Anadenanthera]] seeds for psychoactive effects<ref name="Rätsch">Rätsch, C. 2005. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants (English language edition). Park Street Press, Vermont.</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Acaciacaven29b.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia caven]]''</center> ||  Claims of tryptamines in this species are unreferenced. Leaves of this (and/or other plants) and tobacco, are occasionally smoked with [[Anadenanthera]] seeds for psychoactive effects<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book | vauthors=((Rätsch, C.)) | date= 2005 | title=The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications | publisher=Park Street Press | isbn=9780892819782}}</ref>
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Acaciachundra.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia chundra]] (syn. A. catechu var. sundra)''</center> || Claims of DMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark are unreferenced. Needs research.
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia colei]]''</center> ||Claimed to contain up to 1.8% DMT in bark, 0.2-0.6% in leaf,<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/stn/q&a/notes/051027-9.htm www.abc.net.au]</ref> but others have found no alkaloids, or nearly none in this species<ref name="independent assay"/>
+| <center>''[[Acacia colei]]''</center> ||Claimed to contain up to 1.8% DMT in bark, 0.2-0.6% in leaf,<ref>{{Citation | title=Dr Karl’s Q&A forum | url=https://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/stn/q&a/notes/051027-9.htm}}</ref> but others have found no alkaloids, or nearly none in this species<ref name="independent assay"/>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia complanata]]''</center> || 0.3% N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, traces of [[tetrahydroharman]] in leaf and stem;<ref>Johns, S.R. et al. 1966. “Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae VII. Nb-methyltetrahydroharman from Acacia complanata A. Cunn. ex Benth.” Australian Journal of Chemistry 19:1539-1540.</ref> independent claims of DMT from bark<ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/comphy.html Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies]</ref> need confirmation
+| <center>''[[Acacia complanata]]''</center> || 0.3% N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, traces of [[tetrahydroharman]] in leaf and stem;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Johns, S. R.)), ((Lamberton, J. A.)), ((Sioumis, A. A.)) | title=Alkaloids of the Australian leguminosae. 7. Nb-methyltetrahydroharman from Acadia complanata A.Cunn. ex Benth. | date= 1966 | url=https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?pid=procite:dcf45296-b084-44c4-980d-53770dd33dd0&expert=false&sb=RECENT&q=}}</ref><ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/comphy.html Acacia Complanata Phytochemical Studies]</ref> need confirmation
 |-
-|<center>[[File:Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia concinna]]'' || 2.1% Nicotine (w/w), 1.2% calycotomine (d/w) from leaves<ref>Gupta, G.L. & Nigam, S.S. 1971. "Chemical examination of the leaves of Acacia concinna." Planta Medica 19:55-62.</ref><ref>[http://www.sbepl.com/acacia-concinna-shikakai.html SBEPL]</ref>
+|<center>[[File:Acacia concinna Blanco2.374.png|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia concinna]]'' || 2.1% Nicotine (w/w), 1.2% calycotomine (d/w) from leaves<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gupta, G.)), ((Nigam, S.)) | journal=Planta Medica | title=CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEAVES OF ACACIA CONCINNA | volume=18 | issue=05 | pages=55–62 | date= October 1970 | url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1099805 | issn=0032-0943 | doi=10.1055/s-0028-1099805}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sbepl.com/acacia-concinna-shikakai.html SBEPL]</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Starr 050107-2872 Acacia confusa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia confusa]]'' </center> || 0.074% alkaloids from stems (20% DMT, 80% NMT);<ref>Arthur, H.R. et al. 1967. "Nb-Methylated tryptamines and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong." Australian Journal of Chemistry 20:811-813.