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{{Substance
{{SummarySheet}}
|name=Methoxphenidine
{{SubstanceBox/Methoxphenidine}}
|abbreviation=MXP
'''Methoxphenidine''' (also known as '''2-MXP''' or '''MXP''') is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[Chemical class::diarylethylamine]] class. It is an [[NMDA antagonist]] with [[subjective effects]] similar to those of [[ketamine]] and [[phencyclidine]] (PCP). It is structurally related to [[diphenidine]] and [[ephenidine]].<ref name="wallach">{{cite journal | vauthors=((Wallach, J.)), ((Kang, H.)), ((Colestock, T.)), ((Morris, H.)), ((Bortolotto, Z. A.)), ((Collingridge, G. L.)), ((Lodge, D.)), ((Halberstadt, A. L.)), ((Brandt, S. D.)), ((Adejare, A.)) | veditors=((Lee, J.)) | journal=PLOS ONE | title=Pharmacological Investigations of the Dissociative ‘Legal Highs’ Diphenidine, Methoxphenidine and Analogues | volume=11 | issue=6 | pages=e0157021 | date=17 June 2016 | url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0157021}}</ref>
|IUPAC=
|img-skel=File:Methoxphenidine.png
Methoxphenidine has been studied alongside other diarylethylamines as a treatment for neurotoxic injuries.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.surechembl.org/document/EP-0346791-B1/ | title=Patent EP 0346791 - 1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury | via=SureChEMBL | publisher=G.D. Searle, LLC | date=6 April 1994 | author1=Nancy M. Gray | author2=Brian K. Cheng}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968089609002624 | title=NMDA receptor affinities of 1,2-diphenylethylamine and 1-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperidine enantiomers and of related compounds |author1=Michael L. Berger |author2=Anna Schweifer |author3=Patrick Rebernik |author4=Friedrich Hammerschmidt | journal=Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry |date=May 2009 | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=3456–3462 | doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.025 | pmid=19345586}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1689/abstract | title=Preparation and characterization of the ‘research chemical’ diphenidine, its pyrrolidine analogue, and their 2,2-diphenylethyl isomers |author1=Jason Wallach |author2=Pierce V. Kavanagh |author3=Gavin McLaughlin |author4=Noreen Morris |author5=John D. Power |author6=Simon P. Elliott |author7=Marion S. Mercier |author8=David Lodge |author9=Hamilton Morris |author10=Nicola M. Dempster |author11=Simon D. Brandt | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis |date=May 2015 | volume=7 | issue=5 | pages=358–367 | doi=10.1002/dta.1689 | pmid=25044512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Andrew|last1=Thurkauf|first2=James|last2=Monn|first3=Marienna V.|last3=Mattson|first4=Arthur E.|last4=Jacobson|title=Structural and conformational aspects of the binding of aryl-alkyl amines to the phencyclidine binding site|url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/pdf/monographs/95.pdf|journal=NIDA research monograph|date=1989|issn=1046-9516|pages=51–56|volume=95|first5=Kenner C.|last5=Rice|pmid=2561843}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=L. H.|last1=Goodson|first2=C. J. W.|last2=Wiegand|first3=Janet S.|last3=Splitter|title=Analgesics. I. N-Alkylated-1,2-diphenylethylamines Prepared by the Leuckart Reaction|url=http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01215a018|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=November 1946|pages=2174–2175|volume=68|issue=11|doi=10.1021/ja01215a018|pmid=21002222}}</ref>
|img-skel-width=247px
The first reports of human recreational use appeared shortly after the 2013 U.K. [[arylcyclohexylamine]] ban, during which it and [[diphenidine]] began to be sold in powder and tablet form on the online [[research chemical]] market.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((McLaughlin, G.)), ((Morris, N.)), ((Kavanagh, P. V.)), ((Power, J. D.)), ((O’Brien, J.)), ((Talbot, B.)), ((Elliott, S. P.)), ((Wallach, J.)), ((Hoang, K.)), ((Morris, H.)), ((Brandt, S. D.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=Test purchase, synthesis, and characterization of 2-methoxydiphenidine (MXP) and differentiation from its meta - and para -substituted isomers: Characterization of 2-, 3- and 4-methoxydiphenidine isomers | volume=8 | issue=1 | pages=98–109 | date= January 2016 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dta.1800 | issn=19427603 | doi=10.1002/dta.1800}}</ref>
|img-3d=
It was initially marketed by vendors as a replacement for the highly popular [[methoxetamine]] ('''MXE''') despite little to no evidence that it possessed similar effects.
