View source for O-PCE

{{Distinguish|2'-Oxo-PCM}}
{{SummarySheet}}
{{SubstanceBox/O-PCE}}

'''2'-Oxo-PCE''' (also known as as '''Eticyclidone''', and '''O-PCE''') is a lesser-known novel [[psychoactive class::dissociative]] substance of the [[chemical class::arylcyclohexylamine]] class that produces [[dissociative]], [[pain relief|anesthetic]], [[stimulating]] and [[hallucinogenic]] effects when [[administered]].  It is structurally related to arylcyclohexylamines like [[MXE]], [[3-MeO-PCE]], and [[deschloroketamine]] and is speculated to produce its effects through its activity as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]].

The structural similarities O-PCE shares with [[DCK]] and [[ketamine]] which has been speculated to have antibacterial properties,<ref name="patent">{{Citation | vauthors=((Stevens, C. L.)) | title=Aminoketones and methods for their production | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3254124/en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Gocmen, S.)), ((Buyukkocak, U.)), ((Caglayan, O.)) | journal=Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | title=In vitro investigation of the antibacterial effect of ketamine | volume=113 | issue=1 | pages=39–46 | date= 2008 | issn=2000-1967 | doi=10.3109/2000-1967-211}}
</ref> has raised some concern as to whether it also shares these properties as well. However, due to the lack of scientific research on the subject, whether this is true currently remains entirely unknown. It is advised that users of this substance should keep in mind that the possibility of prolonged use may pose a serious threat to one's health and immune system if this does prove to be the case.

O-PCE is an example of a contemporary designer drug specifically chosen to mimic and/or replace the functional and structural features of its predecessors. It has recently become commonly available through online [[research chemical]] vendors<ref name="one">The Big & Dandy 2'-Oxo-PCE / 2'-Oxo-PCE Thread | http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/767905-The-Big-amp-Dandy-2'-Oxo-PCE-2-Oxo-PCE-Thread</ref> where it is being marketed and sold as a [[designer drug]] replacement for [[MXE]] and other [[dissociatives]] for [[recreational drug use|recreational purposes]]. Unlike many other [[research chemical]] dissociatives, there is almost a total absence of scientific literature  on O-PCE, particularly with regards to its toxicity, addiction and abuse potential in humans. 

Due to its novelty and extremely short history of human usage, all information related to the use of this compound should be treated with extreme caution. Users should also avoid frequent redosing as it is reported to be relatively easy to overdose due to its potency and stimulating nature. It is strongly recommended that one use [[harm reduction practices]] if choosing to use this substance.

==Chemistry==
O-PCE, or 2'-Oxo-PCE, belongs to the [[arylcyclohexylamine]] chemical class. Arylcyclohexylamine drugs are named for their structures which include a cyclohexane ring bound to an aromatic ring along with an amine group. [[Deschloroketamine]] contains a phenyl ring bonded to a cyclohexane ring substituted with an oxo group (cyclohexanone) at R<sub>1</sub>. Bound to the adjacent alpha carbon (R<sub>2</sub>) of the cyclohexanone ring is an amino ethyl chain -NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>. 2'-Oxo-PCE, like [[MXE]] contains an amino ethyl chain rather than the amino methyl chain found in [[DCK]] and [[ketamine]]. 2'-Oxo-PCE is homologous to [[DCK]], differing only in the length of their carbon chain.

==Pharmacology==
{{Further|NMDA receptor antagonist}}
Due to the lack of research regarding the substance, all discussion regarding the pharmacology of it is purely based on its structure and subjective effect similarities to other [[arylcyclohexylamine]] [[dissociative]]s such as [[ketamine]], [[PCE]] and [[methoxetamine]] (''3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCE''). While no scientific studies have been conducted to verify this, structure-activity relationship analysis suggests that 2'-Oxo-PCE likely exhibits its observed effects principally as an [[NMDA receptor antagonist]], although other neurotransmitter systems may be involved.{{citation needed}}

NMDA receptors (a subtype of receptors for glutamate, which are the principle excitatory neurotransmitters in the nervous system) allow for electrical signals to pass between nerve cells in the brain and spinal column; for the signals to pass, the receptor must be open. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to disrupt this signaling by blocking these receptors. This disconnection of information flow in the nervous system leads to loss of sensation (anesthesia), difficulty moving (motor discoordination), and eventually this substance's equivalent of the “[[Visual_disconnection#Holes.2C_spaces_and_voids|K-hole]].”{{citation needed}}

==Subjective effects==
In comparison to [[DCK]], [[ketamine]] and [[MXE]], this compound can be described as generally more stimulating with fewer cognitive and sensory suppressions. The first half of its duration has been reported to produce primarily stimulating effects with minimal dissociation whilst the second half is primarily dissociating with minimal stimulation.