</ref> NMT and an unidentified tryptamine alkaloid from trunk bark;<ref>Lou, V. et al. 1965 . “Isolation of N-methyltryptamine from Acacia confusa bark.” Lloydia 28(3):207-208.</ref> <ref> Reference 32 may be outdated?</ref> 2.85% alkaloids from root bark (45% DMT, 55% NMT);<ref>Liu, K.-C. et al. 1977. “Studies on the constituents of the cortex radicis of Acacia confusa.” Chemistry (The Chinese Chemical Society, Taiwan) 1:15-16.</ref> 0.005% DMT, 0.009% DMT N-oxide, 0.006% NMT and 0.007% N-chloromethyl-DMT (might be artefact of extraction) from unspecified parts<ref>[http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/mrc.1959 NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues from Acacia confusa]
+| <center>[[File:Starr 050107-2872 Acacia confusa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia confusa]]'' </center> || 0.074% alkaloids from stems (20% DMT, 80% NMT);<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Arthur, H. R.)), ((Loo, S. N.)), ((Lamberton, J. A.)) | title=Nb-methylated trytamines and other constituents of Acacia confusa Merr. of Hong Kong | date= 1967 | url=https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/pub?pid=procite:e85b8264-ba62-4e12-90e3-7c3646c77752&%20s.%20n}}</ref> NMT and an unidentified tryptamine alkaloid from trunk bark;{{citation needed}} 2.85% alkaloids from root bark (45% DMT, 55% NMT);<ref>Liu, K.-C. et al. 1977. “Studies on the constituents of the cortex radicis of Acacia confusa.” Chemistry (The Chinese Chemical Society, Taiwan) 1:15-16.</ref> 0.005% DMT, 0.009% DMT N-oxide, 0.006% NMT and 0.007% N-chloromethyl-DMT (might be artefact of extraction) from unspecified parts<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Buchanan, M. S.)), ((Carroll, A. R.)), ((Pass, D.)), ((Quinn, R. J.)) | journal=Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry | title=NMR spectral assignments of a new chlorotryptamine alkaloid and its analogues fromAcacia confusa | volume=45 | issue=4 | pages=359–361 | date= April 2007 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrc.1959 | issn=07491581 | doi=10.1002/mrc.1959}}</ref>
-Malcolm S. Buchanan, Anthony R. Carroll, David Pass, Ronald J. Quinn
-Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry
-Volume 45, Issue 4 , Pages359 - 361.
-John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</ref>
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Acacia constricta flower.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia constricta]]'' </center> || 0.02% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine (tentatively identified)<ref name="CampNorvell" />
 |-
-|<center>''[[Acacia coriacea]]''</center>  ||   Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="enzyk">Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. ISBN 978-3-85502-570-1 at [http://www.deutschesfachbuch.de/info/detail.php?isbn=3855025703&part=4&word=]</ref>  Not known if psychoactive.
+|<center>''[[Acacia coriacea]]''</center>  ||   Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="Rätsch"/>  Not known if psychoactive.
 |-
 |<center>[[File:A-cornigera.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia cornigera]]''</center> || May be psychoactive, as the root is used as an aphrodisiac, and may have been added to the Central American [[balché]] beverage.<ref name="Rätsch" /> Claims of tryptamines in this species<ref name="fachforum">[http://web.archive.org/web/20080626102405/http://www.naturheilpraxis.de/exclusiv/nh-online/2005/nhp05/a_nh-ff02.html Naturheilpraxis Fachforum (German)] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref> might be speculation. Research needed.