|dosage-method=
|dosage-threshold=0 - 50 mg
[[Subjective effects]] include [[depersonalization]], [[disconnective effects]], [[conceptual thinking]], [[increased music appreciation]], and [[euphoria]]. Methoxphenidine belongs to a class of substances that can induce a hallucinogenic state known as "dissociative anesthesia", in which the user feels detached from their bodies.
|dosage-light=50 - 100 mg
|dosage-common=100 - 150 mg
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of methoxphenidine and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. A number of fatal and non-fatal overdoses have been linked to the abuse of diarylethylamines.<ref name="wallach" /> Additionally, a number of user reports suggest that they may carry different and more pronounced risks than traditional dissociatives.
|dosage-strong=150 - 200 mg
|dosage-heavy=200 mg+
It is highly advised to use [[harm reduction practices]] if using this substance.
|duration-total=6 - 8 hrs
==History and culture==
Methoxphenidine is an example of a [[designer drug]], specifically chosen to mimic the functional or structural features of commonly used illicit substances and circumvent government regulation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Morris, H.)), ((Wallach, J.)) | journal=Drug Testing and Analysis | title=From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs | volume=6 | issue=7–8 | pages=614–632 | date= August 2014 | issn=1942-7611 | doi=10.1002/dta.1620}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Van Hout, M. C.)), ((Hearne, E.)) | journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs | title=“Word of mouse”: indigenous harm reduction and online consumerism of the synthetic compound methoxphenidine | volume=47 | issue=1 | pages=30–41 | date= March 2015 | issn=0279-1072 | doi=10.1080/02791072.2014.974002}}</ref>
==Chemistry==
Methoxphenidine, or 2-MeO-Diphenidine, is a synthetic compound of the diarylethylamine class. Methoxphenidine's chemical structure contains a substituted phenethylamine skeleton with an additional phenyl ring bound to R<sub>α</sub>. The terminal amino group of the phenethylamine chain is incorporated into a piperidine ring. Hence, methoxphenidine belongs to the piperidine dissociative class of compounds.
Methoxphenidine is a structural analog of diphenidine, featuring a methoxy group at the two position of a phenyl group.
==Pharmacology==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
MXP acts as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Gray, N. M.)), ((Cheng, B. K.)) | title=1,2-diarylethylamines for treatment of neurotoxic injury | url=http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0346791&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP}}</ref> NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the “[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-hole k-hole].”
Although it has not been formally studied, the feelings of physical and emotional euphoria which many users report suggests that it may also have action as a [[dopamine]] and / or a [[noradrenaline]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].
==Subjective effects==
It should be noted that like other diaryethylamines, methoxphenidine is reported to have a much more rapid onset and lower half-life when vaporized or smoked. When consumed this way, it is a suspected to be carcinogenic when excess heat is used. Some user reports have concluded that vaporization requires as low as 20% of what would be a common oral dose for that person.
{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base
|{{effects/physical|
The physical effects of MXP are most similar to that of [[DXM]] than other commonly used [[dissociatives]]. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]''' - This results in typical states of progressive physical disconnection but is far more consciously controllable than that of other [[dissociative]]s. This allows one to choose how much of their body they are currently aware of and connected to simply by directing their focus towards it even throughout higher states of disconnection and out-of-body experiences.
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]''' - The MXP "body high" is a soft, pleasurable vibrating sensation which can be felt all over the body which progressively intensifies throughout the onset before dissipating once the peak has been reached.
*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]''' - This partially to entirely suppresses one's own sense of touch, creating feelings of numbness within the extremities. It is responsible for the anaesthetic properties of this substance.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]''' - A loss of gross and fine motor control alongside of balance and coordination is prevalent within MXP and becomes especially strong at higher dosages. This means that one should be sitting down before the onset unless they are experienced in case of falling over and injuring oneself.
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria|Euphoria]]''' - This results in feelings of physical euphoria which range between mild pleasure to powerfully all-encompassing bliss.
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]''' - This creates the sensation that the body is floating and has become entirely weightless. This effect is strangely stimulating and encourages physical activities at low to moderate dosages by making the body feel light and effortless to move.
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]''' - Although uncommon, some people report dizziness under the influence of MXP.