Users have compared the nature and cognitive effects to MXE specifically, albeit without the pronounced "body warmth" or [[physical euphoria]] and a having a tendency of producing rather stimulating and chaotic responses with higher dosages.

{{Preamble/SubjectiveEffects}}
{{effects/base

|{{effects/physical|

O-PCE has been reported to produce more physical side effects than other dissociatives such as [[MXE]], [[ketamine]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]]. Its side effects are comparable to [[diphenidine]], [[MXP]], and [[ephenidine]]. 

*'''[[Effect::Stimulation]]''' - This substance is extremely stimulating when compared to other dissociatives such as [[ketamine]], [[MXE]], or [[DCK]]. Its stimulation can be compared to classical stimulants such as [[methylphenidate]] or [[cocaine]], but significantly less functional and more inebriating.
*'''[[Effect::Dizziness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased heart rate]]''' - This substance has been reported to cause more physical side effects than [[MXE]], [[ketamine]], and [[3-MeO-PCP]] such as increased heart rate.
*'''[[Effect::Motor control loss]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Nausea]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pain relief]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Perception of bodily lightness]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical autonomy]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Physical euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Spontaneous physical sensations]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Tactile suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Orgasm suppression]]'''

}}
{{effects/visual|

====Suppression====
*'''[[Effect::Visual acuity suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Double vision]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Pattern recognition suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Frame rate suppression]]'''

====Distortions====
*'''[[Effect::Perspective distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental cubism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Environmental orbism]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Scenery slicing]]'''

====[[Effect::Geometry]]====

====Hallucinatory states====
*'''[[Effect::Internal hallucination]]''' (''[[effect::settings, sceneries, and landscapes]]''; ''[[effect::perspective hallucinations]]'' and ''[[effect::scenarios and plots]]'')

}}
|{{effects/cognitive|

*'''[[Effect::Amnesia]]''' - This effect can occur at higher doses, typically past the threshold in which one experiences ego death.
*'''[[Effect::Anxiety suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Cognitive euphoria]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Compulsive redosing]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Conceptual thinking]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Creativity enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Déjà vu]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Depersonalization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Derealization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Disinhibition]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Ego death]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Mania]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Memory suppression]]''' 
*'''[[Effect::Immersion enhancement]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Increased music appreciation]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Analysis suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Introspection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Time distortion]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Thought deceleration]]'''

}}
{{effects/auditory|

*'''[[Effect::Auditory suppression|Suppression]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory distortion|Distortions]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Auditory hallucinations|Hallucinations]]'''

}}
{{effects/disconnective|

*'''[[Effect::Tactile disconnection]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Visual disconnection]]''' - This eventually results in the experience of the notorious "k-hole" or, more specifically, ''[[Visual disconnection#Holes, spaces and voids|holes, spaces and voids]]'' alongside of ''[[Visual disconnection#Structures|structures]]''.
*'''[[Effect::Consciousness disconnection]]'''

}}
{{effects/transpersonal|

*'''[[Effect::Existential self-realization]]'''
*'''[[Effect::Unity and interconnectedness]]'''

}}
}}
===Experience reports===
There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our [[experience index]]. Additional experience reports can be found here:

*[https://erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2OxoPCE.shtml Erowid Experience Vaults: 2-Oxo-PCE]

==Toxicity and harm potential==
{{Further|Research chemicals#Toxicity and harm potential}}
The toxicity and long-term health effects of recreational O-PCE use do not seem to have been studied in any scientific context and the [[Toxicity::exact toxic dosage is unknown]]. This is because O-PCE has very little history of human usage. Anecdotal evidence from people who have tried O-PCE within the community suggests that there do not seem to be any negative health effects attributed to simply trying this substance at low to moderate doses by itself and using it sparingly (but nothing can be completely guaranteed). 

O-PCE shares a close structural relationship to [[deschloroketamine]] (O-PCM) and [[ketamine]] (2-Cl-O-PCM), which has been speculated to have immuno-modulative properties.<ref name="patent">{{Citation | vauthors=((Stevens, C. L.)) | title=Aminoketones and methods for their production | url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3254124/en}}</ref> It is not known whether O-PCE also has these properties due to the lack of sufficient scientific research. However, the possibility should be kept in mind because prolonged use could potentially pose a serious threat to one's health and immune system.

It is strongly recommended that one use [[responsible drug use|harm reduction practices]], such as [[volumetric dosing]], when using this substance to ensure the accurate administration of the intended dose.

===Tolerance and addiction potential===
As with other NMDA receptor antagonists, the chronic use of O-PCE can be considered [[Addiction potential::moderately addictive with a high potential for abuse]] and is capable of causing psychological dependence among certain users. When addiction has developed, cravings and [[withdrawal effects]] may occur if a person suddenly stops their usage.