@@ Line 71: / Line 63: @@
 | <center>''[[Acacia delibrata]]''</center> || Has been included on a list of psychoactive plants,<ref name="bushfood" /> but requires supporting information
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Whistling_thorn.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia drepanolobium]]''</center> || [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] in bark (up to 1.4%) and leaves (0.5-0.8%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine<ref name="independent assay">recent Net reports, Australian underground info</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Whistling_thorn.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia drepanolobium]]''</center> || [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] in bark (up to 1.4%) and leaves (0.5-0.8%), young leaves mainly containing tryptamine<ref name="independent assay"/>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia falcata Eastwood.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia falcata]]''</center> || Psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood" /> but less than 0.02% alkaloids<ref name="chemotaxonomie">[http://books.google.com/books?id=YpnboQBbw7EC&pg=PA336&lpg=PA336&dq=acacia+tryptamine&source=web&ots=0u_bIQPwCN&sig=Q1e_NiyQSMsv0gNT0gMjOrgTseM Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen By Robert Hegnauer]</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Acacia falcata Eastwood.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia falcata]]''</center> || Psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood" /> but less than 0.02% alkaloids<ref name="chemotaxonomie">{{cite book | vauthors=((Hegnauer, R.)) | date=30 July 1996 | title=Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen: Band XIb-1: Leguminosae Teil 2: Caesalpinioideae und Mimosoideae | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | isbn=9783764351656}}</ref>
 |-
-|<center>[[File:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia farnesiana]]''</center> || Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT and an unidentified β-carboline from immature seed pods;<ref name="SST"/> tryptamine in stem bark.<ref name="Ghosal">Ghosal, S. 1972. "Occurrence of psychodelic substances in some Indian medicinal plants." Planta Medica 21:200-209.</ref> A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine from flowers is not supported by the reference given.<ref name="drduke2">[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/plants.html Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases]</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk"/> Alkaloids are present in the bark<ref>[http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/aroma.pdf www.bpi.da.gov.ph]</ref> and leaves.<ref>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_farnesiana.html Purdue University]</ref> Others found no alkaloids.<ref name="CSIRO">Collins, D.J. et al. 1990. Plants For Medicines. CSIRO Australia.</ref> Claims of amphetamines and mescaline in the tree<ref name="fachforum" /> appear to be groundless
+|<center>[[File:Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia farnesiana]]''</center> || Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT and an unidentified β-carboline from immature seed pods;<ref name="SST"/> tryptamine in stem bark.<ref name="Ghosal">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Ghosal, S.)) | journal=Planta Medica | title=OCCURRENCE OF PSYCHODELIC SUBSTANCES IN SOME INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS | volume=21 | issue=02 | pages=200–209 | date= March 1972 | url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1099544 | issn=0032-0943 | doi=10.1055/s-0028-1099544}}</ref> A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine from flowers is not supported by the reference given.<ref name="drduke2">[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/plants.html Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases]</ref> Ether extracts about 2-6% of the dried leaf mass.<ref name = "qjnjxk"/> Alkaloids are present in the bark<ref>[http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/aroma.pdf www.bpi.da.gov.ph]</ref> and leaves.<ref>{{Citation | title=Acacia farnesiana | url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_farnesiana.html}}</ref> Others found no alkaloids.<ref name="CSIRO">{{cite book | vauthors=((Collins, D. J.)), ((Culvenor, C. C. J.)), ((Lamberton, J. A.)), ((Loder, J. W.)), ((Price, J. R.)) | date=1 January 1990 | title=Plants for Medicines: A Chemical and Pharmacological Survey of Plants in the Australian Region | publisher=Csiro Publishing | isbn=9780643102743}}</ref> Claims of amphetamines and mescaline in the tree<ref name="fachforum" /> appear to be groundless
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia filiciana]]''</center> || Has been added to [[pulque]],<ref name="Rätsch" /> but its psychoactivity is unknown