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spatial disorientation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Gait alteration]]'''
}}
}}
{{effects/visual|
'''Methoxphenidine''' ('''MXP''') or '''1-[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylethyl]piperidine''' is a [[hallucinogenic]] [[dissociative]] compound of the [[piperidine]] chemical class. It has similar effects to that of the [[arylcyclohexylamine]] and [[morphinans|morphinan]] classes of [[dissociatives]].
====Suppression====
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - This eventually results in MXP's equivalent of the famous "K-hole" or more specifically, ''[[Visual disconnection#Holes, spaces and voids|holes, spaces and voids]]'' alongside of ''[[Visual disconnection#Structures|structures]]''.
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]''' - This component is prevalent at moderate to heavy dosages and makes reading impossible unless one closes an eye.
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition suppression]]''' - This effect generally occurs at higher dosages and makes one unable to recognize and interpret perceivable visual data.
*'''[[Effect::Frame rate suppression]]'''
It induces a state referred to as "[[dissociatives#Subjective effects|dissociative anesthesia]]" and is used as a recreational drug. Very little is known about this substance but it has recently become freely available through online research chemical vendors where it is being sold as a designer drug and marketed as a replacement for [[MXE]] despite many users reporting it as qualitatively different in its effects and closer to that of [[DXM]]. Its pharmacology in humans has not yet been studied in any formal context.
====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental cubism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental orbism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''
=Chemistry=
====[[Effect::Geometry]]====
[[File:80px-Piperidin.svg.png|thumb|80px|right|General formula of a piperdine molecule.]]
MXP is classed as a piperdine drug. The piperdine molecule in MXP is attached to a benzene group via two carbon atoms on one side and a methoxybenzene molecule attached to one carbon on the other side.
Methoxphenidine is usually produced in its freebase form, which is insoluble in water. When consumed orally, the molecule is converted to the hydrochloride salt in the stomach. The HCl salt is reported to raise blood pressure, and peak effects are felt around 2 hours in, whereas the citrate salt has been observed to peak at around 30 minutes with less blood pressure concern. This is the same principal as DXM which is more potent in its citrate salt.
====Hallucinatory states====
At high dosages, MXP can produce a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used [[psychedelic]]s. These effects include:
=Pharmacology=
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::autonomous entities]]''; ''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'') - In comparison to other [[dissociative]]s, this effect can occur at heavy dosages, but is considerably less common than the same effect found within [[psychedelic]]s and [[deliriant]]s. It feels very dream-like and can be comprehensively described through its [[Internal_hallucinations#Variations|variations]] as delirious in believability, fixed in style, equal in new experiences and memory replays in content, extremely controllable in content and solid in style.
MXP has [[antagonist|antagonistic]] action on [[Glutamate#The Glutamate System|NMDA receptors]]<ref>MXP Patent | http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0346791&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP</ref>, which leads to anaesthetic and [[dissociative]] effects. Although it has not been formally studied, the feelings of physical and emotional euphoria which many users report suggests that it may also have action as a [[dopamine]] and / or a [[serotonin]] [[reuptake inhibitor]].
=Subjective effects=
}}
==Physical effects==
|{{effects/cognitive|
The subjective physical effects of MXP are most similar to that of [[DXM]] than any other commonly used [[dissociative]]. They can be broken down into eight components all of which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
The cognitive effects of MXP are often described as particularly clear-headed in comparison to other [[dissociative]]s even at heavy dosages. It is far more controllable, less disorientating and confusing at dosages of equal subjective intensity to that of [[MXE]], [[DXM]] and [[ketamine]]. The cognitive effects of MXP can be broken down into several separate subcomponents which are listed and described below:
*'''[[Disconnective effects: Disconnection from tactile input|Disconnection from tactile input]]''' - This results in typical states of progressive physical disconnection but is far more consciously controllable than that of other [[dissociatives]]. This allows one to choose how much of their body they are currently aware of and connected to simply by directing their focus towards it even throughout higher states of disconnection and out of body experiences.
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Physical effects: Spontaneous tactile sensations|Spontaneous tactile sensations]]''' - The MXP "body high" is a soft, pleasurable vibrating sensation which can be felt all over the body which progressively intensifys throughout the onset before dissipating once the peak has been reached.
*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Physical effects: Suppression of touch|Suppression of touch]]''' - This partially to entirely suppresses one's own sense of touch, creating feelings of numbness within the extremities. It is responsible for the anaesthetic properties of this substance.