Tolerance to many of the effects of O-PCE [[Time to full tolerance::develops with prolonged and repeated use]]. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. After that, it takes about [[Time to half tolerance::3 - 7 days]] for the tolerance to be reduced to half and [[Time to zero tolerance::1 - 2 weeks]] to be back at baseline (in the absence of further consumption). O-PCE presents cross-tolerance with [[Cross-tolerance::all [[dissociative]]s]], meaning that after the consumption of O-PCE all [[dissociative]]s will have a reduced effect.

===Urinary tract effects===
In terms of its long-term health effects when used repeatedly and excessively for extended periods of time, O-PCE seems to exhibit similar bladder and urinary tract problems to those found within [[ketamine]], although to what extent is unclear. This is likely because O-PCE is significantly more potent than ketamine, meaning that less of the drug needs to be consumed. Symptoms of ketamine-induced cystitis can become extremely serious and can be described as:

*'''Urinary frequency''' - Urinary frequency is the need to empty the bladder every few minutes.
*'''Urinary urgency''' - This can be described as a sudden, compelling need to urinate.
*'''Urinary pressure''' - This is experienced as a constant sensation of fullness in the bladder that is unrelieved by urination.
*'''Pelvic and bladder pain''' - Pain can develop suddenly and severely, particularly as the bladder fills with urine.
*'''Hematuria''' - Hematuria is visible blood in the urine.
*'''Incontinence''' - This is the leakage of urine.

However, anecdotal evidence suggests that these symptoms can be largely avoided by refraining from using O-PCE on a regular basis (e.g. weekly at the bare minimum) and carefully monitoring and limiting one's intake of the substance.

===Dangerous interactions===
{{DangerousInteractions/Intro}}
{{DangerousInteractions/Dissos}}
* '''Alcohol''' - Even low doses of alcohol can cause severe interactions.  Nausea, vomiting, amnesia, and other negative effects are extremely likely when mixed.

==Legality==
{{LegalStub}}

*'''Czech Republic:''' O-PCE is a Schedule I  (List 4) substance. It may be used for research and restricted therapeutic purposes. <ref>https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2013-463?text=o+seznamech+n%C3%A1vykov%C3%BDch</ref>
*'''Germany:''' 2-Oxo-PCE is controlled under the NpSG (''New Psychoactive Substances Act'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/anlage.html|title=Anlage NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref> as of July 18, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl119s1083.pdf|title=Verordnung zur Änderung der Anlage des Neue-psychoaktive-Stoffe-Gesetzes und von Anlagen des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes|publisher=Bundesanzeiger Verlag|work=Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2019 Teil I Nr. 27|pages=1083-1094|publication-date=July 17, 2019|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Production and import with the aim to place it on the market, administration to another person and trading is punishable. Possession is illegal but not penalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/npsg/__4.html|title=§ 4 NpSG|publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz [Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection]|access-date=December 10, 2019|language=de}}</ref>
*'''The Netherlands:''' O-PCE is currently not illegal in the Netherlands, and is sold as a research chemical.
*'''Switzerland:''' O-PCE is a controlled substance specifically named under Verzeichnis E.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20101220/index.html|title=Verordnung des EDI über die Verzeichnisse der Betäubungsmittel, psychotropen Stoffe, Vorläuferstoffe und Hilfschemikalien|publisher=Bundeskanzlei [Federal Chancellery of Switzerland]|access-date=January 1, 2020|language=de}}</ref>
*'''United Kingdom''' - 2-Oxo-PCE is a class B drug in the UK and is illegal to possess, produce, supply, or import. As an N-alkyl derivative of 2-Amino-2-phenylcyclohexanone, it is covered by the arylcyclohexylamine generic clause added to the Misuse of Drugs Act by S.I. 2013/239, which came into effect on the 26th February 2013.<ref>{{Citation | title=The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2013 | url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/239/introduction/made}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Responsible use]]
**[[Volumetric dosing]]
*[[Research chemical]]
*[[Dissociative]]
*[[Methoxetamine]]
*[[3-MeO-PCE]]
*[[O-PCM]]

==External links==

*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2'-Oxo-PCE 2'-Oxo-PCE (Wikipedia)]
*[https://isomerdesign.com/PiHKAL/explore.php?id=756 O-PCE (Isomer Design)]
*[http://www.bluelight.org/vb/threads/767905-The-Big-amp-Dandy-Eticyclidone-2-Oxo-PCE-Thread 2-Oxo-PCE (Bluelight)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170111011440*/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/interview-with-ketamine-chemist-704-v18n2 Interview with a Ketamine Chemist (VICE)]

==Literature==

*Morris, H., & Wallach, J. (2014). '''''From PCP to MXE: A comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs.''''' ''Drug Testing and Analysis'', 6(7–8), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1620

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Substance]]
[[Category:Psychoactive substance]]
[[Category:Hallucinogen]]
[[Category:Dissociative]]
[[Category:Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[Category:Research chemical]]

{{#set:Featured=true}}