@@ Line 87: / Line 79: @@
 | <center>''[[Acacia holoserica]]''</center> || [[Hordenine]], 1.2% in bark<ref name="fitz2" />
 |-
-|<center>[[File:Acacia-horrida.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia horrida]]''</center></center> || Has been claimed to be psychoactive, but this is not supported by the reference given<ref name="enzyk" />
+|<center>[[File:Acacia-horrida.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia horrida]]''</center></center> || Has been claimed to be psychoactive, but this is not supported by the reference given<ref name="Rätsch"/>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:A.Implexa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia implexa]]''</center></center> || Claimed to be psychoactive,<ref>[http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/index.php?title=Lista_%c3%b6ver_hallucinogena_v%c3%a4xter,_svampar_och_djur wiki.magiskamolekyler.org (Swedish)]</ref> but this requires supporting information
+| <center>[[File:A.Implexa.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia implexa]]''</center></center> || Claimed to be psychoactive,<ref>{{Citation | title=Lista över hallucinogena växter, svampar och djur - Magiska Molekylers Wiki | url=http://wiki.magiskamolekyler.org/index.php?title=Lista_%c3%b6ver_hallucinogena_v%c3%a4xter,_svampar_och_djur |language=Swedish}}</ref> but this requires supporting information
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia jurema]]''</center> || Putative species claimed to contain DMT and NMT, without a reference; possibly assumed due to supposed use in [[jurema]] wine
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia karroo2.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia karroo]]''</center> || Probably psychoactive; roots used in Zimbabwe as an aphrodisiac and to treat dizziness, convulsions and body pains<ref name="Safford2008">Stafford, G. et al. 2008. “Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119:513-537.</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Acacia karroo2.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia karroo]]''</center> || Probably psychoactive; roots used in Zimbabwe as an aphrodisiac and to treat dizziness, convulsions and body pains<ref name="Safford2008">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Stafford, G. I.)), ((Pedersen, M. E.)), ((Staden, J. van)), ((Jäger, A. K.)) | journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | title=Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases | volume=119 | issue=3 | pages=513–537 | date= October 2008 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874108004492 | issn=03788741 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia kempeana]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="enzyk" />
+| <center>''[[Acacia kempeana]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="Rätsch"/>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia kettlewelliae]]''</center> || 1.3-1.88% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly (92%) phenethylamine;<ref name="White1957" /> 0.9% β-methyl-phenethylamine from leaves<ref name="fitz2">[http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=CH9640160.pdf Fitzgerald, J.S. 1964. "Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae III. The Occurrence of Phenylethylamine Derivatives in Acacia Species." Aust. J . Chem. 17:160-2.]</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia kettlewelliae]]''</center> || 1.3-1.88% alkaloids from leaves and stems, mostly (92%) phenethylamine;<ref name="White1957" /> 0.9% β-methyl-phenethylamine from leaves<ref name="fitz2">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fitzgerald, J.)) | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | title=Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. III. The occurrence of phenylethylamine derivatives in Acacia species | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=160 | date= 1964 | url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=CH9640160 | issn=0004-9425 | doi=10.1071/CH9640160}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia laeta]]''</center> || Published reports of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL">Shulgin, A. & Shulgin, A. 1997. TIHKAL. Transform Press, California.</ref> derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil">Khalil, S.K.W. & Elkheir, Y.M. 1975. “Dimethyltryptamine from the leaves of certain Acacia species of Northern Sudan.” Lloydia 38(3):176-177.</ref> Needs research
+| <center>''[[Acacia laeta]]''</center> || Published reports of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL">{{cite book | vauthors=((Shulgin, A. T.)), ((Shulgin, A.)) | date= 1997 | title=Tihkal: the continuation | publisher=Transform | isbn=9780963009692}}</ref> derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wahba Khalil, S. K.)), ((Elkheir, Y. M.)) | journal=Lloydia | title=Dimethyltryptamine from the leaves of certain Acacia species of northern Sudan | volume=38 | issue=2 | pages=176–177 | date= April 1975 | issn=0024-5461}}</ref> Needs research