*'''[[Physical effects: Loss of motor control|Loss of motor control]]''' - A loss of gross and fine motor control alongside of balance and coordination is prevalent within nitrous and becomes especially strong at higher dosages. This means that one should be sitting down before the onset unless they are experienced in case of falling over and injuring oneself.
*'''[[Effect::Thought acceleration]]'''
*'''[[Physical effects: Euphoria|Euphoria]]''' - This results in feelings of physical euphoria which range between mild pleasure to powerfully all encompassing bliss.
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]'''
*'''[[Physical effects: Decreased bodily weight|Decreased bodily weight]]''' - This creates the sensation that the body is floating and has become entirely weightless. This effect is strangely stimulating and encourages physical activities at low - moderate dosages by making the body feel light and effortless to move.
**'''[[Effect::Ego death]]
*'''[[Physical effects: Dizziness|Dizziness]]''' - Although uncommon, some people report dizziness under the influence of MXP.
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]''' - Feelings of time dilation and more time having passed than it actually has are common at moderate to strong dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]''' - The auditory distortion which is present at moderate to high doses of MXP can be described as a concomitant, audial component of [[Effect::frame rate suppression]]. This causes one to hear sound at a lagged frame rate. This can be described as 2 -15 seconds longer, with repeating, extremely distorted syllables at heavy dosages.
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]''' - Audial time dilation experienced at moderate to heavy dosages can be described as being processed 2-5 seconds after occurring, having an extremely low frame rate with echoing, lengthy syllables.
}}
{{effects/aftereffects|
==Cognitive effects==
The afterglow describes the effects that can occur within 24 hours after the experience. Many users report the afterglow to be as long-lasting and desirable as the experience itself. It can be described in terms of its physical sensation as one of euphoria, rejuvenation, relaxation and a bodily lightness. In terms of its mental thought processes, it can be described as a significant reduction or loss of anxiety, feelings of contentedness and a highly increased appreciation for music which dissipates a day or so after the experience.
The cognitive effects of MXP are often described as particularly clear headed in comparison to other [[dissociatives]] even at heavy dosages. It is far more controllable, less disorientating and confusing at dosages of equal subjective intensity to that of [[MXE]], [[DXM]] and [[Ketamine]]. The cognitive effects of MXP can be broken down into 8 separate subcomponents which are listed and described below:
}}
}}
*'''[[Disconnective effects: Disconnection from consciousness|Disconnection from consciousness]]'''
===Experience reports===
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Acceleration of thought|Acceleration of thought]]'''
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]] include:
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Ego suppression, loss and death|Ego suppression, loss and death]]'''
*'''[[Cognitive effects: Time distortion|Time distortion]]''' - feelings of time dilation and more time having passed than it actually has are common at moderate to strong dosages.
*'''[[Cognitive effects: States of unity and interconnectedness|States of unity and interconnectedness]]'''
==Visual effects==
==Toxicity and harm potential==
The visual effects of MXP are unique in comparison to other [[dissociatives]] as they do not include open eye visual suppression, geometry or distortions but remain very powerful at appropriate dosages. The present effects progressively intensify according to dosage and commonly include:
{{toxicity}}
{{further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential|Responsible use #Hallucinogens}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXP use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because MXP has very little history of human usage.
*'''[[Disconnective effects: Disconnection from visual input|Disconnection from visual input]]''' - This eventually results in the MXP's equivalent of the famous "K-hole" or more specifically, ''[[Disconnective effects: Disconnection from visual input#Holes, spaces and voids|holes, space and voids]]'' alongside of ''[[Disconnective effects: Disconnection from visual input#Structures|structures]]''. In comparison to other dissociatives, this effect is unique however as it is far more consciously controllable than that of other dissociatives. It allows one to choose how disconnected they are currently by simply by directing their focus towards the visual external environment even throughout higher states of disconnection and out of body experiences.
Anecdotal reports from those who have tried this substance that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). [https://www.google.com/ Independent research] should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
*'''[[Visual effects: Internal hallucinations (dissociative)|Internal hallucinations (dissociative)]]''' - These hallucinatory states can be described as dream like in nature containing imagery, landscapes, plots, settings, autonomous entity contact and scenarios. They are more common within dark environments and can be described as internal in their manifestation, lucid in believability, mostly unimmersive in style and extremely controllable in their content in a way which allows one to choose what they wish to see.
==Auditory effects==
It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]] when using this substance.