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia leucophloea]]''</center> || Tryptamine in root bark<ref name="Ghosal" />
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia lingulata]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="enzyk" />
+| <center>''[[Acacia lingulata]]''</center> || Used in Pituri, but not known if psychoactive.<ref name="Rätsch"/>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia longifolia]]''</center> || 0.2-1% alkaloids from tops, 0.14-0.29% from flowers; consisted mostly of tryptamine-like alkaloids (tryptamine itself found in some flowers), with small amount of phenethylamine.<ref name="White 1951" /><ref name="White 1944a" /><ref name="White 1944b">White, E.P. 1944b. “Isolation of tryptamine from some Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:157-162.</ref> Some strains have been found to contain up to 0.2% DMT in unspecified parts.<ref name="independent assay" /><ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15799 Lycaeum Acacia longifolia] {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5PueBHpwW|date =2007-06-27}}</ref> Leaves, bark, pods, seeds and flowers all contained varying levels of [[histamine]] amides<ref>Repke, D.B. 1975. “The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia.” Lloydia 38(2):101-105.</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Acacia-longifolia-branch.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia longifolia]]''</center> || 0.2-1% alkaloids from tops, 0.14-0.29% from flowers; consisted mostly of tryptamine-like alkaloids (tryptamine itself found in some flowers), with small amount of phenethylamine.<ref name="White 1951" /><ref name="White 1944a" /><ref name="White 1944b">White, E.P. 1944b. “Isolation of tryptamine from some Acacia species.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 25B:157-162.</ref> Some strains have been found to contain up to 0.2% DMT in unspecified parts.<ref name="independent assay" /><ref>[http://leda.lycaeum.org/?ID=15799 Lycaeum Acacia longifolia] {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5PueBHpwW|date =2007-06-27}}</ref> Leaves, bark, pods, seeds and flowers all contained varying levels of [[histamine]] amides<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Repke, D. B.)) | journal=Lloydia | title=The histamine amides of Acacia longifolia | volume=38 | issue=2 | pages=101–105 | date= April 1975 | issn=0024-5461}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia sophorae]]''</center> || Contains alkaloids in leaves, stems and unripe seed pods<ref name="CSIRO" /><ref name="White 1944a" /> but they have been poorly investigated. A claim of tryptamine in leaveand bark<ref name="herbarium" /> requires a proper reference. Several reports of DMT content unconfirmed<ref name="independent assay" /><ref>Internal Sydney University Bulletin 1993</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia sophorae]]''</center> || Contains alkaloids in leaves, stems and unripe seed pods<ref name="CSIRO" /><ref name="White 1944a" /> but they have been poorly investigated. A claim of tryptamine in leaveand bark<ref name="herbarium" /> requires a proper reference. Several reports of DMT content unconfirmed<ref name="independent assay" />
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia macradenia]]''</center> || Claimed to contain tryptamine,<ref name="herbarium" /> but without a reference. Needs research
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia maidenii]]''</center> || 0.13-0.71% alkaloids from bark, consisting of NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio;<ref name="CSIRO" /><ref>Fitzgerald, J.S. & Sioumis, A.A. 1965. “Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. V. The occurrence of methylated tryptamines in Acacia maidenii F. Muell.” Aust. J. Chem. 18:433-434.</ref> both also present in leaves. Some varieties of the species are not good alkaloid sources.<ref name="independent assay" /> Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT in wood and twigs, NMT in root<ref name="SST" />
+| <center>''[[Acacia maidenii]]''</center> || 0.13-0.71% alkaloids from bark, consisting of NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio;<ref name="CSIRO" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fitzgerald, J.)), ((Sioumis, A.)) | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | title=Alkaloids of the Australian Leguminosae. V. The occurrence of methylated tryptamines in Acacia maidenii F. Muell | volume=18 | issue=3 | pages=433 | date= 1965 | url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=CH9650433 | issn=0004-9425 | doi=10.1071/CH9650433}}</ref> both also present in leaves. Some varieties of the species are not good alkaloid sources.<ref name="independent assay" /> Tentative identification of 5-MeO-DMT in wood and twigs, NMT in root<ref name="SST" />
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Starr 031013-8002 Acacia mangium.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia mangium]]''</center> || Rumoured to contain DMT or similar psychoactive alkaloids<ref name="independent assay" />
@@ Line 119: / Line 111: @@
 |<center>[[File:Acacia mellifera 3D-Modell.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia mellifera]]''</center> || Published reports of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL" /> derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil" /> Needs research
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia mucronata sbsp. longifolia]]''</center> || DMT, NMT, tryptamine, other alkaloids <ref>S. Voogelbreinder Garden Of Eden 2009</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia mucronata sbsp. longifolia]]''</center> || DMT, NMT, tryptamine, other alkaloids<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Baker, G.)) | title=Garden of Eden: The Shamanic Use of Psychoactive Flora and Fauna and the Study of Consciousness [Book Review] | date= 2009 |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Garden+of+Eden%3A+The+Shamanic+use+of+psychoactive+flora+and+fauna+and...-a0254971761}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) leaves & spines at Hodal W IMG 1251.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia nilotica]]''</center> || One ublished report of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL" /> may derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil" /> Later analysis tentatively found 5-MeO-DMT in stems, leaves and roots; DMT, NMT and 5-MeO-DMT were tentatively observed in seeds, but follow-up tests were negative.<ref name="SST" /><ref name="Heffter">Heffter, B. 1996. "Ask Barney" column. Crash Collusion magazine 8:39-43. Berkeley, California.</ref> Bark contains unidentified alkaloids<ref>Banso, A. 2009. “Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica.” J. of Medicinal Plants Research 3(2):82-85.</ref> Bark in one sample subsequently found to contain an alkaloid which has an Rf value suggesting DMT.<ref>Shakya et al 2012</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Babool (Acacia nilotica) leaves & spines at Hodal W IMG 1251.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia nilotica]]''</center> || One ublished report of DMT in the leaf<ref name="TIHKAL" /> may derive from a misreading of a paper that found no DMT in leaves of this species.<ref name="Khalil" /> Later analysis tentatively found 5-MeO-DMT in stems, leaves and roots; DMT, NMT and 5-MeO-DMT were tentatively observed in seeds, but follow-up tests were negative.<ref name="SST" /><ref name="Heffter">Heffter, B. 1996. "Ask Barney" column. Crash Collusion magazine 8:39-43. Berkeley, California.</ref> Bark contains unidentified alkaloids<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Banso, A.)) | journal=Journal of Medicinal Plants Research | title=Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica | volume=3 | issue=2 | pages=082–085 | date=28 February 2009 | url=https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMPR/article-abstract/5DB0C5814737 | issn=1996-0875 | doi=10.5897/JMPR.9000985}}</ref> Bark in one sample subsequently found to contain an alkaloid which has an Rf value suggesting DMT.
 |-
-| [[Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens|<center>''Acacia nilotica'' </center><center>subsp. ''adstringens''</center>]] ||DMT and Harmane derivatives <ref>Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa, Oliver-Bever, Cambridge University Press, 1986 </ref>
+| [[Acacia nilotica subsp. adstringens|<center>''Acacia nilotica'' </center><center>subsp. ''adstringens''</center>]] ||DMT and Harmane derivatives<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Oliver-Bever, B.)) | date=23 January 1986 | title=Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521268158}}</ref>
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia obtusifolia]]''</center> || 0.15-0.6% alkaloids from bark, 0.07% from fresh tips,<ref name="independent assay" /><ref name="CSIRO" /><ref>[http://users.lycaeum.org/~mulga/acacia/obtuphy.html Acacia obtusifolia Phytochemical Studies]</ref> 0.15-0.3% from dried leaves. A small population seems to contain mainly DMT in bark, with most also containing other alkaloids including NMT, tryptamine, [[harmala alkaloid|harman]] and [[norharman]]; leaves may contain more NMT than DMT. Some assays showed tentative presence of 5-MeO-DMT and/or [[bufotenine]] but these are unconfirmed and other assays did not detect them<ref name="independent assay" /><ref>Mulga. 2005. "HPLC-MS analysis of Acacia obtusifolia." The Entheogen Review 14(1):113-115.</ref><ref>Trout, K. 2005. "Some thoughts on analysis and comparisons of extracts and synthetic DMT." The Entheogen review 14(1):116-118.</ref>