The auditory effects of MXP are common in their occurrence but unlike other more commonly used dissociatives, they are unlikely to suppress or distort auditory input and exhibit a range of effects which exclusively includes:
The afterglow is a feeling that occurs within the 24 hours after the trip itself. It is long lasting and as equally enjoyable as the trip itself to many people. It can be be described in terms of its physical sensation as one of euphoria, rejuvenation, relaxation and a light bounciness. In terms of its mental thought processes however, it can be described as a complete loss of anxiety, feelings of contentedness and an extremely high appreciation for music which dissipates a day or so after the experience.
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of MXP can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
=Toxicity and harm potential=
Tolerance to many of the effects of MXP [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). MXP presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of MXP all [[dissociative]]s will have a reduced effect.
==Lethal Dosage==
The toxicity and long term health effects of recreational MXP use does not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because MXP is a research chemical with very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried MXP within the community suggests that there are no negative health effects attributed to simply trying this drug at low to moderate doses or using it very sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed).
==Tolerance and Addiction Potential==
===Dangerous interactions===
There is a very strong tolerance build up with MXP which results in the need to consume increasingly large doses in order to achieve the same level of effects. This should reset to baseline after 1 - 2 weeks. There may well be some addictive potential but this is still unknown.
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Dissociatives}}
Tolerance may be mitigated by preparing the citrate salt by mixing the chemical with citric acid or lemon juice, which will aid in absorption and increase effects.
==Legal status==
*'''Canada:''' As of March 2016, MT-45 and its analogues, one of which is methoxphenidine, are schedule I controlled substances.<ref>{{Citation | vauthors=((Government of Canada, P. W. and G. S. C.)) | year=2016 | title=Canada Gazette – Regulations Amending the Food and Drug Regulations (Parts G and J — Lefetamine, AH-7921, MT-45 and W-18) | url=https://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2016/2016-06-01/html/sor-dors106-eng.html}}</ref> Possession without legal authority can result in maximum 7 years imprisonment. Only those with a law enforcement agency, person with an exemption permit or institutions with Minister's authorization may possess the substance.
*'''China:''' As of October 2015, methoxphenidine is a controlled substance in China.<ref>"关于印发《非药用类麻醉药品和精神药品列管办法》的通知" | http://www.sfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0056/130753.html</ref>
*'''Germany:''' Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance under the NpSG, as it is a derivative of 2-Phenethylamine. Production and sale is illegal. Possession and import, although illegal, is not penalized if intended for self-consumption.<ref>{{Citation | title=Anlage NpSG - Einzelnorm | url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html}}</ref>
*'''Italy:''' Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Italy.<ref>http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_3729_listaFile_itemName_0_file.pdf</ref>
*'''Sweden:''' Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Sweden.<ref>Fler ämnen föreslås bli klassade som narkotika eller hälsofarlig vara | http://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/nyheter-och-press/nyhetsarkiv/2015/mars/fler-amnen-foreslas-bli-klassade-som-narkotika-eller-halsofarlig-vara/</ref>
*'''Switzerland:''' Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''Turkey:''' Methoxphenidine is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karar Sayısı: 2016/9019|url=https://resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/08/20160803-15.pdf|publication-date=June 22, 2016|date=June 22, 2016|work=Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 29790|language=tr}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom:''' Methoxphenidine is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.<ref>{{Citation | title=Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/2/contents/enacted}}</ref>
*'''United States:''' Methoxphenidine is not currently scheduled in the United States.{{citation needed}} This means it is not specifically illegal but individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.
=Legal issues=
==See also==
MXP is currently a legal grey area world wide and freely available through the use of online research chemical vendors. A quick search for the term "Methoxphenidine buy" in any search engine will likely result in numerous websites selling this product in various amounts and prices. This does not mean that you are guaranteed to be immune from legal prosecution should you be found in possession of this substance as it is likely to vary from country to country.
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/700834-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Methoxphenidine-MXP-2-MeO-Diphenidine-Thread The Big & Dandy Methoxphenidine / MXP / 2-MeO-Diphenidine Thread (Bluelight)]
==Literature==
* Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021
* Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620
WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section.
DISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.
Methoxphenidine has been studied alongside other diarylethylamines as a treatment for neurotoxic injuries.[2][3][4][5][6]
The first reports of human recreational use appeared shortly after the 2013 U.K. arylcyclohexylamine ban, during which it and diphenidine began to be sold in powder and tablet form on the online research chemical market.[7]
It was initially marketed by vendors as a replacement for the highly popular methoxetamine (MXE) despite little to no evidence that it possessed similar effects.
Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of methoxphenidine and it has an extremely limited history of human usage. A number of fatal and non-fatal overdoses have been linked to the abuse of diarylethylamines.[1] Additionally, a number of user reports suggest that they may carry different and more pronounced risks than traditional dissociatives.
Methoxphenidine is an example of a designer drug, specifically chosen to mimic the functional or structural features of commonly used illicit substances and circumvent government regulation.[8][9]
Chemistry
Methoxphenidine, or 2-MeO-Diphenidine, is a synthetic compound of the diarylethylamine class. Methoxphenidine's chemical structure contains a substituted phenethylamine skeleton with an additional phenyl ring bound to Rα. The terminal amino group of the phenethylamine chain is incorporated into a piperidine ring. Hence, methoxphenidine belongs to the piperidine dissociative class of compounds.
Methoxphenidine is a structural analog of diphenidine, featuring a methoxy group at the two position of a phenyl group.
MXP acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist.[10] NMDA receptors allow for electrical signals to pass between neurons in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. Dissociatives close the NMDA receptors by blocking them. This disconnection of neurons leads to loss of feeling, difficulty moving, and eventually an almost identical equivalent of the “k-hole.”
Although it has not been formally studied, the feelings of physical and emotional euphoria which many users report suggests that it may also have action as a dopamine and / or a noradrenalinereuptake inhibitor.
Subjective effects
It should be noted that like other diaryethylamines, methoxphenidine is reported to have a much more rapid onset and lower half-life when vaporized or smoked. When consumed this way, it is a suspected to be carcinogenic when excess heat is used. Some user reports have concluded that vaporization requires as low as 20% of what would be a common oral dose for that person.
Disclaimer: The effects listed below cite the Subjective Effect Index (SEI), an open research literature based on anecdotal user reports and the personal analyses of PsychonautWikicontributors. As a result, they should be viewed with a healthy degree of skepticism.
It is also worth noting that these effects will not necessarily occur in a predictable or reliable manner, although higher doses are more liable to induce the full spectrum of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become increasingly likely with higher doses and may include addiction, severe injury, or death ☠.
Physical effects
The physical effects of MXP are most similar to that of DXM than other commonly used dissociatives. They can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. These are described below and generally include:
Tactile disconnection - This results in typical states of progressive physical disconnection but is far more consciously controllable than that of other dissociatives. This allows one to choose how much of their body they are currently aware of and connected to simply by directing their focus towards it even throughout higher states of disconnection and out-of-body experiences.
Spontaneous physical sensations - The MXP "body high" is a soft, pleasurable vibrating sensation which can be felt all over the body which progressively intensifies throughout the onset before dissipating once the peak has been reached.
Tactile suppression - This partially to entirely suppresses one's own sense of touch, creating feelings of numbness within the extremities. It is responsible for the anaesthetic properties of this substance.
Motor control loss - A loss of gross and fine motor control alongside of balance and coordination is prevalent within MXP and becomes especially strong at higher dosages. This means that one should be sitting down before the onset unless they are experienced in case of falling over and injuring oneself.
Euphoria - This results in feelings of physical euphoria which range between mild pleasure to powerfully all-encompassing bliss.
Perception of bodily lightness - This creates the sensation that the body is floating and has become entirely weightless. This effect is strangely stimulating and encourages physical activities at low to moderate dosages by making the body feel light and effortless to move.
Dizziness - Although uncommon, some people report dizziness under the influence of MXP.
Double vision - This component is prevalent at moderate to heavy dosages and makes reading impossible unless one closes an eye.
Pattern recognition suppression - This effect generally occurs at higher dosages and makes one unable to recognize and interpret perceivable visual data.
At high dosages, MXP can produce a full range of high level hallucinatory states in a fashion that is less consistent and reproducible than that of many other commonly used psychedelics. These effects include:
The cognitive effects of MXP are often described as particularly clear-headed in comparison to other dissociatives even at heavy dosages. It is far more controllable, less disorientating and confusing at dosages of equal subjective intensity to that of MXE, DXM and ketamine. The cognitive effects of MXP can be broken down into several separate subcomponents which are listed and described below:
Distortions - The auditory distortion which is present at moderate to high doses of MXP can be described as a concomitant, audial component of frame rate suppression. This causes one to hear sound at a lagged frame rate. This can be described as 2 -15 seconds longer, with repeating, extremely distorted syllables at heavy dosages.