@@ Line 129: / Line 121: @@
 | <center>''[[Acacia oerfota]] (syn. A. nubica)''</center> || 0.016% DMT in leaf;<ref name="Khalil" /> a claim of NMT in this species is unreferenced
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia penninervis]]''</center> || Claimed to be psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood" /> but supporting information is needed. Bark and leaves have been used to poison fish<ref name="Hurst 1942">Hurst, E. 1942. The Poison Plants of New South Wales. Snelling Printing Works, Sydney.</ref>
+| <center>''[[Acacia penninervis]]''</center> || Claimed to be psychoactive,<ref name="bushfood" /> but supporting information is needed. Bark and leaves have been used to poison fish<ref name="Hurst 1942">{{cite book | vauthors=((Hurst, E.)) | date= 1942 | title=The poison plants of New South Wales | publisher=Printed by the Snelling Printing Works Pty. Ltd. for the New South Wales Poison Plants Committee}}</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia phlebophylla.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia phlebophylla]]''</center> || 0.3% DMT in leaf;<ref>Rovelli, B. & Vaughan, G.N. 1967. “Alkaloids of Acacia I. NbNb-Dimethyltryptamine in Acacia phlebophylla F. Muell.” Aust. J. Chem. 20:1299-1300.</ref> a claim of NMT<ref name="shaman" /> could not be found in the reference given and needs verification. Species is rare and threatened
+| <center>[[File:Acacia phlebophylla.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia phlebophylla]]''</center> || 0.3% DMT in leaf;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Rovelli, B.)), ((Vaughan, G. N.)) | journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry | title=Alkaloids of Acacia. I. NbNb-Dimethyltryptamine in Acacia phlebophylla F. Muell | volume=20 | issue=6 | pages=1299 | date=3 September 2006 | doi=10.1071/CH9671299}}</ref> a claim of NMT<ref name="shaman" /> could not be found in the reference given and needs verification. Species is rare and threatened
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Starr 020911-0004 Acacia podalyriifolia.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia podalyriaefolia]]''</center> || 0.11-0.29% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.11% from seeds and pods, mostly tryptamine and sometimes with phenethylamine also present;<ref name="White 1951" /><ref name="White1957" /><ref name="White 1944a" /> a later analysis found 0.06% tryptamine from leaves (w/w)<ref>Balandrin, M.F. et al. 1978. “Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives.” Journal of Chromatography 157:365-370.</ref>
+| <center>[[File:Starr 020911-0004 Acacia podalyriifolia.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia podalyriaefolia]]''</center> || 0.11-0.29% alkaloids in leaves and stems, 0.11% from seeds and pods, mostly tryptamine and sometimes with phenethylamine also present;<ref name="White 1951" /><ref name="White1957" /><ref name="White 1944a" /> a later analysis found 0.06% tryptamine from leaves (w/w)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Balandrin, M. F.)), ((Kinghorn, A. D.)), ((Smolenski, S. J.)), ((Dobberstein, R. H.)) | journal=Journal of Chromatography A | title=Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of some tryptamine derivatives | volume=157 | pages=365–370 | date= September 1978 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021967300923549 | issn=00219673 | doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(00)92354-9}}</ref>
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia polyacantha ssp. campylacantha]] (syn. A. campylacantha)''</center> || 0.004%% DMT in leaf;<ref name="Khalil" /> claims of NMT and other tryptamines in leaf and bark<ref>[http://www.hortipedia.org/de/index.php?title=Acacia_campylacantha Hortipedia]</ref> are not supported by the reference given
@@ Line 141: / Line 133: @@
 | <center>[[File:Acacia prominens 3.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia prominens]] (syn. A. praetervisa)''</center> || 0.17-0.65% alkaloids from stems and leaves, 1.8% from flowering tops, consisting of phenethylamine and β-methyl-phenethylamine<ref name="White 1951" /><ref name="White1957" /><ref name="White 1944a" /><ref>White, E.P. 1954. “The occurrence of N-methyl-β-phenylethylamine in Acacia prominens A. Cunn.” New Zealand J. Sci. & Tech. 35B:451-455.</ref>
 |-
-| <center>''[[Acacia pruinocarpa]]''</center> ||  Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="enzyk" />  Not known if psychoactive.
+| <center>''[[Acacia pruinocarpa]]''</center> ||  Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="Rätsch"/>  Not known if psychoactive.
 |-
 | <center>''[[Acacia pruinosa]]''</center> ||  0.02-0.09% alkaloids from stems and leaves,<ref name="White 1944a" /> 0.04% from tops, mostly tryptamine with some phenethylamine<ref name="White 1944b" />
@@ Line 147: / Line 139: @@
 | <center>[[File:Acacia pycnantha Golden Wattle.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia pycnantha]]''</center> || Less than 0.01% total alkaloids in leaf,<ref name="White 1944a" /> sometimes none.<ref name="CSIRO" /> 0.4% DMT in single tree<ref>Nen. Talk at Intra Cortex 2002 Doon Doon, NSW</ref>
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia melanoxylon2.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia retinodes]]''</center> || 0.01% Nicotine was reported from leaves, but identity of the plant was not certain;<ref>Fikenscher, L.H. 1960. “Het voorkomen van nicotine in het genus Acacia.” Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 95:233-235.</ref> claims of DMT and NMT in the plant<ref>[http://www.factorey.ch/Eins.htm Pflanzentabelle APB (German)]</ref> require verification or a proper reference
+| <center>[[File:Acacia melanoxylon2.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia retinodes]]''</center> || 0.01% Nicotine was reported from leaves, but identity of the plant was not certain;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Fikenscher, L. H.)) | journal=Pharmaceutisch Weekblad | title=[The occurrence of nicotine in the genus Acacia] | volume=95 | pages=233–235 | date=16 April 1960 | issn=0031-6911}}</ref> claims of DMT and NMT in the plant<ref>[http://www.factorey.ch/Eins.htm Pflanzentabelle APB (German)]</ref> require verification or a proper reference
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia rigidula.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia rigidula]]''</center> || 0.025% alkaloids from leaves, including N-methyl-phenethylamine and N-methyl-tyramine (both tentatively identified).<ref name="CampNorvell" /> Claims of DMT, NMT, [[amphetamines]], [[mescaline]], [[nicotine]] and many other alkaloids<ref>Clement, B.A. et al. 1998. “Toxic amines and alkaloids from Acacia rigidula.” Phytochemistry 49(5):1377-1380.</ref> are suspect<ref name="askShulgin" />
+| <center>[[File:Acacia rigidula.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia rigidula]]''</center> || 0.025% alkaloids from leaves, including N-methyl-phenethylamine and N-methyl-tyramine (both tentatively identified).<ref name="CampNorvell" /> Claims of DMT, NMT, [[amphetamines]], [[mescaline]], [[nicotine]] and many other alkaloids<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Clement, B. A.)), ((Goff, C. M.)), ((Forbes, T. D. A.)) | journal=Phytochemistry | title=Toxic amines and alkaloids from acacia rigidula | volume=49 | issue=5 | pages=1377–1380 | date= November 1998 | url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942297010224 | issn=00319422 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01022-4}}</ref> are suspect<ref name="askShulgin" />
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Acacia roemeriana 01nsh.jpg|175px]]</center><center>''[[Acacia roemeriana]]''</center> || 0.036% alkaloids from leaves, including β-methyl-phenethylamine, tyramine and N-methyl-tyramine<ref name="CampNorvell" />
 |-
-| <center>[[File:Acacia-salicina-pod-w-seeds.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia salicina]]''</center> ||Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="enzyk"/>  Not known if psychoactive.
+| <center>[[File:Acacia-salicina-pod-w-seeds.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia salicina]]''</center> ||Ash used in [[Pituri]].<ref name="enth" /><ref name="Rätsch"/>  Not known if psychoactive.
 |-
 | <center>[[File:Acacia-schaffneri-seed-pods.jpg|175px|]]</center><center>''[[Acacia schaffneri]]''</center> || A claim of β-methyl-phenethylamine, phenethylamine, amphetamines and mescaline in this species<ref name="fachforum" /> lacks a reference and is highly dubious
@@ Line 198: / Line 190: @@
 * ''[[Acacia verticillata]]''
 * ''[[Acacia vestita]]''
+==External links==
+* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_known_to_contain_psychoactive_alkaloids List of ''Acacia'' species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids (Wikipedia)]
+* [https://erowid.org/plants/acacia/acacia.shtml ''Acacia'' spp. (Erowid Vault)]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|3}}
-[[Category:Lists of trees|Acacia species, psychoactive alkaloids]]
+[[Category:Fabaceae (family)]]
-[[Category:Acacia|psychoactive alkaloids]]

Psychoactive acacias: Difference between revisions

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Acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled[36]

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Acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled^[36]