Hallucinations - Audial time dilation experienced at moderate to heavy dosages can be described as being processed 2-5 seconds after occurring, having an extremely low frame rate with echoing, lengthy syllables.
After effects
The afterglow describes the effects that can occur within 24 hours after the experience. Many users report the afterglow to be as long-lasting and desirable as the experience itself. It can be described in terms of its physical sensation as one of euphoria, rejuvenation, relaxation and a bodily lightness. In terms of its mental thought processes, it can be described as a significant reduction or loss of anxiety, feelings of contentedness and a highly increased appreciation for music which dissipates a day or so after the experience.
Experience reports
Anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index include:
This toxicity and harm potential section is a stub.
As a result, it may contain incomplete or even dangerously wrong information! You can help by expanding upon or correcting it. Note: Always conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational MXP use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the exact toxic dosage is unknown. This is because MXP has very little history of human usage.
Anecdotal reports from those who have tried this substance that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying it by itself at low to moderate doses and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of MXP can be considered moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.
Tolerance to many of the effects of MXP develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). MXP presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all dissociatives]], meaning that after the consumption of MXP all dissociatives will have a reduced effect.
Dangerous interactions
Warning:Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can suddenly become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with certain other substances. The following list provides some known dangerous interactions (although it is not guaranteed to include all of them).
Always conduct independent research (e.g. Google, DuckDuckGo, PubMed) to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some of the listed interactions have been sourced from TripSit.
Depressants (e.g. 2M2B, alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, GHB/GBL, methaqualone, opioids) - This combination potentiates the muscle relaxation, amnesia, sedation, and respiratory depression caused by one another and at higher doses, can lead to a sudden, unexpected loss of consciousness along with dangerously depressed respiration. There is also an increased risk of vomiting while unconsciousness and dying from the resulting suffocation. If nausea or vomiting occurs before consciousness is lost, users should attempt to fall asleep in the recovery position or have a friend move them into it.
Stimulants (e.g. amphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, MDMA) - This combination can potentiate the anxiety-inducing, manic, delusional and disinhibiting effects of dissociatives, particularly those without pronounced motor suppressing components such as ketamine. The sum of these effects can increase the likelihood of an anxiety attack, delusions or a psychotic episode. There is also evidence that suggests that combining these two increases their neurotoxicity.[citation needed] Anecdotally, worsened comedowns are also commonly reported when these two classes of substances are combined.
Canada: As of March 2016, MT-45 and its analogues, one of which is methoxphenidine, are schedule I controlled substances.[11] Possession without legal authority can result in maximum 7 years imprisonment. Only those with a law enforcement agency, person with an exemption permit or institutions with Minister's authorization may possess the substance.
China: As of October 2015, methoxphenidine is a controlled substance in China.[12]
Germany: Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance under the NpSG, as it is a derivative of 2-Phenethylamine. Production and sale is illegal. Possession and import, although illegal, is not penalized if intended for self-consumption.[13]
Italy: Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Italy.[14]
Sweden: Methoxphenidine is a prohibited substance in Sweden.[15]
Switzerland: Methoxphenidine is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.[16]
Turkey: Methoxphenidine is a classed as drug and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import.[17]
United Kingdom: Methoxphenidine is illegal to produce, supply, or import under the Psychoactive Substance Act, which came into effect on May 26th, 2016.[18]
United States: Methoxphenidine is not currently scheduled in the United States.[citation needed] This means it is not specifically illegal but individuals may still be charged for its possession under certain circumstances such as under analogue laws and with the intent to sell or consume.
Wallach, J., Kang, H., Colestock, T., Morris, H., Bortolotto, Z. A., Collingridge, G. L., ... & Adejare, A. (2016). Pharmacological investigations of the dissociative ‘legal highs’ diphenidine, methoxphenidine and analogues. PLoS One, 11(6), e0157021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157021
Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620
↑Morris, H., Wallach, J. (August 2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Testing and Analysis. 6 (7–8): 614–632. doi:10.1002/dta.1620. ISSN1942-7611.
↑Van Hout, M. C., Hearne, E. (March 2015). ""Word of mouse": indigenous harm reduction and online consumerism of the synthetic compound methoxphenidine". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 47 (1): 30–41. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.974002. ISSN0279-1072.
